lipoproteins – ABC CARDIOL

IJCS

Original Article

Lipoprotein(a) levels in children and adolescents: Ouro Preto Study

Ana Paula C Cândido et al. Alekson Mendonça-Mendes Débora RC Cândido Roney LC Nicolato George LL Machado-Coelho

Abstract

Background

Lipoprotein (a) is a cardiovascular risk factor in adult. Studies have shown the presence of this emergent risk factor in school children, which may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood.

Objective

To evaluate the association between lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk factors in school children.

Methods

Lipoprotein (a) levels were measured in 320 school children (6-14 years) selected from a population survey carried out in Ouro Preto (southeast of Brazil). Demographic (sex and age), biochemical (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose), anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage), clinical (arterial blood pressure, pubertal stage and birth weight) and economic (family income) parameters, as well as family history (obese and/or hypertensive parents) were analyzed. Non-parametric analysis was used to evaluate lipoprotein (a) levels in each subgroup. Variables with p≤0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in binary regression logistic model. Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Lipoprotein (a) levels were associated with total cholesterol (p=0.04), body fat (p=0.009), and mother´s systolic (p=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, children with high lipoprotein (a) levels and body fat, and children born from hypertensive mothers were, respectively, at 3.2(p=0.01) and 1.4 (p=0.03) times higher risk than other children. In clustering these factors, elevated lipoprotein (a) was 2.6 times more likely to be seen in school children with high body fat and born hypertensive mothers.

Conclusions

Lipoprotein (a) was correlated with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Persistence of these risk factors in childhood suggests a contribution of elevated lipoprotein (a) to future cardiovascular disease. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

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IJCS

Original Article

Nutritional Status, Lifestyle and Lipid Profile in Vegetarians

Carolina Vieira de Mello Barros Pimentel et al. Sônia Tucunduva Philippi Viviane Lazari Simomura Elisabeth Teodorov

Abstract

Background:

Vegetarian diets have been linked to reduced risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases, since they positively modulate biochemical parameters, particularly those related with glycemic control and lipemia, and considered as potential strategy for weight control.

Objective:

To compare the nutritional status, lifestyle and lipid profile of adult vegetarians with omnivores in a sample of individuals in the city of São Paulo.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric, biochemical and lifestyle variables were compared between vegetarians and omnivores. A significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses.

Results:

Vegetarians were more likely to practice physical activity (64.3% vs 42.5%, p = 0.056) and consuming dietary supplements (48.1% vs 20.5%, p = 0.012). There was no statistically significant difference for the variables: age, sex, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein between the two groups. Vegetarians had significantly lower weight [60.8 kg (56.7 – 69.4) vs 71.1 kg (58.0 – 75.4), p = 0.038], BMI [22.4 kg/m2 (20.9 – 23.8) vs 24.6 kg/m2 (21.7 – 26.1), p = 0.001], and waist circumference [(81.8 ± 8.2 vs 87.8 ± 10.9 cm, p = 0.003)], and higher high-density lipoprotein (54.88 ± 14.44 vs 47.30 ± 12.27 mg /dL p = 0.008) than omnivores.

Conclusion:

Compared with omnivores, vegetarians had a better nutritional status, with lower BMI and waist circumference, significantly higher levels of plasma lipoprotein high-density, and healthier lifestyle.

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ABC

Original Article

Lipid metabolism in rats fed diets containing different types of lipids

Márcia Barbosa Águila et al. Carla Cota Loureiro Alessandra da Rocha Pinheiro Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of different types of lipid diets on the lipid metabolism of aging rats. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were studied from the time of weaning to 12 and 18 months of age. Their diets were supplemented as follows: with soybean oil (S), canola oil (CA), lard and egg yolk (LE), and canola oil + lard and egg yolk (CA + LE). Blood pressure (BP) was measured every month, and the heart/body ratio (H/BR) was determined. The rats were euthanized at the age of 12 and 18 months, and blood samples were collected for lipid analysis as follows: total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and glucose. RESULTS: The type of oil ingested by the animals significantly altered BP, H/BR, and serum lipid levels in rats at 12 and 18 months. No difference was observed in the survival curve of the animals in the different groups. The LE group had the highest BP, and the CA group was the only one in which BP did not change with aging. A reduction in the H/BR was observed in the LE and CA+LE animals. At the age of 12 months, differences in TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG, and glucose were observed. At the age of 18 months, a significant difference in TC, HDL-C, and glucose was observed. The highest TC value was found in the CA group and the lowest in the S group. CONCLUSION: No increase in BP occurred, and an improvement was evident in the lipid profile of rats fed a diet supplemented with CA, in which an elevation in HDL-C levels was observed, as compared with levels with the other types of diet.

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ABC

Original Article

Are apolipoproteins A and B better than lipoproteins for assessing risk of obstructive coronary heart disease?

Waldomiro Carlos Manfroi et al. Alcides José Zago Marcelo Campos Alexandre Alves … Maria Lúcia Brisolara Josiane de Souza Rafael Henriques Candiago Luciana Kirschnick Letícia Ribeiro Kárem Ordovás Cristiane Leitão Rosana Cruz

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether apolipoproteins A-I (Apo A-I) and B (Apo B) have, higher ensitivity (SN), specificity (SP) and positive predictive value (PPV) than lipoproteins (LP), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TGL) in assessing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: This is a transversal case-control study of 241 patients, who were divided into two groups: 1) 145 patients with CHD, and 2) 96 patients without coronary disease. A model of logistic regression to evaluate the relation between the LPs and CHD was developed in which variables with a p-alpha <0.1 were included. RESULTS: Apo A-I levels were higher in the patients without CHD, (OR 2.08, CI 1.20-3.57). There were no statistical differences between the values of Apo A-I and the remaining lipid fractions (Apo A-I: 67%; Apo B: 100%; PPV: TC= 71%; TGC=71%; HDL=71%; LDL=71%). The costs of the tests in Reais were as follows: Apo A-I: R$ 56.60; Apo B-100: R$ 56.60; TC: R$ 9.94; HDL: R$ 21.30; LDL: R$ 28.40; TGL: R$ 14.20. CONCLUSION: Levels of Apo A-I and Apo B have no advantage over conventional lipoproteins in predicting the risk of CHD, despite the statistical association between Apo A-I and CHD; in addition, their costs are higher than those of the conventional lipoproteins.

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ABC

Original Article

Changes in the profile of lipoprotein subfractions associated with hormone replacement therapy

José Luiz da Costa Vieira et al. Marcos Emanuel W. Gomes Áurea Beltrão de Almeida Emílio H. Moriguchi

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of 2 regimens of hormone replacement therapy during the postmenopausal period on the profile of the major lipoprotein subfractions (HDL, LDL, and VLDL). METHODS: We carried out a cohort study in 38 postmenopausal patients who were starting their hormone replacement therapy due to gynecological indications, for a period of 12 weeks. Analysis of lipoprotein subclasses was performed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Hormone replacement therapy cause an increase in the proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL (p=0.008 and 0.03, respectively) and in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL due to a 36% increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.004), concomitantly with a 15% reduction in the levels of smaller particles (p=0.04). In regard to HDL, the increase occurred only a 17% increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.002). No significant change occurred in the distribution pattern of LDL subfractions. CONCLUSION: The proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL increases after hormone replacement therapy. The increase in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL occurs due to an increase in the levels of the larger subclasses concomitantly with a reduction in the smaller particles. However, an increase in the proportion of larger particles of HDL occurs only due to an increase in the levels of the larger subfractions.

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ABC

Original Article

Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary content, and risk factors that cause a predisposition towards cardiovascular disease

Dartagnan Pinto Guedes et al. Joana Elisabete Ribeiro Pinto Guedes

OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between levels of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary content, and risk factors that cause a predisposition towards cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Sixty-two individuals aged between 20 and 45 years were evaluated. Levels of physical activity were established by estimates of energy demand corresponding to everyday activity; indices for cardiorespiratory fitness were obtained from estimates of maximal oxygen consumption; information about dietary content was obtained from dietary records kept on seven consecutive days. To indicate risk factors that cause a predisposition towards cardiovascular disease, use was made of body mass indexes, waist-hip circumference relationships, levels of arterial pressure and of plasma lipid-lipoprotein concentration. To establish associations between the variables studied, multiple regression analysis was used. RESULTS: Physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness levels were inversely correlated with the amount and distribution of body fat and arterial pressure. Taken together, the two variables were responsible for between 16% and 19% of the variation in arterial pressure. Total and saturated fat ingestion was associated with higher serum lipid levels. Both dietary components were responsible for between 49% and 61% of the variation in LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSION: High ingestion of food rich in total and saturated fat and decreased levels of physical activity and of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which supports previous data.

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