Bioprosthesis – ABC CARDIOL

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Case Report

Dysfunctional Mitral Bioprosthesis Treated using Transapical Approach with Inovare Transcatheter Valve: A New Alternative to Conventional Surgery

Williams Roberto Lata Gacho et al. Jaime Paula Pessoa Linhares Filho Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro Roney Orismar Sampaio … José Onório Almeida Palma Fonseca Márcio Silva Miguel Lima

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Editorial

Mechanical Prosthesis X Biological Prosthesis: an Individualized and Shared Decision

João Ricardo C. Fernandes et al. Roney Orismar Sampaio

Surgical valve interventions are performed primarily in patients with severe valve heart disease, with associated symptoms and/or anatomical/hemodynamic consequences, and no contraindication to the procedure. The choice of prosthetic valve should be based on a shared decision-making process that must account for the trade-offs between durability (and the need for reintervention), bleeding, and thromboembolism.

The manuscript: “Late Outcomes of Aortic Valve Replacement with Bioprosthesis and Mechanical Prosthesis” is an observational retrospective study intended to evaluate the long-term follow-up of patients (n=202) who underwent aortic valve replacement, comparing biological (65.3%) and mechanical prostheses (34.7%). The patients were relatively young (mean age: 49 years), with predominantly degenerative aortic valve disease. On the other hand, 22% of the study population had rheumatic disease, the most prevalent etiology of valve disease in Brazil.

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Original Article

Percutaneous Transseptal Bioprosthetic Implantation in Failed Prosthetic Surgical Mitral Valve – Brazilian Multicenter Experience

Pedro Felipe Gomes Nicz et al. Pedro Henrique M. Craveiro de Melo Pedro Henrique Ferro de Brito Eliane Nogueira Lima … Ricardo Cavalcante e Silva Maurício Lopes Prudente Fernando Henrique Fernandes Maurilio Onofre Deininger Marcelo Antônio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes Fúlvio Soares Petrucci Fernando Roquette Reis Filho Marcos Antonio Marino Rodrigo de Castro Bernardes Eduardo Pessoa de Melo Marco Antonio Praça Oliveira José Armando Mangione Fernanda Marinho Mangione Carlos Henrique Eiras Falcão Estêvão Carvalho de Campos Martins Walter Lunardi Fernando Bacal Flávio Tarasoutchi Fábio Sândoli de Brito Jr

Abstract

Background

Percutaneous intervention in patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction is an alternative to conventional surgical treatment.

Objectives

To report the first Brazilian experience with transseptal transcatheter bioprosthetic mitral valve-in-valve implantation (transseptal-TMVIV).

Methods

Patients with surgical bioprosthetic dysfunction submitted to transseptal-TMVIV in 12 Brazilian hospitals were included. The significance level adopted was p<0.05.

Results

From June/2016 to February/2019, 17 patients underwent transseptal-TMVIV. Their median age was 77 years (IQR,70-82) and median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality (STS-PROM) score was 8.7% (IQR,7.2-17.8). All patients had limiting symptoms of heart failure (FC≥III) and 5 (29.4%) had undergone more than one previous thoracotomy. Transseptal-TMVIV was successful in all patients. Echocardiographic assessment showed a significant reduction in mean mitral valve gradient (pre-intervention, 12±3.8 mmHg; post-intervention, 5.3±2.6 mmHg; p<0.001), in addition to an increase in mitral valve area (pre-intervention, 1.06±0.59 cm²; post-intervention, 2.18±0.36 cm²; p<0.001) sustained for 30 days. There was a significant and immediate reduction in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, with an additional reduction in 30 days (pre-intervention, 68.9±16.4 mmHg; post-intervention, 57.7±16.5 mmHg; 30 days, 50.9±18.7 mmHg; p<0.001). During follow-up (median, 162 days; IQR, 102-411), significant clinical improvement (FC≤II) was observed in 87.5% of the patients. One patient (5.9%) had left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and died right after the procedure, and another died at 161 days of follow-up.

Conclusion

The first Brazilian experience with transseptal-TMVIV shows the safety and effectivity of the new technique. The LVOT obstruction is a potentially fatal complication, reinforcing the importance of patients’ selection and of procedural planning. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

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Original Article

Comparison of Biological and Mechanical Prostheses for Heart Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Alberto Takeshi Kiyose et al. Erica Aranha Suzumura Lígia Laranjeira Anna Maria Buehler … José Amalth Espírito Santo Otavio Berwanger Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho Angelo Amato de Paola Valdir Ambrósio Moises Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti

Abstract

Background:

The choice of a mechanical (MP) or biological prosthesis (BP) for patients with valvular heart disease undergoing replacement is still not a consensus.

Objective:

We aimed to determine the clinical outcomes of MP or BP placement in those patients.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared biological prostheses and mechanical prostheses in patients with valvular heart diseases and assessed the outcomes. RCTs were searched in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, SCOPUS and Web of Science (from inception to November 2014) databases. Meta-analyses were performed using inverse variance with random effects models. The GRADE system was used to rate the quality of the evidence. A P-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:

A total of four RCTs were included in the meta-analyses (1,528 patients) with follow up ranging from 2 to 20 years. Three used old generation mechanical and biological prostheses, and one used contemporary prostheses. No significant difference in mortality was found between BP and MP patients (risk ratio (RR = 1.07; 95% CI 0.99-1.15). The risk of bleeding was significantly lower in BP patients than MP patients (RR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.52-0.78); however, reoperations were significantly more frequent in BP patients (RR = 3.60; 95% CI 2.44-5.32). There were no statistically significant differences between BP and MP patients with respect to systemic arterial embolisms and infective endocarditis (RR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.66-1.31, RR = 1.21; CI95% 0.78-1.88, respectively). Results in the trials with modern and old prostheses were similar.

Conclusions:

The mortality rate and the risk of thromboembolic events and endocarditis were similar between BP and MP patients. The risk of bleeding was approximately one third lower for BP patients than for MP patients, while the risk of reoperations was more than three times higher for BP patients.

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Case Report

Partial Papillary Muscle Rupture after Myocardial Infarction and Early Severe Obstructive Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis: an Unusual Combination

Inês Silveira et al. Marta Oliveira Catarina Gomes Sofia Cabral … André Luz Severo Torres

Introduction

Mechanical complications after myocardial infarction (MI) have become uncommon since the introduction of primary angioplasty. They can lead to a rapid clinical deterioration and a fatal outcome, with patient’s survival being dependent on their prompt recognition and intervention. We describe a case of two rare mechanical complications: a partial papillary muscle rupture after MI, followed by an early severe obstructive thrombosis of the implanted bioprosthetic valve.

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Viewpoint

Valvular Heart Team

Max Grinberg

“An idealist is a person who helps other people to be prosperous.”

Henry Ford (1863 – 1947)

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Review Article

The contegra valved bovine conduit: a biomaterial for the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects

Shi-Min Yuan

Contegra, a bovine jugular vein graft, has been widely used as a preferable biomaterial in the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects, especially as a conduit for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. This article aims to make a comprehensive review on the clinical outcomes of Contegra. Reports of Contegra published since 2002 were comprehensively retrieved, collected and analyzed. There were 1718 Contegra, applied in 1705 patients. The sizes of the conduits were 8-22 mm. The patients aged from newborn to 74.5 years, prevailed by pediatrics. The primary diagnosis was congenital heart defects in all cases, with Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia being the first three diagnoses, representing 25.6%, 16.7%, and 13.1%, respectively. Contegra was used as a tube graft in the pulmonary position in 1635 (95.9%) patients, as a monocuspid patch in 12 (0.7%), as a graft in the position of the pulmonary valve or a monocusps in 40 (2.3%), and as an inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery conduit in the Fontan procedure in 18 (1.1%) patients, respectively. Conduit reimplantation was performed in 141 (8.3%) patients 33.8 ± 37 (8.6-106.8) months after the initial conduit insertion. Conduit plasty was necessary in 6 (0.4%), and reintervention in 83 (4.9%) patients. Indications for conduit reimplantation included severe stenosis of the distal anastomosis, pseudoaneurysm of the proximal anastomosis and severe conduit regurgitation. As for the good performance, availability and longevity, Contegra is a biomaterial suitable for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and for patch repair for ventricular septal defect, but not apt for Fontan procedure.

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Artigo Original

Autonomic regulation of mechanical properties in porcine mitral valve cusps

Xiang Hu et al. Qiang Zhao Xiaofeng Ye

BACKGROUND: The presence of nerves in heart valves was first depicted decades ago and identified into subpopulations: sympathetic, parasympathetic. So valves are expected to be greatly affected by the autonomic nerves. However, few studies have focused on the regulation of heart valves by the autonomic nervous system. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve tissues. METHODS: Mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve leaflets were evaluated in response to norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACH), the main neurotransmitters. At the same time, phentolamine (Phent), metoprolol (Metop), atropine (Atrop) and endothelial denudation were added to the reactive system. RESULTS: Under physiological conditions, the stiffness was not affected by endothelial denudation (p > 0.05). NE elevated the valve stiffness significantly per 10-fold increase in concentration (10-6 vs 10-7, p < 0.05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0.05). This response was mitigated by Phent, Metop or endothelial denudation (p < 0.05), however, it was still increased significantly when compared to Controls (p < 0.05). ACH caused a decrease in stiffness accompanied by an increase in its concentration (significant change in stiffness per 10-fold increase in ACH concentration, 10-6 vs Control, p < 0.05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p 0.05 vs Control). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve cusps, which underline the importance of autonomic nervous status for optimal valve function.

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Artigo Original

Hospital risk factors for bovine pericardial bioprosthesis valve implantation

Mateus W. De Bacco et al. João Ricardo M. Sant'Anna Gustavo De Bacco Roberto T. Sant'Anna … Marisa F. Santos Edemar Pereira Altamiro Reis da Costa Paulo Roberto Prates Renato A. K. Kalil Ivo A. Nesralla

BACKGROUND: Identification of preoperative heart valve surgery risk factors aim to improve surgical outcomes with the possibility to offset conditions related to increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Intent of this study is to identify hospital risk factors in patients undergoing bovine pericardial bioprosthesis implantation. METHODS: Retrospective study including 703 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of at least one St. Jude Medical-Biocor™ bovine pericardial bioprosthesis between September 1991 and December 2005 at the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute; 392 were aortic, 250 were mitral and 61 were mitroaortic. Characteristics analyzed were gender, age, body mass index, NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class, ejection fraction, valve lesions, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney function, arrhythmias, prior heart surgery, coronary artery bypass graft, tricuspid valve surgery and elective, urgent or emergency surgery. Main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Relationship between risk factors and in-hospital mortality was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Were 101 (14.3%) in-hospital deaths. Characteristics with significant relationship to increased mortality were female gender (p 2.4mg/dl (p=0.004), functional class IV (p<0.001), mitral valve lesion (p<0.001), previous heart surgery (p=0.005), tricuspid valve surgery (p<0.001) and emergency surgery (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Mortality rate observed is accepted by literature and is justifiable due to the high prevalence of risk factors, showing an increased significance level for female gender, age above 70, functional class IV, tricuspid valve repairs and emergency surgery. Offsetting these factors could contribute to reduced in-hospital mortality for valve surgery.

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Artigo Original

Surgical treatment of aortic valve disease with stentless bovine pericardium prosthesis: immediate results

Wesley Ferreira de Araújo et al. Luis Roberto Gerola Hyoung C. Kin Armindo Pereira Filho … Guilherme Flora Vargas Roberto Catani Enio Buffolo

OBJECTIVE: To present the immediate results and assess the clinical and hemodynamic performance of stentless bovine pericardial bioprostheses in aortic position. METHODS: Twenty patients were operated who were indicated for surgery for valve replacement with biological prostesis. Eleven patients were male; sixteen had aortic stenosis; four, insufficiency; the mean age was 66.3 ± 8.8 years. The surgical technique used was subcoronary implant. Associated procedures were performed in five patients. Postoperative morbidity,mortality and hemodynamic performance were assessed on transthoracic echocardiogram. RESULTS: Mean time of cardiopulmonary bypass was 136.5 ± 24.41 minutes and mean anoxic time was 105.2 ± 21.62 minutes. Hospital mortality was 5% (one patient). Mean time of intensive care unit stay was 3.65 ± 3.23 days. Mean postoperatively transvalvular gradient was was 25.39 ± 7.82 mmHg. Left ventricle ejection fraction was 67 ± 13.49% preoperatively and 63.24 ± 16.06% postoperatively (p = 0.45). Eleven patients did not present any degree of valve regurgitation, eight presented mild regurgitation and one ,mild to moderate regurgitation. CONCLUSION: Stentless prostheses can be used for the surgical tratment of aortic valve diseases, with in hospital mortality and morbidity similar to the mortality and morbidity described in the literature for similar procedures, with satisfactory hemodynamic performance.

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Artigo Original

Bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis: importance of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and follow-up after treatment

Adelino Parro Jr et al. Marta Lancia Carramona Caio Augusto Ferreira Amaral José Luiz Balthazar Jacob José Carlos Nicolau

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical and echocardiographic findings of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in its diagnosis and monitoring of thrombolysis. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients with mitral bioprostheses underwent TEE, and 4 out of 7 suspected of having a thrombus on these prostheses were included in the study (mean age = 60.2±10.2 years; 2 men). The diagnosis was confirmed with serial TEE and clinical evolution. The morphologic features of the prosthetic leaflets, as well as the presence and characteristics of attached echogenic masses were investigated. The mean gradient through the prosthesis and the valvular area were obtained. RESULTS: The diagnosis of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis was established 48.7±55.2 months after surgery. Two patients had ischemic stroke in the early postoperative period. The mean overall gradient was high (11.4±3 mmHg) and the valvular area reduced (1.24±0.3 cm²). On TEE, echogenic masses on the left ventricular face of the mitral bioprosthesis suggestive of thrombus were evidenced in all patients. On serial TEE (136±233 days), in 2 patients the thrombus had disappeared and in 2 others it was smaller after treatment, the mean gradient dropped to 6.2±3 mmHg (P = 0.004; 95% CI), and the valvular area increased to 2.07±0.4 (P = NS). CONCLUSION: TEE proved to be useful for detecting bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and was effective in monitoring the treatment in all patients.

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