Blood Glucose – ABC CARDIOL

ABC

Original Article

Associations between Normal-Weight Obesity and Disturbances in the Lipid Profile of Young Adults

Anna Flavia Ferreira Passos et al. Acsa de Castro Santos Alexandre Siqueira Guedes Coelho Cristiane Cominetti

Abstract

Background

Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by normal body mass index (BMI) but high body fat percentage (%BF) that increases the risks of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data are necessary to reduce these risks.

Objectives

To compare the cardiometabolic profile of individuals with NWO and normal %BF and evaluate the associated risk factors.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 222 Brazilian adults from a university community, of whom 157 had NWO and 65 had normal BMI and %BF (non-NWO). All participants reported being asymptomatic and without underlying health conditions. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, food intake, anthropometry, body composition measures (using dual-energy radiological absorptiometry), and lipid and glycemic profiles were evaluated. A p < 0.05 was established as significant.

Results

The median age of the participants was 23 years (interquartile range: 21 to 25), and most were female (67.1%). No significant differences were found in blood pressure, age, or physical activity levels between the NWO and non-NWO groups. However, the frequency of lipid profile disturbances was higher in the NWO group (54%) compared to the non-NWO group (34%) (p < 0.006). Neck circumference, %BF, and lipid profile disturbances were positively associated with NWO.

Conclusion

Individuals with NWO have a worse cardiometabolic profile than those without NWO, and this condition is associated with important biomarkers. Addressing these outcomes is important for preventing long-term cardiometabolic complications. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data, regardless of BMI, are crucial in this scenario.

Read Full Article

ABC

Original Article

Hypertension and Associated Lipid, Glucose, and Adiposity Parameters in School-Aged Adolescents in the Federal District, Brazil

Letícia Rocha Lima et al. Aline Bassetto Okamura Kênia Mara Baiocchi de Carvalho Eliane Said Dutra Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of hypertension and other metabolic disorders has increased in young individuals. However, no representative studies have been conducted in the population of the Federal District, Brazil.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its association with lipid, glucose, and adiposity markers in school-aged adolescents living in the Federal District.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included participants of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA). Blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and economic, demographic, and sexual maturity variables were assessed. The data were analyzed in Stata, and the analysis was divided into different stages: descriptive, crude, and adjusted. Significant results were set at p < 0.05.

Results

In total, 1,200 adolescents were included, and their mean age was 14.8 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 8% (95% confidence interval: 6.3; 9.9). Most parameters were associated with blood pressure in crude analysis. In adjusted analysis, glucose, lipid, and adiposity markers maintained the associations, and the highest magnitudes were those of BMI and HOMA-IR.

Conclusion

The study revealed a high prevalence of hypertension in adolescents living in the Federal District, and blood pressure levels were associated with other markers of lipid, glucose, and adiposity profile. The findings indicate the relevance of health surveillance for planning effective actions aimed at reversing this situation and preventing new cases.

Read Full Article

ABC

Original Article

Association between Statin Therapy and Lower Incidence of Hyperglycemia in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Remo Holanda de Mendonça Furtado et al. Paulo Rizzo Genestreti Talia F. Dalçóquio Luciano Moreira Baracioli … Felipe Galego Lima André Franci Roberto R. C. V. Giraldez Fernando R. Menezes Aline Gehlen Ferrari Viviane Moreira Lima Cesar A. C. Pereira Carlos Alberto Kenji Nakashima Rocio Salsoso Lucas Colombo Godoy José C. Nicolau

Abstract

Background

Increased risk of new-onset diabetes with statins challenges the long-term safety of this drug class. However, few reports have analyzed this issue during acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

Objective

To explore the association between early initiation of statin therapy and blood glucose levels in patients admitted with ACS.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with ACS. Statin-naïve patients were included and divided according to their use or not of statins within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. The primary endpoint was incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (defined as peak blood glucose > 200 mg/dL). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders, and a propensity-score matching model was developed to further compare both groups of interest. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 2,357 patients were included, 1,704 of them allocated in the statin group and 653 in the non-statin group. After adjustments, statin use in the first 24 hours was associated with a lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (adjusted OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80; p < 0.001) and lower need for insulin therapy (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.76; p < 0.001). These associations remained similar in the propensity-score matching models, as well as after several sensitivity analyses, such as after excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock, severe infection or who died during index-hospitalization.

Conclusions

Among statin-naïve patients admitted with ACS, early statin therapy was independently associated with lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)

Read Full Article

ABC

Original Article

Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Women with Breast Cancer Using Aromatase Inhibitors and the Relation with Biochemical Variables

Luana Almeida Gonzaga et al. Thais Reis Silva de Paulo Juliana Viezel Laís Manata Vanzella … Ismael Forte Freitas Jr. Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei

Abstract

Background:

The use of autonomic modulation as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in women with breast cancer is important.

Objective:

To evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation of postmenopausal women using aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, as well as its relation with the following biochemical variables.

Methods:

Postmenopausal women who did not have breast cancer (n = 33) and postmenopausal women with breast cancer (n = 15). For evaluation of the autonomic modulation the heart rate was recorded beat-to-beat for 30 minutes and the series of RR intervals obtained were used to calculate the following heart rate variability indices: Mean RR ms, SDNN (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals, expressed in milliseconds) ms, Mean HR, RMSSD (square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR interval) ms, NN50 (number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms) count, pNN50% (proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs), RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (triangular interpolation of NN interval) ms, SD1 ms, SD2 ms, LF ms², HF ms², LH/HF ms². The values of biochemical variables (fasting glycemia, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein) were analyzed by blood sample.

Results:

Lower values of heart rate variability indices were observed in postmenopausal women with breast cancer in relation to postmenopausal women who did not have breast cancer: Mean RR (p = 0.03); SDNN (p = 0.03); RMSSD (p = 0.03); NN50 count (p = 0.03); pNN50 % (p = 0.03); RRtri (p = 0.02); SD1 (p = 0.01); SD2 (p = 0.02); LF ms² (p = 0.01); HF ms² (p = 0.03).There was an inversely proportional correlation between the indices SDNN, SD2, and HFms² with triglycerides (SDNN p = 0.04; SD2 p = 0.04; HF ms² p = 0.04). No statistically significant correlations were found between heart rate variability indices and others variables. Statistical significance was set at 5% for all analyses.

Conclusion:

Women with breast cancer present reduced autonomic modulation and in these women of heart rate variability indices are inversely correlated with triglyceride values.

Read Full Article

ABC

Original Article

Relationship Between Neck Circumference and Epicardial Fat Thickness in a Healthy Male Population

Uğur Küçük et al. Hilal Olgun Küçük Ferhat Cüce Sevket Balta

Abstract

Background:

Epicardial fat is an upper body visceral fat depot that may play a significant role in the development of adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles. There is a significant direct relationship between the amount of epicardial fat and general body adiposity (body mass index, BMI), but data regarding subcutaneous adiposity is limited.

Objective:

We conducted a study to determine the association between neck circumference and epicardial fat thickness in healthy young male individuals, and assess their individual correlations with general body adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Methods:

One hundred consecutive male patients aged 18 years or older with no known major medical conditions were included in the study. All participants underwent detailed physical examination including measurement of blood pressure, weight, height, waist/hip ratio, and neck circumference. Blood was collected to determine fasting glucose and lipid parameters. A standard echocardiographic examination was performed with additional epicardial fat thickness determination.

Results:

Among 100 study participants, neck circumference correlated significantly with weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low-density (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels. No significant correlation was found between neck circumference and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Neck circumference correlated moderately and positively with echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness.

Conclusion:

Among patients with low cardiometabolic risk, increased neck circumference was associated with increased epicardial fat thickness.

Read Full Article

ABC

Original Article

Diabetes Mellitus and Glucose as Predictors of Mortality in Primary Coronary Percutaneous Intervention

Renato Budzyn David et al. Eduardo Dytz Almeida Larissa Vargas Cruz Juliana Cañedo Sebben … Ivan Petry Feijó Karine Elisa Schwarzer Schmidt Luísa Martins Avena Carlos Antonio Mascia Gottschall Alexandre Schaan de Quadros

Background:

Diabetes mellitus and admission blood glucose are important risk factors for mortality in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, but their relative and individual role remains on debate.

Objective:

To analyze the influence of diabetes mellitus and admission blood glucose on the mortality of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients submitted to primary coronary percutaneous intervention.

Methods:

Prospective cohort study including every ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patient submitted to primary coronary percutaneous intervention in a tertiary cardiology center from December 2010 to May 2012. We collected clinical, angiographic and laboratory data during hospital stay, and performed a clinical follow-up 30 days after the ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. We adjusted the multivariate analysis of the studied risk factors using the variables from the GRACE score.

Results:

Among the 740 patients included, reported diabetes mellitus prevalence was 18%. On the univariate analysis, both diabetes mellitus and admission blood glucose were predictors of death in 30 days. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariate analysis, the diabetes mellitus relative risk was no longer significant (relative risk: 2.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.76 – 7.59; p-value: 0.13), whereas admission blood glucose remained and independent predictor of death in 30 days (relative risk: 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.02 – 1.09; p-value ≤ 0.01).

Denise Maria Martins Vancea et al. José Nelson Vancea Maria Izabel Fernandes Pires Marco Antonio Reis … Rafael Brandão Moura Sergio Atala Dib

BACKGROUND: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease have emerged as key threats to human health, and the risk is increased in individuals with visceral obesity. The consensus is that physical exercise should be part of the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of guided and structured physical exercise programs (SPEP), three to five times per week, during a period of 20 weeks, on glycemic control and body composition of type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). METHODS: The research was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University School of Medicine in São Paulo). At the clinical visit, patients from the Control Group (CG) n=17, mean age 55.8 years, were encouraged to engage in a physical exercise program. Patients from Group 3x (G3), n=14, mean age 57.4 years, were to engage in 1 hour of physical exercise, 3x/week, and Group 5x (G5), n=9, mean age 58.8 years, followed the same protocol but 5x/week. Mean of 5 years since diagnosis in all groups. Classes consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-minute treadmill walk at 70% of maximum heart rate, and 10-minute relaxation. BMI, abdominal circumference (AC), percentage of body fat (BF), capillary glycemia (CG), fasting glycemia (FG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. RESULTS: A comparison was made between the baseline time point (B) and the 20th week (20th). BMI in G3 (B:29.5±2.9 vs. 20th: 28.3 ± 2.2 Kg/sqm, p=0.005) and G5 (B:29.7±4.4 vs. 20th: 29.1 ± 4.3 Kg/sqm, p=0.025); abdominal circumference in G5 (B:100.5±11.9 vs. 20th: 933 ± 11.7 cm, p=0.001); BF in G3 (B:31±5.1 vs 20th: 26±5%, p=0.001) and G5 (B:32.4 ± 5.4 vs. 20th: 30.3 ± 6.9%, p=0.001); FG, G5 (B:150.8 ± 47.5 vs. 20th: 109.2± 30.5 mg/dL, p=0.034), showed statistically significant differences. CG did not show statistically significant differences for these variables. CG showed a tendency to drop after physical exercise in G5. HbA1c showed no statistically significant differences in the three groups. CONCLUSION: G5 did better than G3 in most parameters assessed. However, results failed to show a decrease of HbA1c in DM2 patients.

Read Full Article