History – ABC CARDIOL

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Editorial

Eugene Braunwald: Lessons and Stories from the Father of Modern Cardiology

On April 22, 2026, we received the news of the death of Eugene Braunwald in Boston at the age of 96, leaving orphaned thousands of cardiologists around the world who, like me, unanimously regard him as the father of modern cardiology. Upon receiving the honorable invitation from the Editor of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia , Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, to write this editorial, I was faced with the difficult challenge of summarizing, in a few words, his trajectory, his teachings, and his importance to our specialty—a task I undertake from the personal perspective of a cardiologist.

I came to know Braunwald through books. During my Internal Medicine residency, I devoured Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine , in which Braunwald was the lead editor. Later, during my Cardiology residency, our bible was his Braunwald’s Heart Disease .

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Editorial

Fúlvio Pileggi: An Icon of Brazilian Cardiology

Protásio L. da Luz et al. Charles Mady Roberto Kalil Filho Carlos Eduardo Rochitte

Carlos Eduardo Rochitte

In this special editorial, we would like to pay tribute to an icon of Brazilian Cardiology who was directly responsible for developing one of the greatest cardiology institutions in the world, The Heart Institute (InCor), at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (USP). In the words of 3 people who were very close to him (Professors Kalil, Mady, and Protásio da Luz), we shall remember the career and the personality traits that characterized him as an undisputed leader for a generation of cardiologists. As a resident of InCor, I had the honor of meeting and interacting with Professor Pileggi, and he played a fundamental role in my academic career. First, there was apparently an obstacle to getting into a postgraduate program, “To enroll in a postgraduate program, you must have completed an internship abroad.” This, in association with the fact that nearly all scholarships to study abroad required, as a pre-requisite, that the applicant be enrolled in a postgraduate program, seemed to be an insurmountable barrier, which only served to stimulate me to look even harder for alternative ways to surmount it. And, in fact, he was the one who opened all the doors to make it possible for me to complete an internship at Johns Hopkins University. After that, the rest was history. I am eternally indebted to him for his teachings.

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Review Article

Nobel Prizes: Contributions to Cardiology

Evandro Tinoco Mesquita et al. Luana de Decco Marchese Danielle Warol Dias Andressa Brasil Barbeito … Jonathan Costa Gomes Maria Clara Soares Muradas Pedro Gemal Lanzieri Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi

The Nobel Prize was created by Alfred Nobel. The first prize was awarded in 1901 and Emil Adolf von Behring was the first laureate in medicine due to his research in diphtheria serum. Regarding cardiology, Nobel Prize’s history permits a global comprehension of progress in pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutics of various cardiac diseases in last 120 years. The objective of this study was to review the major scientific discoveries contemplated by Nobel Prizes that contributed to cardiology. In addition, we also hypothesized why Carlos Chagas, one of our most important scientists, did not win the prize in two occasions. We carried out a non-systematic review of Nobel Prize winners, selecting the main studies relevant to heart diseaseamong the laureates. In the period between 1901 and 2013, 204 researches and 104 prizes were awarded in Nobel Prize, of which 16 (15%) studies were important for cardiovascular area. There were 33 (16%) laureates, and two (6%) were women. Fourteen (42%) were American, 15 (45%) Europeans and four (13%) were from other countries. There was only one winner born in Brazil, Peter Medawar, whose career was all in England. Reviewing the history of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine area made possible to identify which researchers and studies had contributed to advances in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Most winners were North Americans and Europeans, and male.

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Eugene Braunwald: Lessons and Stories from the Father of Modern Cardiology

Fúlvio Pileggi: An Icon of Brazilian Cardiology

Nobel Prizes: Contributions to Cardiology

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