Kidney – ABC CARDIOL

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Original Article

Association between Renal Function and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes 1 Year After the First Acute Myocardial Infarction

Daniel Medeiros Moreira et al. Marco Antônio de Sousa Maria Fernanda Scarduelli Cechinel Roberto Léo da Silva … Tammuz Fattah Rodrigo de Moura Joaquim

Abstract

Background

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with substantial social and economic impacts. These conditions are frequently associated with comorbidities, including renal dysfunction.

Objectives

To evaluate the association between creatinine clearance and the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes within 1 year in patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods

This prospective cohort study included patients hospitalized for their first AMI. Creatinine clearance was assessed in relation to cardiovascular outcomes, including recurrent AMI, stroke, and cardiovascular death. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 1,324 patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 60.9 ± 11.4 years; 67.4% were male. Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min was significantly associated with systemic arterial hypertension (79.6% vs. 55.1%, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (40.8% vs. 24.5%, p<0.001), and dyslipidemia (38.8% vs. 31.4%, p=0.043). Higher creatinine clearance values were associated with a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 1 year (HR: 0.992; 95% CI: 0.984-0.999; p=0.030). Additionally, higher clearance was linked to lower overall mortality (HR: 0.984; 95% CI: 0.970-0.998; p=0.021).

Conclusion

Higher creatinine clearance values are associated with a lower hazard ratio for MACE and overall mortality within 1 year following AMI.

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Editorial

Is Left Atrial Strain the Missing Part to Diagnose Diastolic Dysfunction in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease?

José Luiz Barros Pena

Echocardiography is the most critical imaging modality for assessing diastolic function, an essential part of the cardiac function evaluation.

Since its publication in 2016, the ASE/EACVI recommendations for evaluating diastolic function have been validated in different cohorts but have shown conflicting results, especially when considering patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF). When patients with preserved EF were studied in a separate subgroup, a poorer sensitivity was observed.

[…]

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Original Article

Speckle-Tracking: Incremental Role in Diastolic Assessment of Pediatric Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Flora Maciel Penachio et al. Maria de Fátima Rodrigues Diniz Rosana Sbruzzi Prado Laurino Andreia Watanabe … Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura Alessandro Cavalcanti Lianza Carolina Rocha Brito Menezes Isabela de Sousa Lobo Silva Gabriela Nunes Leal

Abstract

Background:

Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in CKD has been limited to spectral and tissue Doppler imaging, known to be less reliable techniques in pediatrics. Two-dimensional Speckle tracking echocardiography (2DST) derived left atrial (LA) strain has recently been confirmed as a robust measure of diastolic function.

Objectives:

To investigate LA strain role in diastolic assessment of children at different stages of CKD.

Methods:

From February 2019 to July 2022, 55 CKD patients without cardiovascular symptoms and 55 controls were evaluated by standard and 2DST echocardiograms. The level of significance was set at 5% (p<0.05).

Results:

Patients and controls had similar age [9.78 (0.89 – 17.54) vs. 10.72 (1.03 –18,44) years; p = 0.41] and gender (36M:19F vs. 34M:21F; p=0.84). There were 25 non-dialysis patients and 30 dialysis patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction was ≥ 55% in all of them. Comparing CKD and controls, LA reservoir strain was lower (48.22±10.62% vs. 58.52±10.70%) and LA stiffness index was higher [0.14 (0.08–0.48)%^-1 vs. 0.11 (0.06–0.23) %^-1]; p<0.0001. LV hypertrophy was associated with lower LA reservoir strain (42.05±8.74% vs. 52.99±9.52%), higher LA stiffness [0.23(0.11 – 0.48)%^-1 vs. 0.13 (0.08–0.23) %^-1 and filling indexes (2.39±0.63 cm/s x %^-1 vs. 1.74±0.47 cm/s x %^-1; p<0.0001. Uncontrolled hypertension was associated with lower LA reservoir strain (41.9±10.6% vs. 50.6±9.7; p=0.005).

Conclusions:

LA strain proved to be a feasible tool in the assessment of pediatric CKD patients and was associated with known cardiovascular risk factors.

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Original Article

Environmental Enrichment Promotes Antioxidant Effect in the Ventrolateral Medulla and Kidney of Renovascular Hypertensive Rats

Luiz Eduardo Sousa et al. Iuri Ferrari Del Favero Frank Silva Bezerra Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza Andreia Carvalho Alzamora

Abstract

Background:

Arterial hypertension is a precursor to the development of heart and renal failure, furthermore is associated with elevated oxidative markers. Environmental enrichment of rodents increases performance in memory tasks, also appears to exert an antioxidant effect in the hippocampus of normotensive rats.

Objectives:

Evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on oxidative stress in the ventrolateral medulla, heart, and kidneys of renovascular hypertensive rats.

Methods:

Forty male Fischer rats (6 weeks old) were divided into four groups: normotensive standard condition (Sham-St), normotensive enriched environment (Sham-EE), hypertensive standard condition (2K1C-St), and hypertensive enriched environment (2K1C-EE). Animals were kept in enriched or standard cages for four weeks after all animals were euthanized. The level of significance was at p < 0.05.

Results:

2K1C-St group presented higher mean arterial pressure (mmHg) 147.0 (122.0; 187.0) compared to Sham-St 101.0 (94.0; 109.0) and Sham-EE 106.0 (90.8; 117.8). Ventrolateral medulla from 2K1C-EE had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) (49.1 ± 7.9 U/mg ptn) and catalase activity (0.8 ± 0.4 U/mg ptn) compared to SOD (24.1 ± 9.8 U/mg ptn) and catalase activity (0.3 ± 0.1 U/mg ptn) in 2K1C-St. 2K1C-EE presented lower lipid oxidation (0.39 ± 0.06 nmol/mg ptn) than 2K1C-St (0.53 ± 0.22 nmol/mg ptn) in ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, the kidneys of 2K1C-EE (11.9 ± 2.3 U/mg ptn) animals presented higher superoxide-dismutase activity than those of 2K1C-St animals (9.1 ± 2.3 U/mg ptn).

Conclusion:

Environmental enrichment induced an antioxidant effect in the ventrolateral medulla and kidneys that contributes to reducing oxidative damage among hypertensive rats.

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Artigo Original

Renal resistance index predicting outcome of renal revascularization for renovascular hypertension

Simone N. Santos et al. Luiz R. Leite Tak Sun Tse Rebecca Beck … Robert A. Lee Roger F. J. Shepherd

BACKGROUND: Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a potentially correctable cause of hypertension and ischemic nephropathy. Despite successful renal revascularization, not all patients (pt) overcome it and some get worse. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the value of renal resistance index (RI) in predicting the outcome of renal revascularization. METHODS: Between Jan 1998 and Feb 2001, 2,933 pts were referred to renal duplex ultrasound. 106 out of these had significant RAS and underwent angiography and renal revascularization. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured before and after the intervention, at intervals of up to 2 years and medications recorded. Prior to revascularization, RI was measured at 3 sites of each kidney and averaged. RESULTS: Out of the 106 patients, 81 had RI80. RAS was corrected with angioplasty (PTA) alone in 25 pts, PTA + stent in 56 pts and corrected by surgery in 25 pts. Of patients who benefited from renal revascularization; 57 of the 81 patients with RI 80. Using a multiple logistic regression model, RI was significantly associated with BP outcome (p=0.001), adjusted for the effects of age, sex, SBP, DBP, duration of hypertension, type of revascularization, number of medication in use, creatinine level, presence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, peripheral and coronary artery disease and kidney size (OR 99.6 – 95%CI for OR 6.1 to 1,621.2). CONCLUSION: Intrarenal arterial resistance measured by duplex ultrasound plays an important role in predicting BP outcome after renal revascularization for RAS.

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Artigo Original

Hyperkalemia during spironolactone use in patients with decompensated heart failure

Marcelo Villaça Lima et al. Marcelo Eidi Ochiai Juliano Novaes Cardoso Paulo César Morgado … Robinson Tadeu Munhoz Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hyperkalemia related to spironolactone use is low in stable heart failure; however, it has not been studied during decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of spironolactone on serum potassium in decompensated heart failure (HF). METHODS: In a cohort study, patients that had been hospitalized due to decompensated HF, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 6.0 mEq/l) and the use of calcium polystyrene. A multivariate analysis through logistic regression was carried out and values of p 60.5 mg/dl during the hospitalization presents a relative risk of 9.6 (95%CI 8.03 – 11.20; p = 0.005) for the occurrence of hyperkalemia. CONCLUSION: The incidence of hyperkalemia was two-fold higher with spironolactone use, but it was not statistically significant. The increase in urea levels was associated to the hyperkalemia. Randomized studies are necessary to clarify this issue.

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