Prevention & Control – ABC CARDIOL

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Editorial

Overweight, the Cardiovascular Risk of the Century

The challenge of the century: overweight

Published studies have shown that, worldwide, over the past 50 years, the population has increased in weight. A 2014 publication reported that between 1980 and 2013 individuals had an increase in body mass index above 25 kg/m², which classifies them as overweight, from 28.8% to 36.9% among men and 29.8% to 38.0% among women. Worse than that, children and adolescents also had weight gain both in developed countries where, in 2013, 23.8% of boys and 22.6% of girls were overweight or obese, and in developing countries, where 12.9% of boys and 13.4% of girls were also overweight.

In 2016, another publication that evaluated the period from 1975 to 2014 also showed that obesity increased from 3.2% to 10.8% among men and from 6.4% to 14.9% among women. These studies estimate that if this trend continues, in 2025, the prevalence of obesity around the world will be greater than 18% among men and 21% among women.

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Original Article

Healthy School, Happy School: Design and Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial Designed to Prevent Weight Gain in Children

Daniela Schneid Schuh et al. Maíra Ribas Goulart Sandra Mari Barbiero Caroline D’Azevedo Sica … Raphael Borges David William Moraes Lucia Campos Pellanda

Abstract

Background:

Schools have become a key figure for the promotion of health and obesity interventions, bringing the development of critical awareness to the construction and promotion of a healthy diet, physical activity, and the monitoring of the nutritional status in childhood and adolescence.

Objectives:

To describe a study protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve knowledge of food choices in the school environment.

Methods:

This is a cluster-randomized, parallel, two-arm study conducted in public elementary and middle schools in Brazil. Participants will be children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 15 years, from both genders. The interventions will be focusing on changes in lifestyle, physical activities and nutritional education. Intervention activities will occur monthly in the school’s multimedia room or sports court. The control group arm will receive usual recommendations by the school. The primary outcome variable will be anthropometric measures, such as body mass index percentiles and levels of physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Results:

We expect that after the study children will increase the ingestion of fresh food, reduce excessive consumption of sugary and processed foods, and reduce the hours of sedentary activities.

Conclusion:

The purpose of starting the dietary intervention at this stage of life is to develop a knowledge that will enable for healthy choices, providing opportunities for a better future for this population.

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Viewpoint

The CRISPR/Cas9 System and the Possibility of Genomic Edition for Cardiology

Marcela Corso Arend et al. Jessica Olivaes Pereira Melissa Medeiros Markoski

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their associated pathologies are among the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality, entailing approximately 17.3 deaths a year. This class of pathology as a whole has a multi-factor etiology. Its possible prognoses lead to public health issues, with its incidence being related to behavioral, metabolic and genetic risk factors. In spite of the fact that the treatments established for the CVDs and their possible prognoses decrease the rhythm of progression of the illness, the need to develop therapeutic approaches able to reverse the pathology and its complications is growing.

The progresses in the fields of molecular and cellular biology have allowed the elucidation of molecular pathways and genetic causes involved in the establishment and progression of the CVDs, outlining a new viewpoint with regard to the prevention, treatment and possible outcomes of this pathological class. Recent discoveries, both experimental and those obtained by means of bioinformatics tools, regarding the molecular bases of cardiovascular dysfunctions, have been pointing to considerable therapeutic targets. However, most of these targets cannot be pharmacologically manipulated, which makes them potential candidates for genic therapy, such as the factors involved, for example, in angiogenesis, apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction. Within such context, gene manipulation may help suppress genetic factors connected to the incidence of the CVDs, as well as to mitigate the clinical complications caused by ischemic and occlusive events. Thus, the development and improvement of genome edition tools allow the creation of therapies focused in the genetic risk factors to cardiovascular damage and fundamental morphophysiological issues caused by the CVDs. In such context, the system formed by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and its CRISPR associated protein-9 (Cas9), stands out due to how easy it is to use it, its high specificity, easy in vitro and in vivo manipulation, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously editing multiple targets. Given the genomic complexity that intervenes in the CVDs, we shall indicate herein certain possibilities of applying the CRISPR/Cas9 tool in Cardiology.

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Artigo Original

Prevalence and sociodemographic factors in a hypertensive population in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

Claudia B. Cesarino et al. José Paulo Cipullo José Fernando Vilela Martin Luiz Alberto Ciorlia … Maria Regina P. de Godoy José Antonio Cordeiro Isabela C. Rodrigues

BACKGROUND: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the greatest problems of public health in Brazil. Its detection and early treatment should be a priority to reduce the morbimortality of the cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of SAH and the sociodemographic factors in a population of hypertensive individuals from São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a stratified sample of 1,717 people, representative of the urban adult population from the city of São José do Rio Preto, between 2004 and 2005. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,717 people, with 762 of them (25.2%) being characterized as hypertensive. The following results were observed: 54.6% were women; 78.4% were caucasian; 66.1% were illiterate or had not finished Elementary School; 63.9% were married, 40.9% belonged to social classes D and E; 37.9% were self-employed or wage earners. CONCLUSION: The results of study on SAH in the city of São José do Rio Preto shows the need for early-onset continuous educational interventions.

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Overweight, the Cardiovascular Risk of the Century

The challenge of the century: overweight

Healthy School, Happy School: Design and Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial Designed to Prevent Weight Gain in Children

Abstract

Background:

Objectives:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

The CRISPR/Cas9 System and the Possibility of Genomic Edition for Cardiology

Introduction

Prevalence and sociodemographic factors in a hypertensive population in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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