Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

ABCIC

Review Article

My Approach to Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients

Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura et al. Márcio Miranda Brito

Abstract

Agitated saline contrast is a simple, safe, widely available echocardiography technique. It is particularly useful for evaluating right-to-left shunts and pulmonary vascular abnormalities in the pediatric population. This article presents a practical approach to using this technique in pediatric echocardiography. It reviews the underlying physiological principles, the technical aspects of preparation and image acquisition, and the main clinical applications.

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ABC

Editorial

Transesophageal Echocardiogram with Contrast in Pulmonary Intravascular Dilation in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis

Sandra Nívea dos Reis Saraiva Falcão

The Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as a defect in arterial oxygenation induced by intrapulmonary vascular dilation (IPVD) associated with liver disease. The vascular component includes diffuse or localized capillary dilation and, less commonly, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

A sensitive approach for the early detection of altered arterial oxygenation is the calculation of the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (PA-aO₂). This difference can be elevated before arterial oxygen pressure becomes abnormal. At sea level, PA-aO₂ ≥ 15 mmHg is considered abnormal (it changes to 20 mmHg in individuals over 64 years).

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ABC

Review Article

Echocardiography in chronic liver disease: systematic review

Vitor Gomes Mota et al. Brivaldo Markman Filho

BACKGROUND: Doppler echocardiography (Echo) is a non-invasive method of excellent accuracy to screen portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) and to assess intrapulmonary shunts (IPS) in chronic liver disease (CLD). In the past decade, Echo proved to play a fundamental role in the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM). OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of relevant articles on the subject ‘Echo in CLD’. METHODS: In November 2011, a systematic review was performed in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases, and the characteristics of the studies selected were reported. RESULTS: The search based on descriptors and free terms obtained 204 articles (179 in Pubmed, 21 in LILACS, and 1 in SciELO). Of those 204 articles, 22 were selected for systematic review. A meta-analysis could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the articles. CONCLUSIONS: Echo should be part of CLD stratification for screening PPH, IPS and CCM, because, most of the time, such complications are diagnosed only when patients are already waiting for a liver transplant.

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My Approach to Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Transesophageal Echocardiogram with Contrast in Pulmonary Intravascular Dilation in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis

Echocardiography in chronic liver disease: systematic review

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Electronic Document Format (Vancouver)

Electronic Document Format (ABNT)

Electronic Document Format (APA)

Electronic Document Format (ISO)

Electronic Document Format (Vancouver)

Electronic Document Format (ABNT)

Electronic Document Format (APA)

Electronic Document Format (ISO)