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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.2060037i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Adipokine Hypothesis: Does it Play a Major or Minor Role in HFpEF?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1191-0523</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fuchs</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luís Beck da Silva</bold> • Serviço de Cardiologia - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, 2 andar, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260037</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Obesity</kwd>
				<kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>We read with great interest the paper <italic>&quot;The Adipokine Hypothesis of Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction&quot;</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The adipokine hypothesis explores biological mechanisms beyond the well-known risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The article presents a well-supported hypothesis based on data from bench research, animal studies, preclinical findings, and epidemiological evidence. The biological plausibility of the hypothesis is sound. However, certain considerations merit further discussion regarding the interpretation of HFpEF risk factors.</p>
		<p>The manuscript somewhat underestimates the established role of hypertension in the development of HFpEF. It proposes a link between obesity – a major risk factor for HFpEF – and the pro-inflammatory effects of adipokines. However, hypertension has been recognized as an independent risk factor for HFpEF pathogenesis. In the Women's Health Initiative cohort, 40.9% of the population-attributable risk for incident HFpEF was due to high blood pressure, compared with 25.8% for obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The mechanisms by which hypertension leads to HFpEF are likely independent of inflammatory pathways and are primarily related to concentric ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and atrial remodeling, along with elevated natriuretic peptides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The beneficial effects of incretins in reducing cardiovascular disease in individuals with excess adiposity appear to be mediated by their blood-pressure-lowering effect, which results from weight loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Not all patients with HFpEF are obese. A significant proportion of elderly, hypertensive, non-obese patients – particularly women – develop HFpEF. Geographic analyses reveal that North American patients with HFpEF tend to have a higher body mass index compared with counterparts from other continents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, the relevance of the adipokine hypothesis may vary across populations, potentially having greater applicability in North American cohorts.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.2060037</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Hipótese das Adipocinas: Desempenha um Papel Maior ou Menor na ICFEp?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Luís</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1191-0523</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fuchs</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Luís Beck da Silva</bold> • Serviço de Cardiologia - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, 2 andar, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>lbneto@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Hipertensão</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo <italic>&quot;The Adipokine Hypothesis of Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction&quot;</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A hipótese das adipocinas explora mecanismos biológicos além dos fatores de risco já conhecidos para insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). O artigo apresenta uma hipótese bem fundamentada, baseada em dados de pesquisa básica, estudos em animais, achados pré-clínicos e evidências epidemiológicas. A plausibilidade biológica da hipótese é consistente. No entanto, algumas considerações merecem discussão adicional quanto à interpretação dos fatores de risco para ICFEp.</p>
			<p>O manuscrito parece subestimar o papel já estabelecido da hipertensão no desenvolvimento da ICFEp. Ele propõe uma ligação entre obesidade – um importante fator de risco para ICFEp – e os efeitos pró-inflamatórios das adipocinas. Contudo, a hipertensão é reconhecida como um fator de risco independente na patogênese da ICFEp. Na coorte da <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic>, 40,9% do risco atribuível populacional para ICFEp incidente foi devido à hipertensão arterial, em comparação com 25,8% atribuídos à obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os mecanismos pelos quais a hipertensão leva à ICFEp provavelmente independem de vias inflamatórias e estão principalmente relacionados à hipertrofia ventricular concêntrica, disfunção diastólica e remodelamento atrial, além de níveis elevados de peptídeos natriuréticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os efeitos benéficos dos incretinos na redução de doença cardiovascular em indivíduos com excesso de adiposidade parecem ser mediados pela redução da pressão arterial, resultante da perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nem todos os pacientes com ICFEp são obesos. Uma proporção significativa de pacientes idosos, hipertensos e não obesos – especialmente mulheres – desenvolve ICFEp. Análises geográficas mostram que pacientes norte-americanos com ICFEp tendem a apresentar índice de massa corporal mais elevado do que seus pares de outros continentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, a relevância da &quot;hipótese das adipocinas&quot; pode variar entre populações, possivelmente tendo maior aplicabilidade em coortes norte-americanas.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>