Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious public health problem, and is often related to smoking. In advanced stages of COPD, the presence of PAH is a common development. PAH progression rate in COPD is usually slow (an increase of < 1 mmHg per year). However, the presence of even moderate PAH is a strong predictor of mortality. During stable periods of the disease, the increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure is usually mild to moderate. However, severe PAH may occasionally occur in COPD patients COPD.

Conventional two-dimensional (2D) echo parameters allow a reasonable assessment of RV Function. In the 1990s, the use of tissue Doppler (TD) to measure the intramyocardial velocity gradient allowed measuring the rate of myocardial strain and its percentage (strain rate and strain). About ten years ago, the speckle tracking technique, based on the tracking of the speckles which two-dimensional echo images, allowed assessing myocardial strain without limitation by the DT insonation angle. 2D-STE strain can not only quantify the overall RV function, but it can also identify discrete, localized contractile losses, providing information regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to right ventricular failure. In a heterogeneous group of patients, RV lateral wall longitudinal strain showed a strong correlation with RV ejection fraction calculated by cardiac magnetic resonance. Peak longitudinal strain is a significant prognostic determinant in PAH patients, with greater value compared to other known clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality.

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