Development of 3D-Printed Congenital Heart Disease Models Using Feasible Low-Cost Workflow

Dear Editor

The publication on “Development of 3D-Printed Congenital Heart Disease Models Using Feasible Low-Cost Workflow – A Potential Tool to Improve Pediatric Cardiology Education” is hereby discussed. This study presents an interesting concept of using 3D printing technology to create low-cost models of congenital heart disease, a potential approach to support anatomical and pathophysiological learning. However, a significant limitation of the study lies in its evaluation of outcomes, which relies primarily on subjective opinions from participants. Only resident physician satisfaction questionnaires were used, without quantitative learning achievement measures such as pre- and post-test scores or comparisons with other teaching aids like 2D images or digital models. Furthermore, the sample size of the evaluators was not clearly specified, potentially limiting the reliability of conclusions regarding educational effectiveness. Additionally, the “100% agreement” rating on several issues may reflect social desirability bias.

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