systemic hypertension – ABC CARDIOL

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Anatomopathological Session

Case 3/2016 – 58 Year-Old Hypertensive Male with End-Stage Renal Disease, Aortic Dissection, Fever and Hemoptysis

Desiderio Favarato et al. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez

Clinical aspects

The patient had a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension and chronic renal disease, with renal failure, being on renal replacement therapy via hemodialysis. He had chest pain and dyspnea. His clinical and laboratory assessments revealed coronary artery disease and chronic aortic dissection.

Chronic renal disease significantly progresses as age and cardiovascular disease advance, culminating with renal function worsening. The ARIC Study reports an increase in cardiovascular disease prevalence from 18% to 40% before the age of 65 years, from normal renal function to a glomerular filtration rate drop of 15 mL/min/1.73m², while, over the age of 65 years, that prevalence increases from 20% to 50%, with progressive renal function worsening.

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Artigo Original

Prevalence of renal artery stenosis in 1,656 patients who have undergone cardiac catheterization

Rogério Tadeu Tumelero et al. Norberto Toazza Duda Alexandre Pereira Tognon Melissa Thiesen

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients who have undergone cineangiocoronariography. METHODS: Prospective study of cineangiocoronariography and aortography examinations conducted between January 2002 and February 2004 on 1,656 hypertensive and normotensive patients who underwent the examinations to confirm the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease or valve disease. RESULTS: The average age of the 1,656 patients was 61.6 ± 11.8 years. Eight hundred and ninety-one (53.8%) were male, 169 (10.2%) were diabetic and 1,054 (63.8%) presented obstructive coronary artery disease. Renal stenosis greater than 50% was observed in 228 (13.8%) patients, and 25 (1.5%) had bilateral stenosis. Obstructive coronary artery disease was defined as stenosis greater than or equal to 50% of the vessel lumen, in one, two or three main arteries, classified as single, double or triple vessels, respectively. Quantification was conducted using visual analysis of the angiography. Comparison of the groups with and without renal artery obstruction > 50%, revealed significant statistical differences in relation to gender, age, diabetes mellitus, blood pressure and left ventricular function. However, no statistical difference was noted in relation to the occurrence of coronary artery obstructions > 50%. Nevertheless, renal artery obstructions > 70%, revealed significant differences in relation to blood pressure, coronary artery obstructions > 50% and left ventricular function, which were all higher in the renal artery obstruction group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RAS found in our study was comparable to that reported by major medical literature case studies. RAS is associated with systemic hypertension (SH), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and its sequelae, emphasizing how important it is that we are aware of possible candidates for angiographic diagnosis of this disease.

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Original Article

Systemic hypertension at emergency units: the use of symptomatic drugs as choice for management

Sandro Gonçalves de Lima et al. Luciana Simões do Nascimento Cândido Nobre dos Santos Filho Maria de Fátima P. Militão de Albuquerque Edgar Guimarães Victor

OBJECTIVE: Compare the therapeutic response of symptomatic, hypertensive patients to symptomatic medication or anti-hypertensive drugs at the Emergency Unit. METHODS: A randomized, blind clinical trial involving 100 (one hundred) patients assisted at the Cardiology Emergency Unit at Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital (HUOC). All patients reported symptoms associated to systolic pressure (SBP) between 180 and 200 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure (DBP) between 110 and 120 mmHg. Patients were randomized for treatment with symptomatic (dipirone or diazepan) or anti-hipertensive drug (captopril). Those reporting any associated clinical condition and in need of immediate treatment at the Emergency Unit were excluded from the study. Patients reporting no symptoms, and systolic pressure reduced to levels under 180 mmHg and diastolic pressure under 110 mmHg after the 90-minute period were considered as having met discharge criteria. RESULTS: Mean age of population studied was 54.4 years old, most commonly females. Patients were chronic hypertensive, on irregular pharmacological treatment, with low compliance to non-pharmacologic actions, and classified as overweight and obese grade I. Headache, type D (non-angina) chest pain, and dyspnea were the most frequent complaints. The number of patients treated with symptomatic drug who reached discharge criteria was similar to that of patients treated with anti-hypertensive (p=0.165). No association was found between previous high blood pressure (HBP) diagnosis (p=0.192), pharmacological treatment (p=0.687), and non-pharmacological treatment and discharge criteria. CONCLUSION: Blood pressure (BP) was reduced below levels for discharge criteria for a (non-significant) higher rate of patients treated with symptomatic drug, who were turned into asymptomatic after the observation period.

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Original Article

Characteristics associated with the dropout of hypertensive patients followed up in an outpatient referral clinic

Renné Gusmão Busnello et al. Raquel Melchior Carlo Faccin Daniela Vettori … Juliano Petter Leila Beltrami Moreira Flávio Danni Fuchs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics associated with the dropout of patients followed up in a Brazilian out patient clinic specializing in hypertension. METHODS: Planned prospective cohort study of patients who were prescribed an antihypertensive treatment after an extensive initial evaluation. The following parameters were analyzed: sex, age, educational level, duration of disease, pressure level used for classifying the patient, previous treatment, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, familial history of hypertension, and lesion in a target organ. RESULTS: We studied 945 hypertensive patients, 533 (56%) of whom dropped out of the follow-up. The mean age was 52.3±12.9 years. The highest probabilities of dropout of the follow-up were associated with current smoking, relative risk of 1.46 (1.04-2.06); educational level equal to or below 5 years of schooling, relative risk of 1.52 (1.11-2.08); and hypertension duration below 5 years, relative risk of 1.78 (1.28-2.48). Age increase was associated with a higher probability of follow-up with a relative risk of 0.98 (0.97-0.99). CONCLUSION: We identified a group at risk for dropping out the follow-up, which comprised patients with a lower educational level, a recent diagnosis of hypertension, and who were smokers. We think that measures assuring adherence to treatment should be directed to this group of patients.

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Case 3/2016 – 58 Year-Old Hypertensive Male with End-Stage Renal Disease, Aortic Dissection, Fever and Hemoptysis

Clinical aspects

Prevalence of renal artery stenosis in 1,656 patients who have undergone cardiac catheterization

Systemic hypertension at emergency units: the use of symptomatic drugs as choice for management

Characteristics associated with the dropout of hypertensive patients followed up in an outpatient referral clinic

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