Claudio Tinoco Mesquita et al. Ana Beatriz Couto Marina Schmid Nunes Fernanda Azevedo Silva
In Brazil, the estimate for 2023-2025 indicates that there will be 704,000 new cancer cases in the country, 221,000 of which will be non-melanoma skin cancers, cited as the most common type. After this type of cancer, breast cancer has the highest incidence, with 74,000 cases, followed by prostate cancer, with 72,000 cases, colorectum cancer, with 46,000 cases, and lung cancer, with 32,000 new cases. The cancer epidemiological profile in Brazil is like countries with a high income; however, it differs when analyzed by region, indicating significant regional inequalities. While in the country’s more developed regions (South and Southeast), the age-adjusted incidence rates range between 180 and 190 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, in less developed regions (North and Northeast), these rates vary from 157 to 164 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The highest cancer mortality in Brazil is due to lung cancer (13.7% of cancer deaths), followed by colorectum cancer (10.4% of cancer deaths), and then breast cancer (8% of cancer deaths).
Immune checkpoints, like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, regulate the immune system and help to equilibrate immune activation and suppression. They act by avoiding a strong immune response that could attack normal cells. Tumor cells can use these mechanisms to elude the immune system, decreasing its response. The mechanisms used for immune system evasion in lung cancer are linked to PD-1 inhibition, which reduces the activity of tumor immunity cells. Additionally, there is a decrease in T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production (IL-2 and IFN-γ), allowing neoplastic cells to proliferate.
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