Myocardial Viability – ABC CARDIOL

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Review Article

Assessing Myocardial Viability in Clinical Practice

Abstract

Although assessing myocardial viability is a common cardiology practice, many physicians question the results of diagnostic methods. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in viability studies, but the reports require interpretation in a clinical and pathophysiological context. this article was aimed at reviewing the origin and evolution of myocardial viability. Here we present diagnostic methods by emphasizing nuclear medicine and provide a functional explanation of each test type using example images. We also propose how to act in these cases based on clinic examination findings, the percentage of affected myocardium, and coronary lesion topography (proximal or distal).

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Artigo Original

Clinical impact of Positron Emission Tomography by coincidence system with 18F-FDG on therapeutic decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy after myocardial infarction

Renata Christian Martins Felix et al. Patrícia Lavatori Correa Jader Cunha de Azevedo Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann … Evandro Tinoco Mesquita Cláudio Tinoco Mesquita

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the myocardium viability study by coincidence imaging using 18F-FDG in the clinical decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Thirty-one patients were submitted to myocardial viability study with 18F-FDG by coincidence imaging between September 2003 and November 2004. The physician answered a questionnaire about the choice of therapeutic procedure before and after PET. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (87%) had myocardial viability. Twenty-one (68%) physicians thought that PET changed the therapeutic procedure for their patients and 27(87%) considered that PET added to the therapeutic decision. The current treatment decision (clinical or revascularization) correlated with myocardial viability (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Coincidence imaging is a useful tool to help physicians in a difficult decision about the best treatment for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Symptoms, electrocardiogram, ejection fraction and myocardial fibrosis area did not correlate with myocardium viability, so they should not be used to decide whether to perform a myocardial viability study or not.

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Artigo Original

Myocardial viability in a single-vessel disease: the role of a dobutamine stress echocardiography

Márcia Bueno Castier et al. José Raul Alves Carrinho Márcia Alves Carrinho Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho … Álvaro Villela de Moraes Fernando Portugal Morcerf

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a group of patients that have a significant lesion in a single-vessel and to demonstrate whether or not the sensitivity and specificity of a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was valuable in the evaluation of myocardial viability for these patients. METHODS: Twenty patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were studied. This group was evaluated 2 to 7 days (3.65 ± 1.69) before the procedure and 2 to 5 days (4 ± 0.80) after the procedure with a DSE. Myocardial viability was assessed three months after the procedure using a two dimensional echocardiogram. Twelve patients underwent PTCA on the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 7 on the right coronary artery (RC) and 1 on the circumflex artery (CX). Only one right coronary artery procedure was not 100% successful. RESULTS: From the 340 segments that were studied, 99 (29.18%) demonstrated contractile alterations of which 63 were hypokinetic (63.4%), 28 akinetic (28.28%) and 8 dyskinetic (8.08%). In reference to the segments involved, we obtained a sensitivity of 92.59%, specificity of 84.45%, and accuracy of 88.88% for the DSE. The solitary case of PTCA for the circumflex artery demonstrated 100% sensitivity. The LAD demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.58%, specificity of 95% and accuracy of 90.91%. For the RC segments, sensitivity was 91.30%, specificity 83.33% and accuracy 88.71%. All dyskinetic segments were unviable. The DSE predicted a 91.48% recovery rate for the 63 hypokinetic segments. CONCLUSION: The DSE is an effective test for evaluating myocardial viability in patients with a significant single-vessel disease.

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Original Article

Comparative study of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging with a dual-head coincidence gamma camera with dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of myocardial viability

Pedro Silvio Farsky et al. Leopoldo Soares Piegas Vera Marcia Gimenes Ana Claudia G. Petisco … Paulo S. Duarte Luiz Roberto Martins Mario Issa Paulo Paredes Paulista José Eduardo Moraes Rego Sousa

OBJECTIVE: To compare Dual-Head coincidence gamma camera (DCD-AC) with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in viability assessment, using functional recovery as the gold standard. METHODS: Twenty-one patients were prospectively studied, with coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction undergoing DSE and DCD-AC at baseline and DSE three months after revascularization. RESULTS: Of the 290 segments analyzed, 83% were akinetic, 15% hypokinetic and 2% dyskinetic at rest. DSE identified 68% of these segments as non-viable. DCD-AC identified 56% of these segments as normal (dysfunctional segments with preserved metabolism and perfusion), 30% as viable (preserved metabolism and reduced perfusion) and 14% as non-viable (reduced perfusion and metabolism). Of the DSE non-viable segments, DCD-AC identified 80% as normal or viable and 19.9% as non-viable (p<0.001). In hypokinetic segments viability and normal segments were detected in a higher proportion by both methods (p<0.001). DSE sensibility and specificity were 48.3% and 78.1% respectively. DCD-AC sensibility and specificity was 92.2% and 20.0%. DCD-AC identifies a higher incidence of function improvement in normal segments than in viable and non-viable. CONCLUSION: DCD-AC classified as normal or viable most of the non-viable DSE segments. In assessment of functional recovery segments after three months, DCD-AC showed a high sensibility but low specificity.

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Artigo Original

Quantification of left ventricular infarcted mass on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: comparison between planimetry and the semiquantitative visual scoring method

Clerio Francisco de Azevedo Filho et al. Marcelo Hadlich João Luiz Fernandes Petriz Luís Antonio Mendonça … Jorge Neval Moll Filho Carlos Eduardo Rochitte

OBJECTIVE: To compare a new semiquantitative visual scoring method with quantitative digital planimetry for determining left ventricular infarcted mass by use of cardiac delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. METHOD: Seventy-seven patients with previous myocardial infarction underwent delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using a 1.5T device for assessing myocardial viability and calculating the infarcted mass. Cine magnetic resonance imaging was used for assessing left ventricular function with the Simpson method. The infarcted mass was calculated on the delayed contrast-enhanced images according to the following 2 methods: planimetry and the scoring method. Simple linear regression and correlation and agreement between the methods and observers according to the Bland-Altman plot were used. RESULTS: The infarcted areas in all 77 patients were detected by use of cardiac delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The size of the infarction measured by planimetry was similar to that obtained with the scoring method, with a mean difference between measurements of only 1.03% of the left ventricular mass. Inter- (0.41%) and intraobserver (0.34%) variabilities indicated an excellent reproducibility of the scoring method. Infarcted mass showed a good correlation with ejection fraction and indexed end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, r=-0.76, r=0.63, and r=0.67, respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with previous myocardial infarction, delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging provides accurate infarct size quantification by planimetry and by semiquantitative score.

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Original Article

Detection of the viable myocardium. A perfusion scintigraphic study, before and after coronary bypass surgery in myocardial infarction patients

Willliam A. Chalela et al. Paulo J. Moffa José A. F. Ramires Aguinaldo P. Moraes … José Soares Jr José C. Meneghetti

OBJECTIVE: To compare single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging scans using 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI in detection of viable myocardium, in regions compromised by infarction. METHODS: Thirty-two (59.3±9.8 years old and 87% male) myocardial infarction patients were studied. All had Q waves on the ECG and left ventricle ejection fraction of <50%. They underwent coronary and left ventricle angiographies and SPECT before (including 201Tl reinjection) and after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Improvement in perfusion observed after surgery was considered the gold standard for myocardial viability. RESULTS: Among 102 studied regions of the heart, there were 40 (39.2%) areas of transient perfusion defects in the conventional protocol with 201Tl and 52 (51.0%) after reinjection. Therefore, 12/62 (19.4%) more viable regions were identified by reinjection. Using 99mTc-MIBI, only 14 (13.7%) regions with transient defects were identified, all of which were seen also in 201Tl protocols. After surgery, 49 of a total of 93 regions analyzed (52.7%) were viable. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative prediction values were, respectively, 201Tl SPECT scans – 65.3%, 90.9%, 77.4%, 88.9% and 70.2%, reinjection protocol with 201Tl scans – 81.6%, 81.8%, 81.7%, 83.3% and 80.0%; 99mTc-MIBI SPECT scans – 20.4%, 90.9%, 53.8%, 71.4% and 50.6%. Logistic regression demonstrated that the reinjection protocol with 201Tl was the best predictor of viability (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the election of 201Tl for viability studies, especially when using the reinjection protocol.

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Assessing Myocardial Viability in Clinical Practice

Abstract

Clinical impact of Positron Emission Tomography by coincidence system with 18F-FDG on therapeutic decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy after myocardial infarction

Myocardial viability in a single-vessel disease: the role of a dobutamine stress echocardiography

Comparative study of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging with a dual-head coincidence gamma camera with dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of myocardial viability

Quantification of left ventricular infarcted mass on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: comparison between planimetry and the semiquantitative visual scoring method

Detection of the viable myocardium. A perfusion scintigraphic study, before and after coronary bypass surgery in myocardial infarction patients

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