Resistance Training – ABC CARDIOL

IJCS

Original Article

Systolic Subclinical Dysfunction in Anabolic Steroid Users: A Real Life Study

Renata Rodrigues Teixeira De Castro et al. Marcello de Brito Campos Luiz Mello João Giffoni Silveira Neto

Abstract

Background:

Considering the uncertainty regarding the cardiovascular safety of anabolic steroid use, we believe that the use of advanced echocardiography techniques, such as speckle tracking, may contribute more objectively to the analysis of cardiotoxicity induced by these substances.

Objectives:

To compare, through speckle tracking, the echocardiograms of bodybuilders who abuse anabolic steroids with those who do not use these substances.

Methodology:

This work is a retrospective, observational study that analyzed echocardiograms performed on bodybuilders followed up in an outpatient sports cardiology service, comparing the results between individuals who use and those who have never used anabolic steroids. Continuous data was compared, using unpaired, two-tailed, Student’s T test, with a p-value < 0.05 considered to be significant.

Results:

The final sample of this study included 22 bodybuilders, 14 of whom were anabolic steroid users (UAS) and 8 non-users of anabolic steroids (NUAS). All 22 participants had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 50% (UAS = 55±4 vs. NUAS = 63±1%; p < 0.001). All 14 steroid users showed abnormal global longitudinal strain (GLS), while all 8 non-users presented normal values for this variable (UAS = 13±2 vs. NUAS = 20±2; p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

Bodybuilders who use anabolic steroids, despite having normal values for conventional echocardiography parameters, show a reduction in GLS of the left ventricle. The use of speckle-tracking echocardiography represents an important tool in the analysis of myocardial injury in UAS, offering the possibility of early detection of systolic dysfunction in these individuals.

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IJCS

Original Article

Effects of Low-to-Moderate Doses of Anabolic Steroids on Lipid Profile and Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance Training Practitioners: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Mário César Carvalho Tenório et al. Cláudio Luiz Paz Flávia Valladares Marcelo Guimarães Junior … Cloud Kennedy Couto de Sá Luis Correia

Abstract

Background:

The use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is prevalent among young bodybuilders, motivated by aesthetic results. Although the medical community condemns this practice for its potential deleterious effect, we must recognize the need for more scientific research on the likelihood and magnitude of the adverse events.

Objective:

To evaluate whether high-quality, scientific evidence supports that AAS negatively affect lipid profile and promote muscle hypertrophy in resistance training practitioners.

Methods:

A systematic review of the literature of randomized clinical trials was conducted in the PubMed / Medline, Scielo and Science direct databases. The searches were conducted by two independent researchers by June 2018. A significance level of 5% was considered in the analysis.

Results:

Six clinical trials involving 170 resistance training practitioners were included. A significant heterogeneity was found in studies evaluating the effects of AAS on lipid profile and muscle hypertrophy (I² = 97, 95 and 91%, respectively), with no significant effects on HDL-cholesterol (-5.62mg/dL, 95%CI −12.10, 0.86, p= 0.09), LDL-cholesterol (7.76 mg/dL, 95%CI −9.70, 25.23, p= 0.57) and muscle hypertrophy (2.44kg 95%CI 0.02, 4.86, p=0.05).

Conclusion:

Current evidence does not support that low-to-moderate doses of AAS cause serious negative effects on lipid profile or promote muscle hypertrophy in resistance training practitioners.

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IJCS

Brief Communication

Acute Effect of Resistance Exercise on Mucociliary Clearance in Active Smokers

Alessandra Mayumi Marques Masuda et al. Iara Buriola Trevisan Tamara dos Santos Gouveia Guilherme Yassuyuki Tacao … Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos Dionei Ramos

Abstract

Background:

Nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) responds to autonomic activity through exercise. However, there is a gap in the literature on how NMC responds to resistance exercise.

Objective:

To evaluate the acute effects of resistance tube exercise on NMC and the autonomic nervous system in smokers.

Methods:

Clinical trial was performed with 18 individuals. Personal, anthropometric, and smoking history data were collected, and a pulmonary function test was performed by spirometry. The fatigue resistance test was performed in order to obtain the number of repetitions for the prescription of exercise. Heart rate variability was captured using a monitor. Subsequently, the exhaled carbon monoxide (exCO) was measured and a saccharin transit test (STT) was performed for NMC.

Results:

The non-smoking group presented a significant decrease of 4.0±3.2 minutes in STT after P1 (p=0.021). Regarding HRV, the smoking group presented a significant decrease of mean RR (−90.3±53.0; p=0.011), SDNN (−560.0±1333.2; p=0.008), RMSSD (−13.6±10.5; p=0.011), LFms² (−567.3±836.1; p=0.008), HFms² (−223.8±231.8; p=0.008), SD1 (−9.7±7.4; p=0.011) and SD2 (−20.7±17.0; p=0.008), and an increase of mean HR (10.2±5.9; p=0.011) after P2. In the non-smoking group, a significant decrease was observed in the mean RR (−67.1±70.7; p=0.038), SDNN (−16.8±15.0; p=0.015), RMSSD (−12.3±14.7; p=0.011), LFms² (−831.2±1347.5; p=0.015), SD1 (−8.7±10.4; p=0.011), and SD2 (−22.0±19.1; p=0.015), while an increase in HR (7.1±7.3; p=0.028) was found after P1.

Conclusions:

The intensity of the resistance exercise applied to the patient was not enough to promote changes in smokers. By contrast, in non-smokers, the same intensity of exercise was effective in promoting alterations in the NMC and autonomic activity. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2021; 34(2):223-230)

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IJCS

Editorial

Home-Based Resistance Training in Heart Diseases: Don't Stop the Music, your Muscles are still Listening

Gabriel Dias Rodrigues et al. Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a well-known cause of death and physical incapacity worldwide. Heart failure (HF) is a common disease resulting from multiple etiologies that contribute to decreasing physical capacity and quality of life (QOL).^, Not long ago physical exercises were discouraged in CVDs, but evidence-based exercise programs augment QOL, reduce mortality and hospital readmission in HF². Strength training is an important component of a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its close relationship with improvements in functional capacity reverberating in activities of daily living and QOL.

Unfortunately, supervised-rehabilitation programs in fitness centers are not widely available for the majority of patients with heart disease. Nevertheless, home-based rehabilitation programs could be more accessible to most patients, because of its relatively low cost and feasibility. Especially during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, many opportunities to exercise were suspended, including cardiac rehabilitation services and community health programs. Also, social distancing increased sedentarism numbers and several position statements have encouraged people to stay active at home, trying to reverse or counterbalance the additional impact of social distance on physical inactivity.^, In a practical perspective, resistance training is conventionally performed through free weights or weight machines that usually require extensive physical space and outside facilities (i.e., gym or rehabilitation centers). Thus, resistance exercises, in particular, are not easily adopted at home and could be omitted from home-based cardiac rehabilitation. To underscore, a question that must be made: How patients remain strong at home?

[…]

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IJCS

Original Article

Acute Blood Pressure Response to Different Resistance Programs in Trained Men

Ariani França Conceição et al. Daniell Lima Muniz Clarcson Plácido Conceição dos Santos Ciro Oliveira Queiroz

Abstract

Background

Resistance training is used in different exercise programs, with different objectives and different levels of physical fitness. Training-related variables, such as volume, rest time and intensity, can affect the response of blood pressure (BP), but studies on the effect of these variables on BP are still needed.

Objective

To evaluate the acute response of BP in trained individuals undergoing two different methods of resistance training.

Methods

The sample was divided into three groups: (1) the German volume training (GVT) (n= 15), which consisted of 10 series of 10 repetitions at 50% of 1-repetition maximum (RM) with intervals of 30 seconds; (2) the sarcoplasm stimulating training (SST) (n= 16), performed at 8 RM and 85% of 1-RM and interval of 10 seconds until failure, followed by removal of 20% of weight and repetition of the whole series (total of three sets), and the control group (CG) (n= 15) who underwent BP measurements only. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for analysis of variations, and a p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

In the within-group analysis, a significant lowering of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found at 10 minutes (125.4±10.8 mmHg, p= 0.045) and 20 minutes (124.5±8.5 mmHg, p= 0.044) post-training compared with immediately after training. In the between-group comparison, higher SBP values were observed immediately after training in the SST group (142.1±28.2, p= 0.048) compared with the CG.

Conclusion

High-volume and high-intensity resistance training programs did not cause abnormal changes in blood pressure. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

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IJCS

Original Article

Short-Term Effects of a Resistance Training Program Using Elastic Tubing in Patients with Heart Disease

João Pedro Lucas Neves Silva et al. Tamara Iasmin de Sá Ferreira Gabriela Côrtes Cavalleri Mayara Moura Alves da Cruz … Bianca Pinhal Galindo Natália Turri da Silva Bruna Spolador de Alencar Silva Marceli Rocha Leite Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei Francis Lopes Pacagnelli

Abstract

Background

Resistance training is effective in cardiac rehabilitation; however, it is conventionally performed using free weights or machines, which can pose logistic challenges to patients with restricted mobility. For its ease of access and cost-effectiveness, elastic tubing is a particularly appealing alternative, but it remains underutilized for this purpose.

Objective

To evaluate muscle strength, functional capacity, aerobic capacity, and quality of life in patients with heart disease in phase II of cardiovascular rehabilitation after a resistance training intervention based solely on elastic tubing.

Methods

Thirteen patients with heart disease (age 63.33±10.80 years) trained with elastic tubing twice weekly for 6 weeks, with progressive load increase every 15 days. The following muscle groups were evaluated and trained: shoulder abductors and flexors, elbow flexors, and knee flexors and extensors. Muscle strength was evaluated using a dynamometer; functional capacity, with a 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test; and quality of life, using the SF-36 questionnaire. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The paired Student’s t-test was used for comparisons before and after training, at a significance level of <5%.

Results

There were significant differences in muscle strength (except for elbow flexion) and functional capacity (485.5 ± 123.3 vs 578.7 ± 110.5; p=0.0399) after the intervention. No statistical differences were found in cardiorespiratory fitness or quality of life.

Conclusions

Short-term resistance training with elastic tubing improved peripheral muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with heart disease, and should be encouraged for this population. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; xx(x):xxx-xxx)

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