The Impact Of Exercise On Inflammation, Oxidative Stress And Remodelling In Cardiac Muscle

Aging is naturally connected with a decline, in some if not all physiological functions, namely loss of bone mass density (BMD) and strength associated with the loss of muscle mass.^–

This muscle loss happens mainly due to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown. The increase of catabolic factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation contribute significantly to the above process. Nevertheless, the weakening of strength and muscle loss is not linear, occurring differently in all sexes. Other factors such as a decline in hormonal levels due to menopause phenomenon are thought to be also implicated in this process. In fact, some authors proposed that, in females, an accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength arises at an earlier age than in males, around the time of menopause. A good body of evidence supports that the decline in muscle mass may be in line with the estrogen decrease that typifies menopausal years.

[…]