Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: Heart Failure With Preserved and Mid-Range Ejection Fraction
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) Diagnosis
Current diagnostic recommendations require evidence of congestion or low cardiac output, considering a combination of clinical information, electrocardiogram, imaging, biomarkers, and, in selected cases, hemodynamic exercise testing.
A pretest clinical approach (step 1) followed by a confirmatory score (step 2) is recommended to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of HFpEF. Hemodynamic exercise testing (step 3) is indicated for patients with an intermediate score ().
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