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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260024i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Shifting Patterns of Out-Of-Hospital Mortality and Premature Life Loss in Cardiomyopathies: A Nationwide Population-Based Study</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9854-2788</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Perazzo</surname>
						<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8880-4112</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Kaleb</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8937-2474</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nobre</surname>
						<given-names>Arina Peixoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8882-392X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Línniker Lopes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0860-9919</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Roberto de</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6891-3859</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4519-0528</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Patricia Bezerra Rocha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3678-6450</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torres</surname>
						<given-names>João Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-3851-5759</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feijó</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7421-0759</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tenório</surname>
						<given-names>Deuzenny</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8055-2128</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sepúlveda</surname>
						<given-names>Diana Patrícia Lamprea</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4653-0941</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Sérgio Tavares</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2193-5916</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moraes</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Unidade de Transplante, Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Maastricht University</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Maastricht</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg – Netherlands</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Coração de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração de Pernambuco (Incor PE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Educação Médica</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Alagoinhas</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Educação Médica (IDOMED), Alagoinhas, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>5</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>6</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Intervenções Coronarianas e Estruturais do Coração</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recif</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Intervenções Coronarianas e Estruturais do Coração (ICECOR), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>7</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esperança Recife</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D’Or</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife – Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>8</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D’Or</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff9">
					<label>9</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Transplante Cardíaco e Cardiomiopatias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca, Transplante Cardíaco e Cardiomiopatias, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff10">
					<label>10</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff11">
					<label>11</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Doença Arterial Coronariana</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Doença Arterial Coronariana, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff12">
					<label>12</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Valvopatias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Valvopatias, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff13">
					<label>13</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Alvaro Perazzo</bold> • Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+ – CardioThoracic Department, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) – P. Debyelaan, 25 Maastricht <postal-code>6202 AZ</postal-code> – Netherlands E-mail: <email>alvaro.perazzo@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Sabrina Pereira</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260024</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Cardiomyopathies are a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, presenting age-dependent phenotypes ranging from sudden cardiac death (SCD) to progressive heart failure. Despite declining mortality rates, gaps in prevention and access to advanced therapies may manifest as shifts in the place of death and persistent premature mortality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>To evaluate temporal trends in cardiomyopathy-related mortality in Brazil, assess age-related patterns in the place of death, and quantify premature mortality through years of life lost (YLL).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This nationwide, population-based ecological study analyzed 369,570 deaths in Brazil (1996–2024) in which cardiomyopathy (ICD-10 I42) was the underlying cause. Temporal trends were assessed using Poisson regression, and associations between age and place of death were evaluated using odds ratios (OR). The YLL were calculated using national life tables.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Age-adjusted mortality declined by 1.7% annually (p&lt;0.001). Hospital deaths decreased from 75% to 43%, whereas home deaths increased from 20% to 38%, with a significant inflection point around 2011. Public roadway deaths, used as a proxy for SCD, were more frequent among adults aged 20–39 years (4.8%) than among those aged ≥60 years (0.8%; OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.68–3.10). Total YLL reached 6.83 million years. Individuals aged 20–39 years accounted for only 5.5% of deaths but contributed 12.8% of total YLL, averaging 42.9 years lost per death.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>Despite declining mortality, out-of-hospital deaths have become more frequent. Excess YLL among young adults highlights gaps in SCD prevention. Age-tailored strategies are needed to reduce premature mortality.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortality</kwd>
				<kwd>Life Expectancy</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="28"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<caption>
							<title>Perazzo &amp; Martins, et al. 2026. Source: Brazillian Mortality Information System (SIM/DATASUS) Years of Life Lost (YLL) using Global Burden of Disease reference life expectancy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260024-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiomyopathies represent a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases characterized by mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction, frequently progressing to heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death (SCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These conditions constitute a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, with SCD emerging as a prominent complication, particularly due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias in structurally abnormal hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite therapeutic advances – including pharmacological, device-based, and interventional strategies – cardiomyopathies often culminate in end-stage disease, in which replacement therapies such as heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support devices represent the final treatment option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The place of death may therefore reflect, in part, the failure to access these advanced therapies in a timely manner, especially in cases of rapid deterioration or sudden events.</p>
			<p>Beyond the immediate cause of death, the location where death occurs carries important clinical and prognostic implications in cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In-hospital deaths often indicate access to advanced care, resuscitation efforts, and management of decompensated heart failure, whereas out-of-hospital deaths – whether at home or in public settings – frequently suggest abrupt arrhythmic events with limited opportunity for intervention. This distinction serves as a proxy for the acuity and mechanism of the terminal event, offering insights into disease progression, healthcare delivery, and potential preventability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A key epidemiological feature of cardiomyopathies is the marked age-related divergence in clinical course. In younger patients, SCD often presents as the first symptomatic manifestation, triggered by malignant arrhythmias in the setting of preserved systolic function, reflecting a predominantly electrical phenotype rather than pump failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Conversely, older individuals typically follow a trajectory of progressive myocardial remodeling leading to refractory heart failure, with death resulting from gradual decompensation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This age-dependent pattern underscores distinct pathophysiological pathways – sudden arrhythmic death in the young versus protracted pump failure in the elderly – and highlights the disproportionate societal impact of premature mortality in younger cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although the burden of cardiomyopathies is well recognized, longitudinal studies comprehensively examining the place of death and its relationship with premature mortality remain limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In particular, the use of YLL provides a critical metric that captures the &quot;invisible burden&quot; of disease – reflecting not only the number of deaths but also the profound loss of productive life years that crude mortality rates fail to convey.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Few investigations have integrated long-term trends in terminal location with YLL quantification across diverse cardiomyopathic phenotypes.</p>
			<p>The present study addresses these gaps by analyzing nearly three decades of national data on cardiomyopathy-related deaths, examining temporal shifts in place of occurrence, age-specific patterns consistent with sudden versus progressive modes of death, and the associated burden of premature mortality through YLL. By combining these dimensions, this work aims to provide a population-level perspective on evolving patterns of cardiomyopathy mortality, informing strategies to improve timely access to life-saving therapies and reduce preventable loss of life.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This was an ecological, population-based, retrospective study using secondary mortality data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade – SIM), maintained by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), Ministry of Health. All deaths with cardiomyopathy (ICD-10 code I42) recorded as the underlying cause were included, covering the entire Brazilian resident population from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2024.</p>
			<p>Data were obtained from predefined aggregated tabulations on the DATASUS platform, stratified by year of death, age group, sex, and place of death. These tabulations provide nationwide coverage of registered deaths and constitute the official source for mortality surveillance in Brazil. Analyses were based exclusively on fully aggregated and anonymized data, with no access to individual-level records.</p>
			<p>The primary outcome was place of death, categorized as hospital, home, public roadway, other health establishment, other locations, or ignored/unknown. Explanatory variables included year of death (for temporal trend analysis), age group (standard categories: &lt;1 year, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, ≥80 years, and ignored), and sex (male, female, ignored). For certain analyses, age groups were aggregated into broader categories (&lt;20 years, 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and ≥60 years).</p>
			<p>Statistical analyses were conducted using Python. Descriptive analyses calculated absolute and relative frequencies of place of death, stratified by age group and sex, with descriptive assessment of data completeness for key variables.</p>
			<p>Temporal trends in the proportions of hospital and home deaths were evaluated using ordinary least squares linear regression. Structural changes were examined through segmented regression with the Chow test. Mortality rates were modeled using Poisson generalized linear models, incorporating mid-year population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) as a log-offset to derive annual percent changes and incidence rate ratios.</p>
			<p>Associations between age group and place of death were assessed using chi-square tests of independence, with additional comparisons of proportions across strata performed using Z-tests. Odds ratios for home versus hospital death and public roadway versus hospital death, along with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated from contingency tables. An age-related gradient in home deaths was tested using linear regression, with age-group midpoints treated as a continuous predictor.</p>
			<p>YLL were calculated by multiplying deaths in each age group by the remaining life expectancy from the 2020 Brazilian life table (IBGE), yielding both total and age-stratified estimates. Deaths occurring on public roadways were examined as a proxy for potential SCD, with proportions compared across age groups using chi-square and Z-tests, and odds ratios calculated relative to older strata. Age at death was incorporated through the calculation of YLL, which captures the burden of premature mortality and enables indirect age stratification of cardiomyopathy-related deaths.</p>
			<p>Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided p-value &lt;0.05, with 95% confidence intervals reported when applicable.</p>
			<p>The study used publicly available, aggregated, and anonymized data without individual identifiers. Under Brazilian regulations, such analyses are exempt from research ethics committee review. This study follows the STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies using routinely collected health data.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Over the 29-year period (1996–2024), 369,570 deaths due to cardiomyopathies were registered in Brazil. Age-unadjusted mortality rates declined significantly by 1.7% annually (95% CI -1.8 to -1.6; P&lt;0.001), confirming a sustained reduction in cardiomyopathy mortality after accounting for population growth, with a temporary disruption observed in 2020.</p>
			<p>The proportion of hospital deaths decreased markedly from approximately 75% in 1996 to 43% in 2024, whereas home deaths nearly doubled, rising from 20% to 38%. A significant inflection point occurred around 2011, after which the shift toward out-of-hospital deaths accelerated.</p>
			<p>Place of death varied substantially across age groups (χ<sup>2</sup> P&lt;0.001). Older individuals (≥60 years) exhibited the highest proportions of home deaths (approximately 40%), whereas younger age groups showed lower home-death rates and higher hospital-death rates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). A clear age-related gradient was observed, with the proportion of home deaths increasing progressively with advancing age.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Sociodemographic profile, place of death, and years of life lost due to cardiomyopathies in Brazil, between 1996 and 2024</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="12%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Total Deaths (n)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">% of Total</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Hospital (%)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Home (%)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Public Road (%)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Total YLL (Years)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">YLL per Death</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<td align="left" colspan="8" valign="top"><bold>Sex</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">Male</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">210,654</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">57.0%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">40.8%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">38.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">2.5%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">4,950,368</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">23.5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">158,916</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">43.0%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">45.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">37.5%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.9%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">3,180,172</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">20.0</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top"><bold>Age Group (Years)</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">&lt; 20</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">7,391</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">2.0%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">76.4%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">15.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">2.1%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">510,718</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">69.1</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="top">20–39 (Young Adults)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">20,326</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">5.5%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">54.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">30.8%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">4.8%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">871,985</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">42.9</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">40–59 (Middle Age)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">88,696</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">24.0%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">48.9%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">35.1%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">3.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">2,581,053</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">29.1</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="top">60–79 (Elderly)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">162,610</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">44.0%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">41.5%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">39.4%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1.1%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">3,740,030</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">23.0</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">≥ 80 (Very Elderly)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">90,547</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">24.5%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">36.8%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">41.2%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.4%</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">426,754</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">4.7</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>YLL: years of life lost.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Deaths occurring out of hospital were associated with a disproportionately higher burden of YLL, suggesting earlier age at death compared with in-hospital fatalities.</p>
			<p>Deaths on public roadways, a proxy for potential SCD, were significantly more common among younger adults. Individuals aged 20–39 years had a 4.8% rate of public-roadway deaths compared with 0.8% among those aged ≥60 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Relative to individuals aged ≥60 years, the adjusted odds ratio for public-roadway versus hospital death was 2.88 (95% CI 2.68–3.10) for those aged 20–39 years and 1.95 (95% CI 1.85–2.06) for those aged 40–59 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The disproportion between the low contribution of younger individuals to total deaths and their high contribution to years of life lost (YLL), as well as the higher proportion of public-roadway deaths (a proxy for SCD) in younger age groups, is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. These findings support distinct age-related phenotypes of cardiomyopathy mortality, with a predominance of potentially preventable arrhythmic deaths among younger individuals and progressive pump failure among older adults (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Association between age and out-of-hospital death in cardiomyopathies</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Age Group (Reference: ≥ 60 years)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Home vs. Hospital Death OR (95% CI)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Public Road vs. Hospital Death OR (95% CI)</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">&lt; 20 years</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.45 (0.42–0.48)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.95 (0.80–1.12)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="top">20–39 years</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.82 (0.79–0.85)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">2.88 (2.68–3.10)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">40–59 years</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">0.91 (0.89–0.93)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1.95 (1.85–2.06)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="top">≥ 60 years</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1.00 (Ref.)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1.00 (Ref.)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Disproportionate burden and sudden death indicators in cardiomyopathies, Brazil, 1996–2024; (A) Proportion of total deaths and years of life lost (YLL) by age group, highlighting the disproportionate YLL among young adults; (B) Proportion of deaths occurring on public roads (a proxy for sudden death) in young (20–39 years) versus elderly (70+ years) patients.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260024-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The total burden of premature mortality was 6.83 million YLL. Although individuals aged 20-39 years accounted for only 5.5% of deaths, they contributed 12.8% of total YLL, with an average of 42.9 years lost per death – substantially higher than the 4.7 years lost per death among those aged ≥80 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This nationwide analysis spanning nearly three decades of cardiomyopathy-related mortality in Brazil reveals a paradoxical evolution characterized by a sustained decline in age-unadjusted mortality rates alongside a marked shift toward out-of-hospital deaths. The annual percent change of – 1.7% aligns with broader reductions in cardiovascular mortality observed in Brazil and other middle-income countries, largely attributed to improvements in diagnostic awareness, pharmacological therapy, and long-term management of cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Similar trends have been reported across BRICS nations, although with slower declines than those seen in high-income regions, underscoring persistent structural and socioeconomic constraints.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Against this backdrop, the pronounced reduction in hospital deaths – from approximately 75% in the mid-1990s to 43% in 2024 – combined with the near doubling of home deaths and a clear inflection around 2011 mirrors international observations of shifting end-of-life care patterns in heart failure populations.<sup>0</sup> While this transition may partly reflect the expansion of home-based or palliative care models, evidence from both high- and middle-income settings suggests that it may also indicate limited hospital capacity and barriers to accessing advanced care during terminal decompensation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A defining characteristic of cardiomyopathy mortality is the strong age-dependent divergence in terminal phenotype, which is clearly reflected in the location of death. Among younger adults (20–39 years), the disproportionately high proportion of public-roadway deaths and an odds ratio of 2.88 compared with older individuals are consistent with a predominantly electrical phenotype marked by primary electrophysiological instability, although this interpretation cannot be directly confirmed by the present ecological data. Prior studies have consistently shown that SCD frequently represents the first clinical manifestation of cardiomyopathies in young individuals, often occurring in structurally less remodeled hearts and in the absence of advanced systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic or genetic cardiomyopathies are particularly overrepresented in this context, with malignant ventricular arrhythmias constituting the dominant mechanism of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The limited opportunity for resuscitation in out-of-hospital environments further amplifies lethality, as previously demonstrated in heart-failure cohorts in which SCD accounts for more than half of all out-of-hospital fatalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite representing a small fraction of total deaths, young adults contributed disproportionately to premature mortality, with an average of 42.9 YLL per death. This finding aligns with Global Burden of Disease analyses showing that YLL heavily weight deaths occurring at younger ages and capture a substantial &quot;invisible burden&quot; not reflected in crude mortality counts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The magnitude of YLL observed in this subgroup reinforces the societal impact of sudden arrhythmic death and may suggest persistent gaps in primary prevention strategies. Robust evidence supports the efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in reducing all-cause and sudden cardiac mortality in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, particularly among younger patients and those with specific genetic or arrhythmogenic substrates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the predominance of sudden out-of-hospital deaths in this age group suggests underutilization of familial screening, genetic risk stratification, and prophylactic device implantation, despite clear guideline support for these interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In contrast, older individuals – particularly those aged ≥80 years – exhibited the highest proportion of home deaths, which may be compatible with a phenotype dominated by progressive myocardial remodeling and refractory pump failure. Longitudinal studies of dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure demonstrate that advancing age is associated with a shift from sudden to non-sudden modes of death, driven by progressive systolic dysfunction, comorbidity burden, and frailty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Along this trajectory, chronic low-output states culminate in gradual decompensation, frequently occurring outside hospital settings. Similar patterns have been observed in contemporary heart-failure cohorts, in which deaths at home or in hospice settings have increased over time while inpatient deaths have declined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The relatively low average YLL per death among the very elderly (4.7 years) underscores that the principal population-level burden of cardiomyopathies arises from premature mortality rather than deaths occurring at advanced ages.</p>
			<p>The progressive shift toward out-of-hospital death may also raise concerns regarding potential barriers to accessing advanced cardiovascular therapies, although this could not be directly assessed with the available data. Heart transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy, offering median survival exceeding a decade, whereas patients with stage D heart failure who lack access to advanced therapies face a median survival of less than two years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Durable ventricular assist devices have similarly transformed outcomes, with one-year survival surpassing 80% in contemporary cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, both strategies depend on timely identification of advanced heart failure, early referral, and access to highly specialized centers. Multiple studies have highlighted that delayed recognition of advanced disease and fragmented referral pathways result in missed therapeutic windows, leaving many patients to deteriorate irreversibly at home or during interfacility transfer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In a continental-sized country with centralized transplant programs and pronounced regional and socioeconomic disparities, these barriers may be magnified, potentially contributing to terminal events occurring beyond the reach of life-prolonging interventions.</p>
			<p>Taken together, the observed patterns may be compatible with complementary failures across the cardiomyopathy spectrum, although these interpretations remain hypothesis-generating given the ecological design of this study. Among older patients, the findings are consistent with a predominance of the pump-failure phenotype, and out-of-hospital deaths may reflect both appropriate end-of-life care and limited access to advanced therapies. Among younger individuals, the findings align with a predominance of electrical instability, with sudden cardiac arrest frequently occurring before diagnosis or initiation of protective strategies. While transplantation and mechanical circulatory support primarily address terminal pump failure, ICD therapy represents a sentinel intervention capable of preventing catastrophic arrhythmic death in younger patients; yet the predominance of deaths occurring outside hospital settings indicates that this protective strategy remains insufficiently implemented at the population level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Several limitations merit consideration. Reliance on ICD-10 code I42 may introduce misclassification, as cardiomyopathy encompasses heterogeneous etiologies with variable risk profiles, and regional variation in death-certification practices may bias cause-specific mortality estimates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Public-roadway deaths were used as a proxy for SCD and lack clinical or autopsy confirmation of arrhythmic mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Additionally, the transition to ICD-10 coding and the aggregated nature of mortality data limit etiological specificity and preclude individual-level adjustment for confounders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nonetheless, the strengths of this study include its nationwide coverage, extended temporal horizon, and integration of place of death with YLL, providing novel insight into the evolving epidemiology and age-specific burden of cardiomyopathies in a large middle-income country. Race/ethnicity data were not consistently available in the mortality database and were therefore not included in the primary analyses. This limitation may obscure important social and structural disparities in cardiomyopathy outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This nationwide, nearly three-decade analysis of cardiomyopathy-related mortality in Brazil demonstrates that improvements in overall survival have been accompanied by a clinically meaningful and epidemiologically revealing shift in the place of death. Although age-unadjusted mortality declined steadily – consistent with broader cardiovascular trends observed in Brazil and other middle-income countries – an increasing proportion of deaths now occur outside hospital settings. This divergence underscores that reductions in mortality alone are insufficient to characterize the quality, timeliness, and equity of care delivered across the cardiomyopathy spectrum.</p>
			<p>Integrating place of death with YLL highlights two distinct, age-dependent phenotypes driving this burden. In younger individuals, the findings are compatible with a predominantly electrical phenotype, with sudden, out-of-hospital deaths accounting for a disproportionate share of premature mortality. The high YLL in this group reinforces the notion that SCD remains a leading and potentially preventable outcome, given the established efficacy of risk stratification, genetic screening, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in high-risk cardiomyopathy populations.</p>
			<p>Conversely, in the very elderly, the findings align with a predominance of progressive pump failure, frequently culminating in home deaths with comparatively low YLL – a pattern that may reflect either appropriate end-of-life care planning or constrained access to advanced therapies.</p>
			<p>The growing predominance of out-of-hospital deaths across all ages may suggest systemic gaps in the continuum of care. For patients with advanced heart failure, this pattern may reflect delayed recognition and referral for transplantation or mechanical circulatory support—therapies that markedly improve survival but remain geographically concentrated and logistically inaccessible for much of the population. In younger patients, it may indicate persistent underuse of proven preventive strategies against malignant arrhythmias, with profound societal consequences measured in decades of life lost.</p>
			<p>Taken together, these findings reposition cardiomyopathy mortality not merely as a question of how many patients die, but where, when, and at what stage of disease they do so. Place of death may serve as a pragmatic, population-level marker of missed opportunities – whether for life-saving interventions in younger individuals or timely advanced care in those with end-stage disease. Addressing this dual failure will require age-specific strategies: strengthening primary prevention and arrhythmic risk mitigation in younger individuals, while simultaneously improving early identification, referral pathways, and equitable access to advanced heart-failure therapies for older patients. Such an approach is essential to reduce premature mortality, optimize end-of-life care, and meaningfully lessen the long-term burden of cardiomyopathies in Brazil and comparable middle-income settings.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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						<given-names>Arina Peixoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8882-392X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Línniker Lopes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0860-9919</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Roberto de</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6891-3859</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>9</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4519-0528</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Patricia Bezerra Rocha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>10</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3678-6450</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torres</surname>
						<given-names>João Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-3851-5759</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feijó</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7421-0759</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tenório</surname>
						<given-names>Deuzenny</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8055-2128</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sepúlveda</surname>
						<given-names>Diana Patrícia Lamprea</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>12</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4653-0941</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Sérgio Tavares</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>11</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2193-5916</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moraes</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>13</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff14">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Unidade de Transplante, Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff15">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Maastricht</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="NL">Países Baixos</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg – Países Baixos</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff16">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração de Pernambuco (Incor PE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff17">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Alagoinhas</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Educação Médica (IDOMED), Alagoinhas, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff18">
					<label>5</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff19">
					<label>6</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Intervenções Coronarianas e Estruturais do Coração (ICECOR), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff20">
					<label>7</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife – Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff21">
					<label>8</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rede D’Or, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff22">
					<label>9</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca, Transplante Cardíaco e Cardiomiopatias, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff23">
					<label>10</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff24">
					<label>11</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Doença Arterial Coronariana, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff25">
					<label>12</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Valvopatias, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff26">
					<label>13</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Alvaro Perazzo</bold> • Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+ – CardioThoracic Department, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) – P. Debyelaan, 25 Maastricht <postal-code>6202 AZ</postal-code> – Países Baixos E-mail: <email>alvaro.perazzo@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Sabrina Pereira</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>As cardiomiopatias são uma importante causa de mortalidade cardiovascular, apresentando fenótipos dependentes da idade que variam desde morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) até insuficiência cardíaca progressiva. Apesar da queda nas taxas de mortalidade, lacunas na prevenção e no acesso a terapias avançadas podem se manifestar como mudanças no local do óbito e persistência de mortalidade prematura.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Avaliar tendências temporais da mortalidade relacionada às cardiomiopatias no Brasil, examinar padrões etários no local do óbito e quantificar a mortalidade prematura por meio dos anos de vida perdidos (AVP).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Este estudo ecológico nacional, baseado em população, analisou 369 570 óbitos no Brasil (1996–2024) em que a cardiomiopatia (CID-10 I42) foi a causa básica. Tendências temporais foram avaliadas por regressão de Poisson, e associações entre idade e local do óbito foram estimadas por razões de chances (OR). Os AVP foram calculados utilizando tábuas de vida nacionais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>A mortalidade ajustada por idade diminuiu 1,7% ao ano (p&lt;0,001). Óbitos hospitalares caíram de 75% para 43%, enquanto óbitos domiciliares aumentaram de 20% para 38%, com ponto de inflexão significativo por volta de 2011. Óbitos em vias públicas, usados como proxy de MSC, foram mais frequentes entre adultos de 20–39 anos (4,8%) do que entre aqueles com ≥60 anos (0,8%; OR 2,88; IC 95% 2,68–3,10). O total de AVP atingiu 6,83 milhões de anos. Indivíduos de 20–39 anos representaram apenas 5,5% dos óbitos, mas contribuíram com 12,8% dos AVP totais, com média de 42,9 anos perdidos por óbito.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões:</title>
					<p>Apesar da queda na mortalidade, óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar tornaram-se mais frequentes. O excesso de AVP entre adultos jovens evidencia lacunas na prevenção da MSC. Estratégias específicas por faixa etária são necessárias para reduzir a mortalidade prematura.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Expectativa de Vida</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<caption>
							<title>Perazzo &amp; Martins, et al. 2026. Fonte: Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Brazil (SIM/DATASUS). Anos de Vida Perdidos, utilizando a expectativa de vida de referência do Global Burden of Disease.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260024-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As cardiomiopatias representam um grupo heterogêneo de doenças do miocárdio caracterizadas por disfunção mecânica e/ou elétrica, frequentemente evoluindo para insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias potencialmente fatais e morte súbita cardíaca (MSC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas condições constituem uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular em todo o mundo, com a MSC surgindo como uma complicação proeminente, particularmente devido a taquiarritmias ventriculares em corações estruturalmente anormais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos – incluindo estratégias farmacológicas, dispositivos e intervenções – as cardiomiopatias frequentemente culminam em doença terminal, na qual terapias substitutivas, como transplante cardíaco ou dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica, representam a opção final de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O local do óbito pode, portanto, refletir, em parte, a falha em acessar essas terapias avançadas de maneira oportuna, especialmente em casos de deterioração rápida ou eventos súbitos.</p>
				<p>Para além da causa imediata da morte, o local onde ela ocorre carrega importantes implicações clínicas e prognósticas nas doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo as cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Óbitos hospitalares frequentemente indicam acesso a cuidados avançados, esforços de ressuscitação e manejo da insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, enquanto óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar – seja em casa ou em locais públicos – geralmente sugerem eventos arrítmicos abruptos, com oportunidade limitada de intervenção. Essa distinção funciona como um indicador da gravidade e do mecanismo do evento terminal, oferecendo insights sobre a progressão da doença, a organização da assistência à saúde e o potencial de prevenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma característica epidemiológica fundamental das cardiomiopatias é a marcada divergência relacionada à idade em seu curso clínico. Em pacientes mais jovens, a MSC frequentemente se apresenta como a primeira manifestação sintomática, desencadeada por arritmias malignas em um contexto de função sistólica preservada, refletindo um fenótipo predominantemente elétrico, e não falência de bomba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, indivíduos mais idosos geralmente seguem uma trajetória de remodelamento miocárdico progressivo que leva à insuficiência cardíaca refratária, com o óbito resultando de descompensação gradual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esse padrão dependente da idade evidencia vias fisiopatológicas distintas – morte arrítmica súbita nos jovens versus falência de bomba prolongada nos idosos – e destaca o impacto social desproporcional da mortalidade prematura em coortes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora o impacto das cardiomiopatias seja amplamente reconhecido, estudos longitudinais que examinem de forma abrangente o local do óbito e sua relação com a mortalidade prematura permanecem limitados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em particular, o uso de AVP fornece uma métrica essencial que captura a &quot;carga invisível&quot; da doença – refletindo não apenas o número de mortes, mas também a profunda perda de anos produtivos de vida que as taxas brutas de mortalidade não conseguem expressar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Poucas investigações integraram tendências de longo prazo no local do evento terminal com a quantificação de AVP em diferentes fenótipos de cardiomiopatia.</p>
				<p>O presente estudo aborda essas lacunas ao analisar quase três décadas de dados nacionais sobre mortes relacionadas a cardiomiopatias, examinando mudanças temporais no local de ocorrência, padrões específicos por idade consistentes com modos súbitos versus progressivos de morte, e a carga associada de mortalidade prematura por meio dos AVP. Ao combinar essas dimensões, este trabalho busca oferecer uma perspectiva populacional sobre padrões evolutivos de mortalidade por cardiomiopatia, informando estratégias para melhorar o acesso oportuno a terapias que salvam vidas e reduzir perdas de vida potencialmente evitáveis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Este foi um estudo ecológico, de base populacional, retrospectivo, utilizando dados secundários de mortalidade do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), mantido pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), do Ministério da Saúde. Foram incluídos todos os óbitos com cardiomiopatia (CID-10 código I42) registrados como causa básica, abrangendo toda a população residente no Brasil entre 1º de janeiro de 1996 e 31 de dezembro de 2024.</p>
				<p>Os dados foram obtidos a partir de tabulações agregadas pré-definidas na plataforma DATASUS, estratificadas por ano do óbito, faixa etária, sexo e local de ocorrência. Essas tabulações oferecem cobertura nacional dos óbitos registrados e constituem a fonte oficial para vigilância da mortalidade no Brasil. As análises basearam-se exclusivamente em dados totalmente agregados e anonimizados, sem acesso a registros individuais.</p>
				<p>O desfecho primário foi o local do óbito, categorizado como hospital, domicílio, via pública, outro estabelecimento de saúde, outros locais ou ignorado/desconhecido. As variáveis explicativas incluíram ano do óbito (para análise temporal), faixa etária (categorias padrão: &lt;1 ano, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, ≥80 anos e ignorado) e sexo (masculino, feminino, ignorado). Para algumas análises, as faixas etárias foram agregadas em categorias mais amplas (&lt;20 anos, 20–39 anos, 40–59 anos e ≥60 anos).</p>
				<p>As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas em Python. As análises descritivas calcularam frequências absolutas e relativas do local do óbito, estratificadas por faixa etária e sexo, com avaliação descritiva da completude dos dados para as principais variáveis.</p>
				<p>As tendências temporais nas proporções de óbitos hospitalares e domiciliares foram avaliadas por meio de regressão linear pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários. Mudanças estruturais foram examinadas por regressão segmentada com o teste de Chow. As taxas de mortalidade foram modeladas utilizando modelos lineares generalizados de Poisson, incorporando estimativas populacionais de meio de ano do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) como <italic>log-offset</italic> para derivar a variação percentual anual e as razões de taxas de incidência.</p>
				<p>As associações entre faixa etária e local do óbito foram avaliadas por testes de qui-quadrado de independência, com comparações adicionais de proporções entre estratos realizadas por meio de testes Z. <italic>Odds ratios</italic> para óbito em domicílio versus hospital e via pública versus hospital, juntamente com intervalos de confiança de 95%, foram calculados a partir de tabelas de contingência. Um gradiente relacionado à idade nos óbitos domiciliares foi testado por regressão linear, utilizando os pontos médios das faixas etárias como preditor contínuo.</p>
				<p>Os AVP foram calculados multiplicando-se os óbitos em cada faixa etária pela expectativa de vida remanescente da tábua de vida brasileira de 2020 (IBGE), produzindo estimativas totais e estratificadas por idade. Os óbitos ocorridos em vias públicas foram examinados como um proxy de possível MSC, com proporções comparadas entre faixas etárias por meio de testes de qui-quadrado e testes Z, e odds ratios calculadas em relação aos estratos de maior idade. A idade no momento do óbito foi incorporada por meio do cálculo dos AVP, que capturam a carga de mortalidade prematura e permitem uma estratificação indireta por idade dos óbitos relacionados às cardiomiopatias.</p>
				<p>A significância estatística foi definida como valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05, com intervalos de confiança de 95% reportados quando aplicável.</p>
				<p>O estudo utilizou dados públicos, agregados e anonimizados, sem identificadores individuais. De acordo com a regulamentação brasileira, análises desse tipo são isentas de avaliação por comitê de ética em pesquisa. Este estudo segue as diretrizes STROBE para relatos de estudos observacionais que utilizam dados rotineiramente coletados em saúde.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Ao longo do período de 29 anos (1996–2024), foram registrados no Brasil 369 570 óbitos por cardiomiopatias. As taxas de mortalidade não ajustadas por idade apresentaram queda significativa de 1,7% ao ano (IC 95% -1,8 a -1,6; P&lt;0,001), confirmando uma redução sustentada na mortalidade por cardiomiopatia após o ajuste para o crescimento populacional, com uma interrupção temporária observada em 2020.</p>
				<p>A proporção de óbitos hospitalares diminuiu de forma acentuada, passando de aproximadamente 75% em 1996 para 43% em 2024, enquanto os óbitos domiciliares praticamente dobraram, aumentando de 20% para 38%. Um ponto de inflexão significativo ocorreu por volta de 2011, após o qual a mudança em direção aos óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar se acelerou.</p>
				<p>O local do óbito variou substancialmente entre as faixas etárias (χ<sup>2</sup> p&lt;0,001). Indivíduos mais idosos (≥60 anos) apresentaram as maiores proporções de óbitos domiciliares (aproximadamente 40%), enquanto faixas etárias mais jovens exibiram menores taxas de óbito em domicílio e maiores proporções de óbito hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Observou-se um claro gradiente relacionado à idade, com a proporção de óbitos domiciliares aumentando progressivamente com o avanço da idade.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Perfil sociodemográfico, local do óbito e anos de vida perdidos devido às cardiomiopatias no Brasil, entre 1996 e 2024</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="12%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mortes totais (n)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Hospital ar (%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">No domicílio (%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Vias públicas (%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">AVP totais (anos)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">AVP por morte</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<td align="left" colspan="8" valign="top"><bold>Sexo</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">Masculino</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">210 654</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">57,0%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">40,8%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">38,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2,5%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4 950 368</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">23,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="top">Feminino</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">158 916</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">43,0%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">45,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">37,5%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,9%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3 180 172</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">20,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<td align="left" colspan="8" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top"><bold>Grupo etário (anos)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">&lt; 20</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">7 391</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2,0%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">76,4%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">15,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2,1%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">510 718</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">69,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="top">20–39 (jovens adultos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">20 326</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">5,5%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">30,8%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4,8%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">871 985</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">42,9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">40–59 (meia idade)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">88 696</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">24,0%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">48,9%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">35,1%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2 581 053</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">29,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="top">60–79 (idosos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">162 610</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">44,0%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">41,5%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">39,4%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1,1%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3 740 030</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">23,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">≥ 80 (muito idosos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">90 547</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">24,5%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">36,8%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">41,2%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,4%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">426 754</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4,7</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>AVP: anos de vida perdido.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Óbitos ocorridos fora do ambiente hospitalar estiveram associados a uma carga desproporcionalmente maior de AVP, sugerindo idade mais precoce no momento do óbito em comparação com os óbitos hospitalares.</p>
				<p>Os óbitos ocorridos em vias públicas, um proxy para possível MSC, foram significativamente mais comuns entre adultos jovens. Indivíduos de 20–39 anos apresentaram uma taxa de 4,8% de óbitos em via pública, em comparação com 0,8% entre aqueles com ≥60 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Em relação aos indivíduos com ≥60 anos, a <italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustada para óbito em via pública versus hospital foi de 2,88 (IC 95% 2,68–3,10) para a faixa de 20–39 anos e 1,95 (IC 95% 1,85–2,06) para a faixa de 40–59 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). A desproporção entre a baixa contribuição dos jovens para o total de óbitos e sua alta contribuição para os anos de vida perdidos (AVP), bem como a maior proporção de óbitos em via pública (proxy de MSC) nas faixas etárias mais jovens, é ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. Esses achados sustentam fenótipos distintos de mortalidade por cardiomiopatia relacionados à idade, com predominância de mortes arrítmicas potencialmente evitáveis entre indivíduos jovens e falência progressiva da bomba cardíaca entre adultos mais velhos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Associação entre idade e óbito fora do ambiente hospitalar em cardiomiopatias</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Grupo etário (Referência: ≥ 60 anos)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Óbito em domicílio vs. hospital OR (IC 95%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Óbito em via pública vs. hospital OR (IC 95%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">&lt; 20 anos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,45 (0,42–0,48)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,95 (0,80–1,12)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="top">20–39 anos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,82 (0,79–0,85)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2,88 (2,68–3,10)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">40–59 anos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">0,91 (0,89–0,93)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1,95 (1,85–2,06)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="top">≥ 60 anos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1,00 (Ref.)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1,00 (Ref.)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Carga desproporcional e indicadores de morte súbita em cardiomiopatias, Brasil, 1996–2024; (A) Proporção de óbitos totais e anos de vida perdidos (AVP) por faixa etária, destacando o AVP desproporcional em adultos jovens; (B) Proporção de óbitos ocorridos em vias públicas (proxy para morte súbita) em pacientes jovens (20–39 anos) versus idosos (70+ anos).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260024-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>A carga total de mortalidade prematura foi de 6,83 milhões de AVP. Embora indivíduos de 20-39 anos representassem apenas 5,5% dos óbitos, contribuíram com 12,8% do total de AVP, com uma média de 42,9 anos perdidos por óbito – substancialmente maior do que os 4,7 anos perdidos por óbito entre aqueles com ≥80 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Esta análise nacional abrangendo quase três décadas de mortalidade relacionada às cardiomiopatias no Brasil revela uma evolução paradoxal, caracterizada por uma redução sustentada nas taxas de mortalidade não ajustadas por idade, acompanhada por uma mudança marcante em direção aos óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar. A variação percentual anual de −1,7% é consistente com reduções mais amplas na mortalidade cardiovascular observadas no Brasil e em outros países de renda média, atribuídas principalmente a melhorias na conscientização diagnóstica, terapias farmacológicas e manejo de longo prazo dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Tendências semelhantes foram relatadas entre os países do BRICS, embora com declínios mais lentos do que aqueles observados em regiões de alta renda, destacando limitações estruturais e socioeconômicas persistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse contexto, a redução acentuada dos óbitos hospitalares – de aproximadamente 75% em meados da década de 1990 para 43% em 2024 – combinada com o quase dobrar dos óbitos domiciliares e um claro ponto de inflexão por volta de 2011, espelha observações internacionais sobre mudanças nos padrões de cuidados de fim de vida em populações com insuficiência cardíaca. Embora essa transição possa refletir parcialmente a expansão de modelos de cuidado domiciliar ou paliativo, evidências de países de alta e média renda sugerem que ela também pode indicar capacidade hospitalar limitada e barreiras ao acesso a cuidados avançados durante a descompensação terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma importante característica da mortalidade por cardiomiopatia é a forte divergência dependente da idade no fenótipo terminal, claramente refletida no local do óbito. Entre adultos jovens (20–39 anos), a proporção desproporcionalmente elevada de óbitos em vias públicas e uma <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 2,88 em comparação com indivíduos mais velhos são compatíveis com um fenótipo predominantemente elétrico, marcado por instabilidade eletrofisiológica primária, embora essa interpretação não possa ser diretamente confirmada pelos dados ecológicos do presente estudo. Estudos anteriores demonstraram de forma consistente que a MSC frequentemente representa a primeira manifestação clínica das cardiomiopatias em indivíduos jovens, ocorrendo muitas vezes em corações estruturalmente menos remodelados e na ausência de disfunção sistólica avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e as cardiomiopatias arrítmicas ou genéticas são particularmente sobrerrepresentadas nesse contexto, com arritmias ventriculares malignas constituindo o principal mecanismo de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A oportunidade limitada de ressuscitação em ambientes fora do hospital amplifica ainda mais a letalidade, como demonstrado previamente em coortes de insuficiência cardíaca nas quais a MSC responde por mais da metade de todos os óbitos ocorridos fora do ambiente hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar de representarem uma pequena fração do total de óbitos, adultos jovens contribuíram de forma desproporcional para a mortalidade prematura, com uma média de 42,9 AVP por óbito. Esse achado está alinhado com análises do <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>, que demonstram que os AVP atribuem peso elevado aos óbitos que ocorrem em idades jovens e capturam uma &quot;carga invisível&quot; substancial não refletida nas contagens brutas de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A magnitude dos AVP observada nesse subgrupo reforça o impacto social da morte arrítmica súbita e pode sugerir lacunas persistentes nas estratégias de prevenção primária. Evidências robustas sustentam a eficácia dos desfibriladores implantáveis na redução da mortalidade total e da mortalidade súbita cardíaca em cardiomiopatia não isquêmica, particularmente entre pacientes jovens e aqueles com substratos genéticos ou arrítmicos específicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, a predominância de óbitos súbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar nesse grupo etário sugere subutilização de triagem familiar, estratificação genética de risco e implantação profilática de dispositivos, apesar do claro suporte das diretrizes para essas intervenções.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em contraste, indivíduos mais idosos – especialmente aqueles com idade igual ou maior que 80 anos – apresentaram as maiores proporções de óbitos domiciliares, o que pode ser compatível com um fenótipo dominado por remodelamento miocárdico progressivo e falência de bomba refratária. Estudos longitudinais de cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca crônica demonstram que o avanço da idade está associado a uma mudança de modos súbitos para não súbitos de morte, impulsionada por disfunção sistólica progressiva, carga de comorbidades e fragilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nessa trajetória, estados crônicos de baixo débito culminam em descompensação gradual, frequentemente ocorrendo fora do ambiente hospitalar. Padrões semelhantes foram observados em coortes contemporâneas de insuficiência cardíaca, nas quais os óbitos em domicílio ou em serviços de cuidados paliativos aumentaram ao longo do tempo, enquanto os óbitos hospitalares diminuíram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O valor relativamente baixo de AVP por óbito entre os muito idosos (4,7 anos) destaca que a principal carga populacional das cardiomiopatias decorre da mortalidade prematura, e não dos óbitos que ocorrem em idades avançadas.</p>
				<p>A mudança progressiva em direção aos óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar também pode levantar preocupações sobre possíveis barreiras ao acesso a terapias cardiovasculares avançadas, embora isso não possa ser diretamente avaliado com os dados disponíveis. O transplante cardíaco permanece o tratamento padrão-ouro para pacientes elegíveis com cardiomiopatia em estágio terminal, oferecendo uma sobrevida mediana superior a uma década, enquanto pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca estágio D sem acesso a terapias avançadas apresentam sobrevida mediana inferior a dois anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dispositivos de assistência ventricular de longa duração também transformaram os desfechos, com sobrevida de um ano superior a 80% em coortes contemporâneas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, ambas as estratégias dependem da identificação oportuna da insuficiência cardíaca avançada, encaminhamento precoce e acesso a centros altamente especializados. Diversos estudos destacaram que o reconhecimento tardio da doença avançada e vias de encaminhamento fragmentadas resultam em perda de janelas terapêuticas, deixando muitos pacientes evoluírem para deterioração irreversível em casa ou durante transferências entre instituições.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em um país de dimensões continentais, com programas de transplante centralizados e disparidades regionais e socioeconômicas pronunciadas, essas barreiras podem ser amplificadas, potencialmente contribuindo para eventos terminais que ocorrem além do alcance de intervenções capazes de prolongar a vida.</p>
				<p>Em conjunto, os padrões observados podem ser compatíveis com falhas complementares ao longo do espectro das cardiomiopatias, embora essas interpretações permaneçam como hipóteses, dado o desenho ecológico deste estudo. Entre pacientes mais idosos, os achados são compatíveis com a predominância do fenótipo de falência da bomba, e os óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar podem refletir tanto cuidados adequados de fim de vida quanto acesso limitado a terapias avançadas. Entre indivíduos mais jovens, os achados são compatíveis com a predominância de instabilidade elétrica, com parada cardíaca súbita frequentemente ocorrendo antes do diagnóstico ou da implementação de estratégias protetoras. Enquanto o transplante e o suporte circulatório mecânico abordam principalmente a falência terminal da bomba, a terapia com CDI representa uma intervenção sentinela capaz de evitar mortes arrítmicas catastróficas em pacientes jovens; ainda assim, o fato de o óbito ocorrer fora do ambiente hospitalar indica que essa estratégia protetora permanece insuficientemente implementada em nível populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Várias limitações merecem consideração. A dependência do código ICD-10 I42 pode introduzir erro de classificação, uma vez que a cardiomiopatia engloba etiologias heterogêneas com perfis de risco variados, e a variação regional nas práticas de certificação de óbito pode enviesar estimativas de mortalidade por causa específica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Óbitos em vias públicas foram utilizados como proxy para MSC e não possuem confirmação clínica ou necroscópica de mecanismos arrítmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Além disso, a transição para a codificação ICD-10 e a natureza agregada dos dados de mortalidade limitam a especificidade etiológica e impedem ajustes por confundidores em nível individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ainda assim, os pontos fortes deste estudo incluem sua abrangência nacional, o longo horizonte temporal e a integração entre local do óbito e AVP, oferecendo uma visão inédita sobre a epidemiologia em evolução e a carga específica por idade das cardiomiopatias em um grande país de renda média. Dados de raça/etnia não estavam disponíveis de forma consistente no banco de mortalidade e, portanto, não foram incluídos nas análises principais. Essa limitação pode obscurecer disparidades sociais e estruturais importantes nos desfechos relacionados às cardiomiopatias.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Esta análise nacional, abrangendo quase três décadas de mortalidade relacionada às cardiomiopatias no Brasil, demonstra que as melhorias na sobrevida geral foram acompanhadas por uma mudança clinicamente relevante e epidemiologicamente reveladora no local do óbito. Embora a mortalidade não ajustada por idade tenha diminuído de forma constante – em consonância com tendências cardiovasculares mais amplas observadas no Brasil e em outros países de renda média – uma proporção crescente de óbitos agora ocorre fora do ambiente hospitalar. Essa divergência ressalta que reduções na mortalidade, por si só, são insuficientes para caracterizar a qualidade, a oportunidade e a equidade do cuidado oferecido ao longo do espectro das cardiomiopatias.</p>
				<p>A integração entre local do óbito e AVP destaca dois fenótipos distintos, dependentes da idade, que impulsionam essa carga. Em indivíduos jovens, os achados são compatíveis com um fenótipo predominantemente elétrico, com mortes súbitas fora do hospital respondendo por uma parcela desproporcional da mortalidade prematura. O elevado AVP nesse grupo reforça a noção de que a MSC permanece um desfecho importante e potencialmente prevenível, dada a eficácia estabelecida da estratificação de risco, triagem genética e terapia com desfibrilador implantável em populações de cardiomiopatia de alto risco.</p>
				<p>Por outro lado, entre os muito idosos, os achados são compatíveis com a predominância de falência progressiva da bomba cardíaca, frequentemente culminando em óbitos domiciliares com AVP relativamente baixo — um padrão que pode refletir tanto planejamento adequado de cuidados de fim de vida quanto acesso limitado a terapias avançadas.</p>
				<p>A crescente predominância de óbitos fora do ambiente hospitalar em todas as faixas etárias pode sugerir lacunas sistêmicas no continuum de cuidado. Para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada, esse padrão pode refletir reconhecimento tardio e encaminhamento insuficiente para transplante ou terapias de suporte circulatório mecânico – intervenções que melhoram de forma marcante a sobrevida, mas permanecem geograficamente concentradas e logisticamente inacessíveis para grande parte da população. Em pacientes jovens, isso pode indicar subutilização persistente de estratégias preventivas comprovadas contra arritmias malignas, com consequências sociais profundas mensuradas em décadas de vida perdidas.</p>
				<p>No geral, esses achados reposicionam a mortalidade por cardiomiopatia não apenas como uma questão de quantos pacientes morrem, mas onde, quando e em qual estágio da doença esses óbitos ocorrem. O local do óbito pode servir como um marcador pragmático, em nível populacional, de oportunidades perdidas – seja para intervenções que salvam vidas em indivíduos jovens, seja para cuidados avançados oportunos naqueles com doença em estágio terminal. Enfrentar essa dupla falha exigirá estratégias específicas por faixa etária: fortalecer a prevenção primária e a mitigação do risco arrítmico em indivíduos jovens, enquanto simultaneamente aprimora a identificação precoce, os fluxos de encaminhamento e o acesso equitativo às terapias avançadas para insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes mais velhos. Tal abordagem é essencial para reduzir a mortalidade prematura, otimizar o cuidado de fim de vida e diminuir de forma significativa a carga de longo prazo das cardiomiopatias no Brasil e em outros contextos de renda média.</p>
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					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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