Claudio T. Mesquita et al. Amalia Peix Diana I. Rodríguez Karen A. Dueñas-Criado … Claudia Gutiérrez-Villamil Adriana Puente Teresa Massardo Isabel Berrocal Andrea Astesiano Roberto N. Agüero Ryenne Bañolas Enrique Hiplan Mayra Sánchez Ana Ma. Barreda Vanessa V. Gómez Cynthia Fernández Silvia Portillo Yariela Herrera Aurelio Mendoza Miguel Kapitan Carlos Castellanos Enrique Estrada-Lobato Diana Paez
Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among women in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), with ischemic heart disease as the primary contributor. Despite this burden, women’s health programs in the region have traditionally prioritized cancer prevention, often neglecting CVD.
Objective
To analyze the burden of CVD and the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors among women in LAC, highlighting sex-related differences and regional disparities.
Methods
This study analyzed epidemiological data on CVD mortality and cardiovascular risk factors across LAC countries, including behavioral, metabolic, and female-specific risk factors, and conducted comparisons with selected countries outside the region.
Results
Women in LAC showed a higher prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, elevated fasting blood glucose, and overweight/obesity, whereas smoking was more frequent among men. Female-specific risk factors – such as teenage pregnancy, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy – were highly prevalent yet under-recognized, largely shaped by socioeconomic determinants. In 2021, COVID-19 temporarily surpassed ischemic heart disease and stroke as the leading cause of death in the Americas (176.7 deaths per 100,000 population), highlighting the vulnerability of women with underlying cardiometabolic risk. Premature CVD mortality varied widely, with the highest female probabilities of death between ages 30 and 70 observed in Haiti (21.9%) and Guyana (15.2%), associated with poorly controlled hypertension and elevated cholesterol, respectively. In contrast, Canada showed the lowest premature mortality (1.7%), reflecting stronger healthcare systems and lower prevalence of metabolic risk factors.
Conclusion
CVD remains the leading cause of mortality among women in LAC, marked by substantial regional disparities and a significant burden of both traditional and female-specific risk factors. These findings highlight the urgent need for sex-specific, context-sensitive strategies that integrate cardiovascular prevention into comprehensive women’s health policies, moving beyond cancer-centered approaches.
