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Ventilation and Respiratory Parameters in CPR: Where are We and Next Steps!

The first mention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to the moment of Adam’s creation, in which God “breathed into his mouth, giving him life.” The Bible also mentions, in the book of the Kings, prophet Elisha, a disciple of Elijah, who revived a young son of a Shunamite widow, whose description is less symbolic and more precise in its detailing, being considered by many historians to be the first account of CPR maneuvers. “… and he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands: and he stretched himself upon the child; the child sneezed seven times, and the child opened his eyes,” maneuver performed by Elisha, narrated in II Kings 4:34-35141.

Paracelsus evaluated, in 1530, the use of fireplace bellows to introduce air into the lungs of apparently dead individuals, characterizing the first and rustic attempts at artificial ventilation, based on the current principle of positive pressure ventilation using the bag-valve-mask units.

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Cardiorespiratory responses during progressive maximal exercise test in healthy children

Danilo Marcelo Leite do Prado et al. Ana Maria F. Wanderley Braga Maria Urbana Pinto Rondon Luciene Ferreira Azevedo … Luciana D. N. J. Matos Carlos Eduardo Negrão Ivani Credidio Trombetta

BACKGROUND: Little is known about cardiorespiratory and metabolic response in healthy children during progressive maximal exercise test. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that children show different responses in cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters during progressive maximal exercise test when compared with adults. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy children (gender, 15M/10F; age, 10.2 ± 0.2) and 20 healthy adults (gender, 11M/9F; age, 27.5 ± 0.4) underwent a progressive treadmill cardiopulmonary test until exhaustion to determine the maximal aerobic capacity and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT). RESULTS: The peak workload (5.9±0.1 vs 5.6±0.1 mph, respectively; p>0.05), exercise time (9.8±0.4 vs 10.2±0.4 min, respectively; p>0.05), and relative aerobic fitness (VO2peak, 39.4±2.1 vs 39.1±2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively; p>0.05) were similar in children and adults. At ventilatory anaerobic threshold, the heart rate, VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1, respiratory rate (RR), functional estimate of dead space (VD/VT), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2) and end-tidal pressure for oxygen (PETO2) were higher in children, while tidal volume (VT), O2 pulse and end-tidal pressure for carbon dioxide (PETCO2) were lower. At peak of exercise, children showed higher RR and VD/VT. However, O2 pulse, VT, pulmonary ventilation, PETCO2 and respiratory exchange ratio were lower in children than adults. CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during progressive exercise test are different in children as compared to adults. Specifically, these differences suggest that children have lower cardiovascular and ventilatory efficiency. However, children showed higher metabolic efficiency during exercise. In summary, despite the differences observed, children showed similar levels of exercising capacity when compared with adults.

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Ventilation and Respiratory Parameters in CPR: Where are We and Next Steps!

Cardiorespiratory responses during progressive maximal exercise test in healthy children

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Electronic Document Format (Vancouver)

Electronic Document Format (ABNT)

Electronic Document Format (APA)

Electronic Document Format (ISO)