White Coat Hypertension

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Editorial

Self-Monitoring with or Without Telemonitoring: Is a New Time for Diagnosis and Management Hypertension?

According to the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure (BP) in adults, 46% of US adults have hypertension (HTN). In Brazil, because the levels of systolic and diastolic BP that define HTN differ from ACC/AHA Guideline, the percentage is about 25%, according to VIGITEL.

HTN is an important public health issue and the major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Heart disease and stroke are among the most prevalent and costly health problems worldwide, and controlling BP is the best effective intervention in life-saving, preventing deleterious comorbidities, but only about half of those with HTN have it under control even in developing countries.^,^,

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Review Article

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Five Decades of More Light and Less Shadows

Fernando Nobre et al. Décio Mion Junior

Abstract

Casual blood pressure measurements have been extensively questioned over the last five decades. A significant percentage of patients have different blood pressure readings when examined in the office or outside it. For this reason, a change in the paradigm of the best manner to assess blood pressure has been observed. The method that has been most widely used is the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring – ABPM. The method allows recording blood pressure measures in 24 hours and evaluating various parameters such as mean BP, pressure loads, areas under the curve, variations between daytime and nighttime, pulse pressure variability etc. Blood pressure measurements obtained by ABPM are better correlated, for example, with the risks of hypertension. The main indications for ABPM are: suspected white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, evaluation of the efficacy of the antihypertensive therapy in 24 hours, and evaluation of symptoms. There is increasing evidence that the use of ABPM has contributed to the assessment of blood pressure behaviors, establishment of diagnoses, prognosis and the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy. There is no doubt that the study of 24-hour blood pressure behavior and its variations by ABPM has brought more light and less darkness to the field, which justifies the title of this review.

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Special Article

I Brazilian Position Paper on Prehypertension, White Coat Hypertension and Masked Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management

Alexandre Alessi et al. Andréa Araujo Brandão Annelise Machado Gomes de Paiva Armando da Rocha Nogueira … Audes Feitosa Carolina de Campos Gonzaga Celso Amodeo Decio Mion Dilma do Socorro Moraes de Souza Eduardo Barbosa Emilton Lima Junior Fernando Nobre Flavio Dani Fuchs Hilton Chaves Junior Jamil Cherem Schneider João Gemelli José Fernando Villela-Martin Luiz Cesar Nazario Scala Marco Antonio Mota Gomes Marcus Vinicus Bolivar Malachias Nelson Siqueira de Morais Osni Moreira Filho Oswaldo Passarelli Junior Paulo Cesar Brandão Veiga Jardim Roberto Dischinger Miranda Rui Póvoa Sandra Cristina Fuchs Sergio Baiocchi Thiago Veiga Jardim Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso

Introduction

Arterial blood pressure (BP) is a very useful variable in clinical practice. Its measurement is simple, inexpensive and easy; it is worth noting that BP should be accurately obtained, following the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension (DBH VI).

Office BP measurement is the central parameter for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), being directly, continuously and independently related to the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular (CV) events ^– .

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Artigo Original

Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting

Daniela Massierer et al. Ana Claudia Tonelly Oliveira Ana Maria Steinhorst Miguel Gus … Aline Maria Ascoli Sandro Cadaval Gonçalves Leila Beltrami Moreira Vicente Correa Jr. Gerson Nunes Sandra Costa Fuchs Flávio Danni Fuchs

BACKGROUND: In face of variable definitions and sampling criteria, the real prevalence of resistant hypertension in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic. METHODS: True resistant hypertension was diagnosed when white coat phenomenon, lack of compliance and secondary hypertension were excluded in patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg in two consecutive visits, despite to be using three blood pressure-lowering agents, including a diuretic. RESULTS: In the total, 606 patients, with 35 to 65 years of age, mostly women, with BP of 156.8 ± 23.8 mmHg by 91.9 ± 15.6 mmHg and a BMI of 29.7 ± 5.9 Kg/m² were sequentially evaluated. One hundred and six patients using three BP drugs had uncontrolled blood pressure (17.5% of the whole sample) in the first visit. Eighty-six patients (81% of the patients with uncontrolled BP in the first evaluation) returned for the confirmatory evaluation. Twenty-five had controlled BP, 21 had evidence of low adherence to treatment, 13 had white coat phenomenon and 9 had secondary hypertension, leaving only 18 patients (20.9% of those uncontrolled in the confirmatory visit and 3% of the whole sample) with true resistant hypertension. Considering patients with secondary hypertension as cases of resistant hypertension, the prevalence of resistant hypertension increased to 4.5%. CONCLUSION: The frequency of patients with true resistant hypertension in non-elderly patients is low in a clinical setting, and is not substantially increased with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

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Artigo Original

Prevalence of white coat hypertension in primary health care

Leila Maria Marchi Alves et al. Maria Suely Nogueira Simone de Godoy Miyeko Hayashida Evelin Capellari Cárnio

OBJECTIVE: Assess the prevalence of white coat hypertension in the municipality of Dumont, in São Paulo State, and map study participants’ demographics, and physiologic and metabolic changes. METHODS: One hundred and nine (109) users of the Municipal Health Service were selected and then divided into three groups: normotension, essential hypertension, and white coat hypertension after blood pressure was measured through oscilometry and blood pressure monitoring exam at outpatient unit. Variables found between the groups were compared based on interview, data measurements, and laboratory exams. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistical data. Results were expressed as means ± standard error of means. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of white coat hypertension was 34.1%. Females were predominant: mean age 45.3 years, increased body mass index, waist/hip ratio, plasma glucose level and creatinine when compared to hypertensives and/or normotensives. No correlation was found between white coat hypertension and demographic variables. CONCLUSION: The differences found between the groups and clinical and biochemical variations lead to the conclusion that white coat hypertension is a condition that should be investigated in normotensive and hypertensive individuals distinctively.

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Original Article

White-coat hypertension and normotension in the League of Hypertension of the Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP: prevalence, clinical and demographic characteristics

Carlos A. Segre et al. Rubens K. Ueno Karim R. J. Warde Tarso A. D. Accorsi … Márcio H. Miname Chang K. Chi Angela M. G. Pierin Décio Mion Júnior

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of white-coat normortension, white-coat hypertension, and white-coat effect. METHODS: We assessed 670 medical records of patients from the League of Hypertension of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo. White-coat hypertension (blood pressure at the medical office: mean of 3 measurements with the oscillometric device ³140 or ³90 mmHg, or both, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring mean during wakefulness < 135/85) and white-coat normotension (office blood pressure < 140/90 and blood pressure during wakefulness on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ³ 135/85) were analyzed in 183 patients taking no medication. The white-coat effect (difference between office and ambulatory blood pressure > 20 mmHg for systolic and 10 mmHg for diastolic) was analyzed in 487 patients on treatment, 374 of whom underwent multivariate analysis to identify the variables that better explain the white-coat effect. RESULTS: Prevalence of white-coat normotension was 12%, prevalence of white-coat hypertension was 20%, and prevalence of the white-coat effect was 27%. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was observed between white-coat hypertension and familial history of hypertension, and between the white-coat effect and sex, severity of the office diastolic blood pressure, and thickness of left ventricular posterior wall. CONCLUSION: White-coat hypertension, white-coat normotension, and white-coat effect should be considered in the diagnosis of hypertension.

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Self-Monitoring with or Without Telemonitoring: Is a New Time for Diagnosis and Management Hypertension?

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Five Decades of More Light and Less Shadows

Abstract

I Brazilian Position Paper on Prehypertension, White Coat Hypertension and Masked Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management

Introduction

Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting

Prevalence of white coat hypertension in primary health care

White-coat hypertension and normotension in the League of Hypertension of the Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP: prevalence, clinical and demographic characteristics

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