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Left Ventricular Diverticulum

Márcio Silva Miguel Lima

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Original Article

Revascularization Strategies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock: Results from the Portuguese Registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes

Sofia Alegria et al. Ana Marques Ana Catarina Gomes Ana Rita F. Pereira … Daniel Sebaiti Gonçalo Morgado Rita Calé Cristina Martins Adriana Belo Inês Rangel Hélder Pereira

Abstract

Background:

In patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), cardiogenic shock (CS), and multivessel disease (MVD) questions remain unanswered when it comes to intervention on non-culprit arteries.

Objective:

This article aims to 1) characterize patients with MI, CS and MVD included in the Portuguese Registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes (ProACS); 2) compare different revascularization strategies in the sample; 3) identify predictors of in-hospital mortality among these patients.

Methods:

Observational retrospective study of patients with MI, CS and MVD included in the ProACS between 2010 and 2018. Two revascularization strategies were compared: complete during the index procedure (group 1); and complete or incomplete during the index hospitalization (groups 2-3). The primary endpoint was a composite of in-hospital death or MI. Statistical significance was defined by a p-value <0.05.

Results:

We identified 127 patients with MI, CS, and MVD (18.1% in group 1, and 81.9% in groups 2-3), with a mean age of 7012 years, and 92.9% of the sample being diagnosed with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI). The primary endpoint occurred in 47.8% of the patients in group 1 and 37.5% in group 2-3 (p = 0.359). The rates of in-hospital death, recurrent MI, stroke, and major bleeding were also similar. The predictors of in-hospital death in this sample were the presence of left ventricle systolic dysfunction on admission (OR 16.8), right bundle branch block (OR 7.6), and anemia (OR 5.2) (p ≤ 0.02 for both).

Conclusions:

Among patients with MI, CS, and MVD included in the ProACS, there was no significant difference between complete and incomplete revascularization during the index hospitalization regarding the occurrence of in-hospital death or MI. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):867-876)

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Artigo Original

Relationship between left atrial volume and diastolic dysfunction in 500 Brazilian patients

Lilia Maria Mameri El Aouar et al. Diana Meyerfreud Pedro Magalhães Sérgio Lamêgo Rodrigues … Marcelo Perim Baldo Yara Brasil Sumaya Mameri El Aouar Nabih Amin El Aouar José Geraldo Mill Orlando Campos Filho

BACKGROUND: Left atrial volume index (LAVI) increase has been associated to left ventricle (LV) diastolic dysfunction (DD), a marker of cardiovascular events (atrial fibrillation, stroke, heart failure, death). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between LAVI and diferente grades od DD in Brazilian patients submitted to echocardiogram, studying LAVI increase determinants in this sample. METHODS: We have selected 500 outpatients submitted to echocardiography, after excluding arrhythmia, valvar or congenital cardiopathy, permanent pacemaker or inadequate ecocardiographic window. LAVI was obtained according to Simpson’s method. DD was classified according to current guidelines. The clinical and echocardiographic variables were submitted to linear regression multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Mean age was 52 ± 15 years old, 53% were male, 55% had arterial hypertension, 9% had coronary artery disease, 8% were diabetic, 24% were obese, 47% had LV hypertrophy. The mean ejection fraction of the left ventricle was 69.6 ± 7,2%. The prevalence of DD in this sample was 33.8% (grade I: 66%, grade II: 29% e grade III: 5%). LAVI increased progressively according to DD grade: 21 ± 4 mL/m² (absent), 26 ± 7 mL/m² (grade I), 33 ± 5 mL/m² (grade II), 50 ± 5 mL/m2 (grade III) (p < 0,001). In this sample, LAVI increase independent predictors were age, left ventricular mass, relative wall thickness, LV ejection fraction and E/e' ratio. CONCLUSION: DD contributes to left atrial remodeling. LAVI increases as an expression of DD severity and is independently associated to age, left ventricle hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction and increased LV filling pressures.

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Artigo Original

Impact of ventricular geometric pattern on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction

Elaine Farah et al. Daniéliso R. Fusco Paulo R. R. Okumoto Marcos F. Minicucci … Paula S. Azevedo Beatriz B. Matsubara Katashi Okoshi Siméia G. Zanati Sergio A. R. Paiva Leonardo A. M. Zornoff

BACKGROUND: The relevance of left ventricular (LV) geometric pattern after myocardial infarction is not known. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the presence of different LV geometric patterns and teir impact as a predictor of remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (n = 80) were divided according to the geometric pattern: normal (normal left ventricular mass index [LVMI] and normal relative wall thickness [RWT]), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and RWT) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT). After six months, echocardiographic assessment was repeated. RESULTS: Four patients died. Of the survivors, 41 showed remodeling (R +), whereas 39 did not (R-). Considering the geometric pattern, the cases were distributed as follows: 24 patients with normal pattern, 13 with concentric remodeling, 29 with concentric hypertrophy and 14 with eccentric hypertrophy. Patients who showed remodeling had larger infarction sizes analyzed by peak CPK (R + = 4,610 (1,688-7,970), R- = 1,442 (775-4247), p <0.001) and CK-MB (R + = 441 (246 – 666), R- = 183 (101-465), p <0.001), trend towards higher prevalence of concentric remodeling (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0.08) and lower prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy (R + = 2 R- = 12, p = 0.006). In the multivariate regression analysis, infarction size was a predictor (OR = 1.01, p = 0.020) and eccentric hypertrophy was a protective factor (OR = 0.189, p = 0.046) of ventricular remodeling after coronary occlusion. CONCLUSION: The LV geometric pattern of can have an impact on the remodeling process in patients with myocardial infarction.

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Artigo Original

Inferior Vena Cava collapsibility and heart failure signs and symptoms: new insights about possible links

Renato De Vecchis et al. Antonio Ciccarelli Carmelina Ariano

BACKGROUND: In chronic heart failure patients (CHF), ultrasound measurement of inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCCI) has been proposed to yield careful assessment and grading of the hemodynamic congestion. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to correlate the findings of physical examination with IVCCI in CHF patients. METHODS: According to a retrospective cohort design, we analyzed 54 CHF patients with right or biventricular CHF, belonging to III NYHA class. We planned to determine whether any basal IVCCI range would be able to predict persistent or worsening clinical congestion found at the end of subsequent follow up (i.e. after 1-2 months of oral optimized therapy). For this purpose, the patients were subdivided by three groups according to the basal IVCCI value: ≤ 15% (13 pts), 16 – 40% (21 pts) and > 40% (20 pts).Several clinical criteria of congestion were compared across the three groups and subsequently entered in the Cox multivariate model. RESULTS: Multivariate predictors of high congestion score were jugular venous distension (HR: 13,38 95% C.I.: 2,13 – 84 p = 0,0059) and rales (HR: 11 95% C.I : 1,45 – 83,8 p = 0,0213). IVCCI ≤ 15% was always associated with high congestion score at the second visit; but IVCCI ≤ 15% failed to predict high congestion score at the second visit. CONCLUSION: In CHF setting, low IVCCI did not reliably predict high congestion score. Nevertheless, the cluster with IVCCI ≤ 15% was always found associated with signs and symptoms from both right and left-sided decompensated CHF. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

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Artigo Original

Intramyocardial adrenergic activation in chagasic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease

Luciano Nastari et al. Felix Jose Alvarez Ramires Vera Maria Cury Salemi Barbara Maria Ianni … Fábio Fernandes Célia Maria Strunz Edmundo Arteaga Charles Mady

BACKGROUND: Myocardial norepinephrine is altered in left ventricular impairment. In patients with Chagas’ cardiomyopathy (CC), this issue has not been addressed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of myocardial norepinephrine in patients with CC and compare it in patients with coronary artery disease, and to relate myocardial norepinephrine to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: We studied 39 patients with CC, divided into group 1: 21 individuals with normal LVEF and group 2: 18 individuals with decreased LVEF. Seventeen patients with coronary artery disease were divided into group 3: 12 individuals with normal LVEF and group 4: 5 individuals with decreased LVEF. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to measure LVEF. Myocardial norepinephrine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Myocardial norepinephrine in CC with and without ventricular dysfunction was 1.3±1.3 and 6.1±4.2 pg/μg noncollagen protein, respectively (p<0.0001); in coronary artery disease with and without ventricular dysfunction, it was 3.3±3.0 and 9.8±4.2 pgμg noncollagen protein, respectively (p<0.0001). A positive correlation was found between LVEF and myocardial norepinephrine concentration in the patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy (p<0.01, r = 0.57) and also in those with coronary artery disease (p<0.01, r=0.69). A significant difference was demonstrated between norepinephrine concentrations in patients with normal LVEF (groups 1 and 3; p = 0.0182), but no difference was found in patients with decreased LVEF (groups 2 and 4; p = 0.1467). CONCLUSION: In patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy and normal global ejection fraction there is an early cardiac denervation, when compared to coronary artery disease patients.

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Relato de Caso

Chronic left ventricular pseudoaneurism of undetermined etiology

Guilherme Loureiro Fialho et al. Cláudio Henrique Fischer Adriana Cordovil Orlando Campos Filho

Pseudoaneurysms occur as a rare complication of the myocardial infarction, of which hemorrhagic process is contained by adherences of the visceral or parietal pericardium – or of both – preventing the development of cardiac tamponade. We report the case of a 55-year-old patient, with a chronic left ventricular pseudoaneurysm of undetermined etiology, who was submitted to a conservative treatment.

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Case Report

Echocardiographic features of non-compaction cardiomyopathy: missed and misdiagnosed disease

Francisco Martínez-Baca López et al. Rosa Marisol Alonso Bravo Domingo Arturo Rodríguez Huerta

Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare disease, anatomically characterized by a prominent trabecular pattern and deep intertrabecular recesses. Its clinical manifestations include severe left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, systemic embolism, and sudden death. In this report, two cases of patients of different ages with non-compaction cardiomyopathy are described: a male schoolboy whose pathology was associated with mitral stenosis and regurgitation and a 50-year-old female with history of high blood pressure and cardiac failure.

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Artigo Original

Ventricular dyssynchrony index: comparison with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ejection fraction

Marcelo L. C. Vieira et al. Alexandre F. Cury Naccarato Gustavo Wercules A. Oliveira … Cláudia G. Monaco Adriana Cordovil Ana C. T. Rodrigues Edgar B. Lira Filho Cláudio H. Fischer Samira S. Morhy

BACKGORUND: Left ventricular (LV) electromechanical coupling (synchrony) is important in the analysis of the systolic performance, especially for the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced CHF. OBJECTIVE: To compare LV synchrony as analyzed by real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (ECHO) with LVEF measurements as obtained with 2D and 3D ECHO. METHODS: Prospective study of 92 individuals (56 men, 47 ± 10 years of age), of which 60 had normal heart structure (ECHO) and ECG (N group), and 32 had dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM group). Using 3D ECHO, LVEF, volumes and dyssynchrony index (%DI) for 16 LV segments were measured. Using 2D ECHO, LVEF (Simpson’s method), and LV systolic and diastolic volumes were measured. Statistical analysis: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, 95% CI, linear regression model, Bland & Altman analysis, p<0.05. RESULTS: %DI ranged from 0.2900 to 28.1000 (5.2014±6.3281), 3D LVEF ranged from 0.17 to 0.81 (0.52±0.17); and 2D LVEF ranged from 0.3 to 0.69 (0.49±0.11). The correlation between DI and 3D LVEF was (r): -0.7432, p<0.0001, CI: -0.8227 to -0.6350, the linear relation between DI (x) and 3D LVEF (y) was y = 19.8124 + (-27.9578) x, p<0.0001. The correlation between DI and 2D LVEF was (r): -0.7012, p<0.0001, CI: -0.7923 to -0.5797. CONCLUSION: In this case series, a good negative correlation was observed between LV electromechanical three-dimensional systolic coupling and LVEF as measured by echocardiography (3D and 2D).

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Artigo Original

Myocardial revascularization and ventricular restoration through pacopexy

João Roberto Breda et al. Luciano Figueiredo Aguiar João Nelson Rodrigues Branco Roberto Catani … Ibraim Pinto Edson Nakano Enio Buffolo

OBJECTIVE: To analyze left ventricle performance after myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration by “pacopexy” in schemic myocardiopathy patients with significant ventricular dysfunction in whom ventricular restoration was obtained through special technique. METHODS: Myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration through special technique, with no use of prosthesis or other synthetic materials. RESULTS: Patients’ functional class was shown to have improved 93.10% after surgical procedure. Pre- and post-surgical comparison showed significant increase in left ventricle ejection fraction as well as decrease in left ventricle systolic diameter. No significant change was observed in left ventricle diastolic diameter or systolic volume. Post-surgical follow-up time length ranged from 1 month to 3 years and 4 months. CONCLUSION: Ventricular dysfunction restoration technique through pacopexy showed to be effective for the management of severe ventricular dysfunction from schemic causes. Major impact was observed in the functional class of patients under study.

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Artigo Original

Influence of preload reduction on Tei index and other Doppler echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function

Silvio Henrique Barberato et al. Roberto Pecoits Filho

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of preload reduction by hemodialysis on Doppler Tei Index of myocardial performance and other parameters of cardiac function. METHODS: The Tei index and left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function parameters were estimated, before and after a single hemodialysis session. Only subjects who were in sinus rhythm, without history of coronary artery disease, and no evidence of cardiac valve disease and pericardial effusion were included in the study. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (8 men, mean age 53 ± 14 years) completed the study. After an ultrafiltration of 2,2 ± 1,1 liters, peak mitral E velocity decreased (p< 0,05) and A velocity remained unchanged (p = ns), resulting in reduction of E/A ratio (p< 0,01). The Tei index increased (from 0,57 ± 0,07 to 0,65 ± 0,09, p< 0,01) because of significant prolongations in isovolumetric relaxation time (from 101 ± 14 to 113 ± 17 ms, p< 0,01) and ejection time (from 271 ± 22 to 252 ± 22, p< 0,05). The isovolumetric contraction time did not vary (p = ns). There was no change in diastolic tissue Doppler parameters, while systolic velocities increased (p< 0,05). CONCLUSION: The Tei index was affected by hemodialysis-induced preload alterations, as well as other mitral inflow Doppler-derived parameters. The diastolic parameters of mitral annulus Doppler tissue were independent of preload, while systolic velocities suggested improved systolic function.

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