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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260018i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Mortality Still Matters in Clinical Trials for Heart Failure</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>João Manoel</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>João Manoel Rossi Neto</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia – Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP- Brazil E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Salvador Rassi</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260018</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mortality Still Matters in Clinical Trials for Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260018-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec>
			<title/>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and healthcare costs worldwide. In the ESC HF III Registry, one-year mortality after hospitalization ranged from 16% to 22%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> while in the United States it reaches 35.2% among patients ≥ 65 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Even so, only 1 in 8 post-2015 trials in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular death, in contrast with 13 of 16 pre-2015 trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This misalignment has driven an increasing reliance on alternative endpoints.</p>
			<p>Having participated in the Brazilian coordination of international acute myocardial infarction trials – including ISIS-4, ASSENT-2, and ASSENT-4 PCI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> – all of which used mortality as the central endpoint, it was possible to witness an era in which the primary clinical question was whether a treatment did or did not reduce death. This viewpoint argues that mortality remains the principal endpoint for clinical inference in HF and should not be abandoned in the design of contemporary trials.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Mortality in HF: a persistent reality</title>
				<p>A population-based Australian and New Zealand study including 283,048 patients demonstrated a median survival of only 2.8 years after hospitalization for acute HF, with just 17.1% of patients alive at 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In a Danish cohort of 194,997 patients followed for 25 years, the reduction in 5-year mortality was substantially smaller among individuals ≥ 80 years compared with younger patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A meta-analysis across 38 countries involving 1.5 million patients reported one-year mortality of 23.3% and rehospitalization rates of 35.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These data reinforce that mortality continues to represent the final clinical expression of HF progression.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Modern trials: why has mortality disappeared as a primary endpoint?</title>
				<p>Mortality was the primary endpoint in 9 of 16 pre-2015 HFrEF trials, but in none of the pivotal trials published after 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Optimization of background therapy substantially reduced fatal events: comparative analyses estimated a 50% reduction in cardiovascular mortality with quadruple therapy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> while a contemporary meta-analysis confirmed an estimated gain of 5.3 years of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Moreover, event-driven trials use shorter follow-up periods, during which hospitalizations occur earlier than deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The progressive reduction in the death-to-hospitalization ratio also makes demonstrating survival benefit more difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Another relevant factor is the use of run-in periods that exclude higher-risk patients, as seen in PARADIGM-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Beyond clinical and methodological aspects, the shift toward alternative endpoints likely also reflects economic and operational constraints of modern trials. As demonstrating mortality reduction became more challenging, clinical trials began to require larger samples, longer follow-up, and substantially higher costs – making non-fatal endpoints and analytical methods with greater statistical efficiency progressively more attractive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Alternative endpoints: statistical efficiency and clinical benefit are not equivalent</title>
				<p>Methods for recurrent event analysis, the <italic>win ratio</italic>, and the <italic>estimand</italic> framework have become pragmatic alternatives to increase analytical efficiency in contemporary HF trials. However, gains in statistical efficiency do not necessarily correspond to demonstrating clinical benefit of greater prognostic relevance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In an analysis of four SGLT2 inhibitor trials, recurrent-event models produced wider confidence intervals and lower statistical significance than traditional Cox models in three of the four studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The <italic>win ratio</italic> incorporates clinical hierarchy by prioritizing death over hospitalization, but may yield results similar to those obtained with first-event analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The <italic>estimand</italic> framework proposed by ICH E9(R1) represents an important methodological advance, but does not eliminate limitations in statistical power to detect differences in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Strategies such as <italic>while on treatment</italic> and <italic>hypothetical</italic> have also been criticized for potentially reducing the use of information from randomized participants after intercurrent events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In contemporary practice, meta-analyses and evidence-grading systems such as GRADE have increasingly supported therapeutic recommendations predominantly based on non-fatal endpoints – even in the absence of robust demonstration of mortality benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>The example of the iSGLT2 inhibitors</title>
				<p>SGLT2 inhibitors clearly illustrate this dissociation between endpoints. A meta-analysis of five randomized trials demonstrated a 28% reduction in HF hospitalizations, whereas the effects on cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality were proportionally smaller.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In HFrEF, a meta-analysis of DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced confirmed a 14% reduction in cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In HFpEF, the benefit was predominantly driven by reductions in hospitalizations, with a borderline effect on cardiovascular death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> An additional systematic review classified the evidence for mortality as low certainty, despite high certainty for hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Taken together, these findings show that consistent reductions in non-fatal endpoints may occur even in the absence of proportional benefit in mortality, reinforcing the importance of continuing to evaluate survival as a central endpoint in HF trials.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Implications for future studies</title>
				<p>Future HF trials should be designed to evaluate mortality more consistently, with adequate follow-up, inclusion of mortality as a primary or co-primary endpoint, and selection of populations with higher baseline risk. The ratio between mortality and hospitalization may help estimate the feasibility of demonstrating survival benefit. Alternative outcomes, particularly functional, symptomatic, and patient-centered ones, remain relevant for quantifying clinical burden and therapeutic benefit. However, their interpretation should occur within the context of the most clinically relevant and irreversible outcomes, especially mortality, and should be considered preferably complementary, not substitutes, for survival assessment. Not surprisingly, the FDA, EMA, and PMDA continue to separately evaluate the most clinically relevant components of composite outcomes, paying particular attention to the effects on mortality and other irreversible outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Alternative endpoints are important for assessing clinically relevant aspects such as symptom burden, hospitalizations, and quality of life. However, in a chronic disease with high lethality such as HF, benefits in non-fatal endpoints do not necessarily translate into proportional reductions in mortality. Therefore, demonstrating survival benefit remains essential for evaluating the overall clinical impact of therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Mortality still matters – and will always matter – in clinical trials in heart failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Claude and Chatgpt to search for and translate relevant references. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260018</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Mortalidade Ainda Importa nos Estudos Clínicos em Insuficiência Cardíaca</article-title>
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						<given-names>João Manoel</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>João Manoel Rossi Neto</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia – Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP- Brasil E-mail: <email>jmrossi@sti.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Salvador Rassi</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Ensaio Clínico</kwd>
				<kwd>Hospitalização</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260018-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec>
				<title/>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) permanece uma das principais causas de mortalidade e de custos em saúde globalmente. No ESC HF III Registry, a mortalidade em um ano após hospitalização variou entre 16% e 22%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> enquanto nos EUA alcança 35,2% em pacientes ≥ 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ainda assim, apenas 1 em 8 estudos de IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) publicados após 2015 demonstrou redução de morte cardiovascular, em contraste com 13 de 16 estudos pré-2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse desalinhamento impulsionou uma crescente dependência de desfechos alternativos.</p>
				<p>Tendo participado da coordenação no Brasil de estudos internacionais em infarto agudo do miocárdio, entre eles ISIS-4, ASSENT-2 e ASSENT-4 PCI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> todos com mortalidade como desfecho central, foi possível acompanhar uma era em que a principal pergunta clínica era se o tratamento reduzia ou não a morte. Este ponto de vista argumenta que a mortalidade permanece o principal desfecho para inferência clínica em IC e não deve ser abandonada no desenho dos estudos contemporâneos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Mortalidade na IC: uma realidade persistente</title>
					<p>Um estudo populacional australiano e neozelandês com 283.048 pacientes demonstrou sobrevida mediana de apenas 2,8 anos após hospitalização por IC aguda, com somente 17,1% dos pacientes vivos aos 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em uma coorte dinamarquesa com 194.997 pacientes acompanhados por 25 anos, a redução da mortalidade em 5 anos foi substancialmente menor em indivíduos ≥ 80 anos do que em pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Metanálise de 38 países envolvendo 1,5 milhão de pacientes demonstrou mortalidade em um ano de 23,3% e taxas de reospitalização de 35,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esses dados reforçam que a mortalidade continua representando a expressão clínica final da progressão da IC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estudos modernos: por que a mortalidade desapareceu como desfecho primário?</title>
					<p>A mortalidade foi o desfecho primário em 9 de 16 estudos de ICFEr pré-2015, mas em nenhum dos estudos fundamentais publicados após 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A otimização da terapia de base reduziu substancialmente os eventos fatais: análise comparativa estimou redução de 50% na mortalidade cardiovascular com terapia quádrupla,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> enquanto metanálise contemporânea confirmou ganho estimado de 5,3 anos de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além disso, estudos orientados a eventos utilizam seguimentos mais curtos, nos quais hospitalizações ocorrem mais precocemente do que óbitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A redução progressiva da razão morte/hospitalização também dificulta a demonstração de benefício em sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outro fator relevante são períodos de run-in que excluem pacientes de maior risco, como observado no PARADIGM-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além dos aspectos clínicos e metodológicos, a transição para desfechos alternativos provavelmente também reflete limitações econômicas e operacionais dos estudos contemporâneos. À medida que a redução da mortalidade se tornou mais difícil de demonstrar, ensaios clínicos passaram a demandar amostras maiores, maior tempo de seguimento e custos significativamente mais elevados, tornando desfechos não fatais e métodos analíticos com maior eficiência estatística opções progressivamente mais atrativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desfechos alternativos: eficiência estatística e benefício clínico não são equivalentes</title>
					<p>Métodos para análise de eventos recorrentes, <italic>win ratio</italic> e a estrutura de <italic>estimands</italic> tornaram-se alternativas pragmáticas para aumentar a eficiência analítica em estudos contemporâneos de IC. Contudo, ganho de eficiência estatística não necessariamente corresponde à demonstração de benefício clínico de maior relevância prognóstica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em análise de quatro estudos com iSGLT2, modelos para eventos recorrentes produziram intervalos de confiança mais amplos e menor significância estatística do que modelos tradicionais de Cox em três dos quatro estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O win ratio incorpora hierarquia clínica ao priorizar morte sobre hospitalização, mas pode gerar resultados semelhantes aos obtidos pela análise do primeiro evento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A estrutura de <italic>estimands</italic> proposta pelo ICH E9(R1) representa importante avanço metodológico, mas não elimina limitações de poder estatístico para detectar diferenças em mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Estratégias como while on treatment e hypothetical também foram criticadas por potencialmente reduzirem o aproveitamento das informações de participantes randomizados após eventos intercorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na prática contemporânea, metanálises e sistemas de gradação de evidência como o GRADE passaram progressivamente a sustentar recomendações terapêuticas com base predominante em desfechos não fatais — mesmo na ausência de demonstração robusta de benefício em mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>O exemplo dos inibidores de SGLT-2 (iSGLT2)</title>
					<p>Os iSGLT2 ilustram claramente essa dissociação entre desfechos. Metanálise de cinco estudos randomizados demonstrou redução de hospitalização por IC em 28%, enquanto os efeitos sobre morte cardiovascular e mortalidade total foram proporcionalmente menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em ICFEr, metanálise de DAPA-HF e EMPEROR-Reduced confirmou redução de 14% em morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em ICFEp, o benefício foi predominantemente relacionado à redução de hospitalizações, com efeito limítrofe sobre morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Revisão sistemática adicional classificou a evidência para mortalidade como de baixa certeza, apesar da alta certeza para hospitalizações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em conjunto, esses achados demonstram que reduções consistentes em desfechos não fatais podem ocorrer mesmo na ausência de benefício proporcional em mortalidade, reforçando a importância de continuar avaliando a sobrevida como desfecho central nos estudos em IC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Implicações para estudos futuros</title>
					<p>Estudos futuros em IC devem ser planejados para avaliar mortalidade de forma mais consistente, com seguimento adequado, inclusão de mortalidade como desfecho primário ou coprimário e seleção de populações com maior risco basal. A razão entre mortalidade e hospitalização pode auxiliar na estimativa de viabilidade para demonstração de benefício em sobrevida. Desfechos alternativos, particularmente os funcionais, sintomáticos e aqueles centrados no paciente, permanecem relevantes para quantificar carga clínica e benefício terapêutico. Entretanto, sua interpretação deve ocorrer no contexto dos desfechos clinicamente mais relevantes e irreversíveis, especialmente a mortalidade, devendo ser considerados preferencialmente complementares, e não substitutos, da avaliação de sobrevida. Não por acaso, FDA, EMA e PMDA continuam avaliando separadamente os componentes de maior relevância clínica dos desfechos compostos, com especial atenção aos efeitos sobre mortalidade e outros desfechos irreversíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Desfechos alternativos são importantes para avaliar aspectos clínicos relevantes, como carga sintomática, hospitalizações e qualidade de vida. Contudo, em uma doença crônica de elevada letalidade como a IC, benefícios em desfechos não fatais não necessariamente se acompanham de redução proporcional da mortalidade. Por isso, a demonstração de benefício em sobrevida continua sendo fundamental para a avaliação do impacto clínico global das intervenções terapêuticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A mortalidade ainda importa – e sempre importará – nos estudos clínicos em IC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram Claude e Chatgpt para busca e tradução de referências relevantes. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>