2007;89(3) – ABC CARDIOL

Artigo Original

Effects of beta-carotene and smoking on heart remodeling after myocardial infarction

Leonardo A. M. Zornoff et al. Daniella R. Duarte Marcos F. Minicucci Paula S. Azevedo … Beatriz B. Matsubara Luiz S. Matsubara Álvaro O. Campana Sergio A. R. Paiva

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of beta-carotene on the ventricular remodeling process following myocardial infarction (MI) in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS: After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the animals were divided into four groups: 1) Group C, 24 animals that were given standard diet; 2) Group BC, 26 animals that were given beta-carotene; 3) Group ECS, 26 animals that were given standard diet and were exposed to cigarette smoke; and 4) Group BC+ECS, 20 animals that were given beta-carotene and were exposed to cigarette smoke. After six months, a morphofunctional study was performed. We used a 5% significance level. RESULTS: As regards diastolic areas (DA) and systolic areas (SA), the values for the BC group were higher than those for the C group. If DA/body weight (BW) and SA/BW are considered, the values for group BC+ECS were higher than the values for group C. As regards the fractional area change, we observed significant differences between ECS (lower values) and C (higher values) and between BC (lower values) and C (higher values). Differences between groups regarding infarction size were not observed. The ECS group presented higher values for myocyte cross-section area (MCA) than control animals. Additionally, the BC+ECS group presented higher MCA values than the BC, ECS and C groups. CONCLUSION: After myocardial infarction, smoking and beta-carotene intensified the heart remodeling process; harmful effects of the remodeling process were heightened when the two treatments were used in conjunction.

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Artigo Original

Serum homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with and without hypercholesterolemia

Fabiana Piovesan et al. Francisco José Veríssimo Veronese Auri Ferreira Santos Roberta Pozza … Péricles Serafim Sarturi Alexandre Tognon Valter Duro Garcia Elizete Keitel David Saitovitch

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia seems to be frequent after renal transplantation. No study so far has assessed the role of homocysteine (Hcy) associated with dyslipidemia in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (serum Hcy >15 mmol/l) in stable renal transplant recipients and to evaluate the role of serum lipids and graft function in serum Hcy levels. METHODS: One hundred and five stable renal transplant recipients were evaluated, considering age, post-transplant time, cholesterol levels, graft function, proteinuria, and cyclosporine (analyzed using multiple linear regression). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 74.3%. Patients were further divided into two groups, hyper (total cholesterol >200mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol >130mg/dl) and normocholesterolemic. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic recipients were older, had shorter post-transplant time, lower endogenous creatinine clearance, and higher proteinuria and Hcy serum levels. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had statistically significantly higher serum triglycerides and poorer graft function, and their LDL-cholesterol also tended to be higher. A positive correlation was found between serum creatinine and Hcy levels (r = 0.32, P = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that both dyslipidemia and renal function independently affect Hcy values. CONCLUSION: We observed a high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients, especially in hypercholesterolemic, suggesting that worse graft function may influence serum Hcy and cholesterol levels negatively. Further studies should investigate if this adverse metabolic profile is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality in the long term.

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Point of view

Is diastolic pressure losing its clinical usefulness?

Rafael Leite Luna et al. Leonardo Castro Luna

POINT OF VIEW

Is diastolic pressure losing its clinical usefulness?

[…]

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Artigo Original

Echocardiographic reference values in a sample of asymptomatic adult Brazilian population

Lílian Cláudia Souza Ângelo et al. Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira Sérgio Lamêgo Rodrigues Renato Lírio Morelato … Alexandre C. Pereira José Geraldo Mill José Eduardo Krieger

OBJECTIVE: To determine echocardiographic reference values for cardiac chambers, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular (LV) mass indexes in an asymptomatic adult population sample. METHODS: This was an observational study based on a randomly selected population sample from the city of Vitória, Brazil. Two hundred and ninety-five volunteers (61.7% women) with no past history of cardiovascular disease underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The following M-mode echocardiographic parameters were measured: ventricular diameters, interventricular septal thickness, LV posterior wall thickness, LV mass, left ventricular mass indexes, plus aortic and left atrial diameters. Values were expressed as mean and standard deviation and percentiles, with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Echocardiographic values were slightly influenced by gender and age. Overall, cardiac measurements were higher in the male gender. LV posterior wall thickness, mass indexes corrected for height and diastolic diameter were influenced by age. The 95% percentiles of interventricular septum and LV posterior wall were 9.9 mm and 9.6 mm for men, respectively, and 9.3 mm for septum and posterior wall for women. CONCLUSION: The 95% percentile values of interventricular septum and posterior wall and, therefore, of both absolute and indexed left ventricular mass found in our study conducted in the Vitória population are lower than those reported in previous studies. In this framework, our results will be useful as a reference, since they are consistent with the new limits suggested in the literature for the echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy.

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Artigo Original

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by spectral mapping of atrial fibrillation nests in sinus rhythm

José Carlos Pachón Mateos et al. Enrique I. Pachón Mateos Tasso J. Lobo Maria Zélia C. Pachón … Juán Carlos Pachón Mateos Denilda Queiroz V. Pachón Remy Nelson A. Vargas Leopoldo S. Piegas Adib D. Jatene

BACKGROUND: Two types of myocardia can be observed through the endocardial spectral mapping (SM) in sinus rhythm: the compact type with a smooth spectrum and the fibrillar type with a segmented spectrum (atrial fibrillation nests). During the atrial fibrillation (AF), the compact type has an organized activation and low frequency (passive), whereas the fibrillar type has a rather disorganized activation and high frequency (active/resonant), with both being activated by high-frequency sustained tachycardia – the background tachycardia (BT). OBJECTIVE: To describe the treatment of AF by the ablation of the AF nests and BT. METHODS: 1) Catheter ablation of the AF nests with RF [4/8mm-60º/30-40J/30s] guided by SM in sinus rhythm, outside the pulmonary vein; 2) atrial stimulation -300ppm; 3) Additional ablation of the AF nests if AF is induced; 4) Focal ablation if BT and/or Flutter is induced; 5)Clinical follow-up+ ECG+ Holter. RESULTS: A total of 50±18 AF nests/patient were treated. After 11.3±8m, 81 patients (88%) did not present AF (28.3% with antiarrhythmic drugs). After the ablation of the AF nests, AF was not reinduced in 61 patients (71%) and BT was induced and treated in 24 patients (26%). There were two episodes of pericardial bleeding (1 treated clinically and 1 surgically), caused by sheaths that are no longer used CONCLUSION: The SM in sinus rhythm can be used in the ablation of AF nests. During the AF, the AF nests present a reactive-resonant pattern and the compact myocardium is passive, stimulated by the high frequency of the BT. After the ablation of the AF nests and the BT, it was not possible to reinduce the sustained AF. The Ablation of AF nests outside the pulmonary veins showed to be safe and highly effective in the cure and/or clinical control of the AF.

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Image

Eustachian valvula: real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic imaging

Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira et al. Antônio José Sproesser

IMAGE

Eustachian valvula: real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic imaging

[…]

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Artigo Original

Association between lipid profile and adiposity in women over age 60

Maressa Priscila Krause et al. Tatiane Hallage Mirnaluci P. R. Gama Jeffer Eidi Sasaki … Cristiane Petra Miculis Cosme Franklin Buzzachera Sergio Gregorio da Silva

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between lipid profiles and overall or central obesity in women over the age of 60. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 388 women over the age of 60 (mean 69; standard deviation 5.9 years). The lipid profile was determined using total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Overall obesity was determined using the body mass index (BMI) and skin fold (SF) measurements. Central obesity was determined using the waist circumference (WC) and waist – hip ratio (WHR). Statistical analysis was conducted using age adjusted partial correlation and one way ANOVA (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean values found for the adiposity variables and lipid profile components indicate an elevated atherogenic risk. In addition, the indicators for overall and central obesity were directly related to TG levels and inversely related to HDL-C levels. CONLCUSION: The partial correlation analysis and the largest variance found for WC and WHR in comparison to the lipidogram components indicate that both methods could be useful in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis.

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Revisão

Immune-inflammatory activation in heart failure

Angelo Michele de Candia et al. Humberto Villacorta Júnior Evandro Tinoco Mesquita

Despite being relatively recent, a growing and significant accumulation of experimental and clinical evidence has been observed that points to a gradual state of immune-inflammatory activation in patients with heart failure (HF). High levels of several cytokines are found in the circulation and cardiac muscle of individuals with HF, and invariably correlate with the severity of the disease. These cytokines act on endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, induction of anemia, myocyte apoptosis, and on the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass – which is conventionally called the inflammatory paradigm of HF. Not only the myocardium, but also several tissues seem to synthesize these cytokines and perpetuate this continuous inflammatory state at a low degree, including leukocytes, monocytes, skeletal muscle cells and endothelial cells – in response to hemodynamic and infectious stimuli, to hypoxia, to oxidative stress, to neurohumoral activation, and others. Thus, a network of molecules that interact with each other is formed, and connections with other axes that effectively contribute to the clinical deterioration of the patients are also established – which fits into the pathophysiological model of multisystemic involvement that has been increasingly attributed to HF. Although the determination of these biomarkers in peripheral blood provides solid evidence of prognostic power, the results of therapeutic trials that modulated the immune-inflammatory loop in the clinical phase have been, so far, hardly encouraging. Therefore, we believe that a better understanding of the inflammatory activation and its multifaceted relation with the axes of decompensation of the disease is key for new therapeutic perspectives with a relevant impact to be established in the near future.

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Artigo Original

Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive function in the elderly

Nicole de Liz Maineri et al. Flávio Merino de Freitas Xavier Maria Cristina Cachapuz Berleze Emílio Hideyuki Moriguchi

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stroke risk factors and cognitive dysfunction are concomitant in individuals over the age of 60. METHODS: The cognitive abilities of elderly individuals with different degrees of risk as per the Framingham stroke risk profile were compared. The Framingham stroke risk profile was used to calculate the risk of an ischemic cerebral event. Neuropsychological tests included the Buschke Selective Reminding Test, verbal fluency (animals), clock drawing, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning, digit span and vocabulary. A random and typical population sample was used in the study, selected from the 200 elderly residents in the area surrounding the primary health care facility (Morada das Flores Clinic, Porto Alegre). Forty-six elderly individuals were included in the study. RESULTS: The elderly individuals with a risk profile, had lower memory test performance levels (NF, p=0.02) and planning capacity (clock drawing test, p=0.03). Diabetes proved to be related to delayed recall performance in the Rey auditory verbal learning test (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The presence of stroke risk factors in the elderly was associated with worse cognitive performance for memory and executive functions.

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Artigo Original

Reliability of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation measurement using ultrasound

Cláudia de Mello Meirelles et al. Sandra Pereira Leite Carlos Antonio Barbosa Montenegro Paulo Sergio Chagas Gomes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the baseline (BBAB) and post occlusion (POBAD) brachial artery diameters, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatations (BAFMD) measurements, and to quantify the typical error of the measurements (TEM). METHODS: Internal consistency (2 measurements on the same day) was determined in 10 volunteers, whereas stability (2 measurements on separate days) was determined in 13 volunteers. All the volunteers looked healthy and were nonsmokers. The brachial artery images were obtained using a two dimensional Doppler ultrasound instrument: a 14 MHz transducer was used. The distances between the intima-lumen interfaces were measured before and after the blood flow had been stopped by means of a cuff on the arm for five minutes. BAFMD was considered as the percentile increase of POBAD in relation to BBAD. RESULTS: ANOVA did not identify any significant differences between the measurements taken on the same and separate days. For BAFMD, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the measurements taken on the same and separate days were: R = 0.7001 and R = 0.8420, respectively (p < 0.05). The variation coefficients were 5.8% and 12.4% and the relative SMEs were 13.8% and 14.9%, respectively, for the measurements taken on the same and separate days. Analysis of the Bland-Altman graphs indicated that the variables did not present heteroscedastic errors. CONCLUSION: The BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD measurements using the manual ultrasound technique were highly reliable for both the same and separate day measurements and therefore can be used to diagnose and monitor endothelial function.

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Artigo Original

Frequency of hypertension in patients with chronic chagas’ disease and its consequences on the heart: a clinical and pathological study

Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel et al. Eros Antonio de Almeida

BACKGROUND: Data from the literature on the frequency of concomitant Chagas’ disease and hypertension are controversial and, when available, do not mention the consequences of this concomitance in the natural history of either Chagas’ disease or of hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of concomitant Chagas’ disease and hypertension and the clinical and anatomopathological consequences of this association. METHODS: The cases were selected from necropsies performed in the Department of Pathological Anatomy of Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierrô of Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas and divided into three groups: CH + SH group, of patients with Chagas’ disease plus hypertension; CH group, of patients with Chagas’ disease without hypertension; and SH group, of patients with hypertension without Chagas’ disease. The variables of gender, age, race, clinical forms of Chagas’ disease, and electrocardiographic and anatomopathological findings were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In this assessment, a total of 101 (2.9%) cases of patients with Chagas’ disease was found, and 33 (32.7%) of them also had hypertension. A slight predominance of the male gender was observed; racial distribution and mean age were similar in the three groups. Severe hypertension was not frequently found among chagasic patients. When present, hypertension did not change the clinical and anatomopathological findings compatible with Chagas’ disease. CONCLUSION: The frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients was similar to that observed in the general population. Hypertension, when present in chagasic patients, occurred in those with a higher mean age. The concomitance of hypertension and Chagas’ disease did not change the natural history of either one of the two diseases.

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