Dietary Fats – ABC CARDIOL

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Editorial

Role of Omega-3 and Omega-6 on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Importance of Dietary Sources and Lipid Structure

Victória Moralez Soares et al. Thais Caroline da Silva Priscila Portugal dos Santos

Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid – ALA, C18:3n-3) and omega-6 (linoleic acid – LA, C18:2n-6) are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. These PUFAs play an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health, being extensively studied. Mediterranean diet has been repeatedly associated with lower cardiovascular risk, largely due to the abundance of omega-3.

In the human body, ALA and LA are converted to other forms of PUFAs, important for human health including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) from the omega-3 family, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20: 4n-6) from the omega-6 family.

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Original Article

High-Lard and High-Cholesterol Diet, but not High-Lard Diet, Leads to Metabolic Disorders in a Modified Dyslipidemia Model

Lidiane B. Muniz et al. Aline M. Alves-Santos Fabricio Camargo Danieli Brolo Martins … Mara Rubia N. Celes Maria Margareth V. Naves

Abstract

Background:

In view of the increased global prevalence of cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, the diet lipid content and its relationship with the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes have been investigated as key factors in preventing these diseases.

Objective:

To evaluate the metabolic effects of a high-lard diet supplemented or not with cholesterol on a modified dyslipidemia model.

Methods:

We divided 24 adult male Wistar rats into three groups: standard diet (STD – 4% lipids), high-lard diet (HLD – 21% lard), and high-lard and high-cholesterol diet (HL/HCD – 20% lard, 1% cholesterol, 0.1% cholic acid). After six weeks of treatment, blood and liver were collected for biochemical (serum lipid profile and liver enzymes) and morphological analyses. Statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test for mean comparisons, and a 5% probability was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Animals fed HL/HCD showed increased total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-c, non-HDL-c, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum levels compared to those fed STD. In addition, the HL/HCD animals presented higher relative liver weight, with moderate macrovesicular hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltrate.

Conclusion:

A high-fat diet with lard (20%) and cholesterol (1%) triggered dyslipidemia with severe liver damage in rats in a shorter experimental time than the previously reported models. The high-lard diet without supplementation of cholesterol led to body weight gain, but not to dyslipidemia.

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Artigo Original

Vascular alterations in high-fat diet-obese rats: role of Endothelial L-arginine/NO Pathway

Thiago Bruder Nascimento et al. Rafaela de Fátima Ferreira Baptista Priscila Cristina Pereira Dijon Henrique Salomé Campos … André Soares Leopoldo Ana Paula Lima Leopoldo Silvio A. Oliveira Júnior Carlos Roberto Padovani Antônio Carlos Cicogna Sandra Cordellini

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying vascular abnormalities in obesity remain to be completely clarified. OBJECTIVE: L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway was evaluated on vascular response of high-fat diet-obese rats, focusing on endothelial and smooth muscle cells. METHODS: 30-day-old rats were divided in two groups: control (C) and obese (OB, high-fat diet for 30 weeks). After 30 weeks, body weight, adiposity index, blood pressure, and metabolic and endocrine profiles of the animals were recorded. Curves to noradrenaline were obtained in absence and presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 3×10-4M) on intact and denuded thoracic aorta from C and OB rats. RESULTS: Body weight, adiposity index, leptin and insulin levels were increased in OB, while blood pressure was unchanged. Obesity also produced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Reactivity to noradrenaline of intact aorta was similar in C and OB rats. L-NAME presence produced a similar increase in maximal responses, but a higher leftward shift of noradrenaline responses in intact aorta from C than in OB rats [EC50 (x10-7M): C = 1.84 (0.83-4.07), O = 2.49 (1.41-4.38); L-NAME presence C = 0.02 (0.01-0.04)*, O = 0.21 (0.11-0.40)*†,*p < 0.05 vs respective control, †p < 0.05 vs control plus L-NAME, n = 6-7]. None of the protocols altered the reactivity to noradrenaline of denuded aortas. CONCLUSION: High-fat diet-induced obesity promotes metabolic and vascular alterations. The vascular alteration involved an endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway improvement was probably correlated to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. The greater resistance to L-NAME effects in aorta of obese rats raises concerns about the lower cardiovascular vulnerability of obese individuals in the presence of associated pathologies that impair NO-system activity.

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Role of Omega-3 and Omega-6 on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Importance of Dietary Sources and Lipid Structure

High-Lard and High-Cholesterol Diet, but not High-Lard Diet, Leads to Metabolic Disorders in a Modified Dyslipidemia Model

Abstract

Background:

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Vascular alterations in high-fat diet-obese rats: role of Endothelial L-arginine/NO Pathway

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