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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260017i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome in a Heart Transplant Recipient</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6380-0092</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schreiber</surname>
						<given-names>Adir</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faganello</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Magalhães</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Spannemberger</surname>
						<given-names>Kaleb Pinto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1149-5841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caberlon</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zimerman</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Adir Schreiber Junior</bold> • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>adir.scjunior@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260017</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>A 44-year-old woman underwent heart transplantation due to refractory angina and advanced heart failure. During the postoperative period, she developed episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and intermittent ventricular pre-excitation on the electrocardiogram. After an initial period of pharmacological management, she underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of a left posteroseptal accessory pathway. A review of the literature regarding Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in heart transplant recipients is also presented.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart transplantation is an established therapeutic option for patients with advanced heart failure, offering the potential for substantial improvement in prognosis. Its prevalence has increased in recent years; in 2023, a total of 430 heart transplants were performed in Brazil, according to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is characterized by ventricular pre-excitation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and symptomatic arrhythmias involving an accessory pathway that enables premature conduction between the atria and ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although most individuals with ventricular pre-excitation remain asymptomatic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a small subset may develop life-threatening arrhythmias, such as atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, or even ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Catheter ablation is the guideline-recommended definitive therapy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with a high success rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although the occurrence of WPW syndrome after cardiac transplantation is rare, it can lead to severe arrhythmic events in this specific patient population.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>A 44-year-old Caucasian woman with ischemic cardiomyopathy secondary to an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, complicated by failed primary angioplasty with a no-reflow phenomenon, progressed to severe LV dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 26%) with formation of an LV aneurysm.</p>
			<p>Despite optimized guideline-directed medical therapy and subsequent percutaneous revascularization of the right and left circumflex coronary arteries, she remained in NYHA class IV heart failure and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class IV angina after 25 months of follow-up. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) demonstrated severely reduced functional capacity (peak VO<sub>2</sub> 10.7 mL/kg/min), confirming treatment-refractory disease, and she was listed for heart transplantation.</p>
			<p>After 30 days on the waiting list, the patient underwent heart transplantation using the bicaval technique. The donor was a 21-year-old male with no significant comorbidities, who had a history of tachyarrhythmia and an ECG showing ventricular pre-excitation. He died as a result of a traffic accident. Surgical parameters included a total cardiopulmonary bypass time of 130 minutes, an aortic cross-clamp time of 96 minutes, and a total ischemia time of 245 minutes. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient developed graft dysfunction, likely secondary to a right coronary artery air embolism, requiring temporary inotropic support with norepinephrine and dobutamine. Additionally, she experienced episodes of narrow-QRS supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) associated with hemodynamic instability (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), which were terminated via epicardial pacemaker overdrive pacing.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram obtained during the postoperative period. The tracing demonstrates a narrow-QRS complex tachycardia with a regular rhythm, consistent with orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Postoperative ECG monitoring revealed intermittent ventricular pre-excitation. A formal 12-lead ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) confirmed sinus rhythm with a posteroseptal accessory pathway, as determined by the Milstein algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Amiodarone was initially prescribed but was discontinued due to limiting tremors and potential drug interactions. An endomyocardial biopsy performed 10 days after heart transplantation revealed grade 3R acute cellular rejection, characterized by marked perivascular and interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. Immunosuppressive therapy was subsequently adjusted by the heart transplant team. The patient was discharged 46 days post-transplant without further SVT episodes.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Baseline twelve-lead electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm. The tracing shows a short PR interval and a prominent delta wave, characteristic of ventricular pre-excitation. The presence of positive delta waves in leads V1, I, and aVL, together with negative delta waves in the inferior leads (II, III, and aVF), is consistent with a left posteroseptal accessory pathway according to the Milstein algorithm.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Three months later, the patient presented to the emergency department with recurrent SVT, which was successfully terminated with 3 mg of adenosine. Catheter ablation was subsequently recommended. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia via triple right femoral vein puncture. Decapolar and quadripolar catheters were positioned in the coronary sinus and His bundle region, respectively. An HD Grid catheter was advanced into the left chambers via transseptal puncture, and electroanatomical mapping was performed using the EnSite Precision system.</p>
			<p>During mapping, orthodromic SVT (cycle length 384 ms) was spontaneously induced, mediated by a posteroseptal accessory pathway at the mitral annulus. Radiofrequency ablation via a transseptal approach successfully terminated the tachycardia. Post-ablation ventricular pacing maneuvers demonstrated decremental retrograde conduction with no evidence of residual accessory pathway activity. Final conduction intervals were PA 27 ms, AH 63 ms, and HV 54 ms. The patient has remained asymptomatic, with no further clinically significant episodes of SVT and no evidence of pre-excitation on ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) during a 2-year follow-up, without the use of antiarrhythmic medication.</p>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Surface twelve-lead electrocardiogram obtained at the two-year follow-up, showing sinus rhythm without evidence of ventricular pre-excitation.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The electrocardiographic pattern of ventricular pre-excitation has an estimated prevalence ranging from 0.1% to 0.3% in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In contrast, WPW syndrome – defined by the coexistence of pre-excitation and symptomatic arrhythmias – is significantly less common. Notably, a surface ECG may appear normal in cases of intermittent pre-excitation or concealed accessory pathways. While many patients remain asymptomatic, others may experience life-threatening events, including sudden cardiac death. Accessory pathways are most frequently located in the left lateral region, accounting for approximately 50–60% of cases, followed by the posteroseptal, right free wall, and anteroseptal regions. Definitive treatment consists of catheter ablation, which yields a high success rate – up to 98% in some series<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> – and a favorable safety profile, including a low incidence of nonfatal adverse events (1.5%) and procedure-related mortality (0.1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Arrhythmias are common after orthotopic heart transplantation and arise from mechanisms largely specific to the allograft: autonomic denervation, surgical technique, acute and chronic rejection, and transplant vasculopathy. The bicaval technique and minimizing ischemic time are current standards to reduce this risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Bradyarrhythmias occur in roughly 8–23% of recipients, with sinus node dysfunction being the leading indication for early pacemaker implantation, whereas atrioventricular block becomes more frequent with increasing time from transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Among sustained atrial arrhythmias, atrial flutter predominates late after transplantation and is the arrhythmia most consistently associated with rejection, whereas atrial fibrillation clusters in the perioperative period and is uncommon in stable long-term recipients – its late appearance should prompt evaluation for rejection, vasculopathy, or sepsis. Reported incidences vary widely (atrial flutter approximately 3-30%; atrial fibrillation approximately 0.3–24%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> SVTs in stable recipients are most often atrial flutter or scar-related atrial tachycardia, although atrioventricular nodal reentry and conduction between recipient and donor atria have also been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ventricular premature complexes are nearly universal, whereas sustained ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death are primarily associated with rejection and vasculopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Against this background, accessory-pathway–mediated tachycardia is rare and, because the recipient's native heart is explanted, is necessarily donor-derived.</p>
			<p>In contrast to the present case – in which the donor had documented ventricular pre-excitation and a history of tachyarrhythmia – several reports describe donors in whom pre-excitation had not been recognized before transplantation. This may reflect the intermittent nature of pre-excitation, limited access to comprehensive donor data, or subtle delta waves associated with certain pathway locations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the transplant recipient, alterations in autonomic tone and the denervated state of the graft are considered likely triggers for arrhythmia initiation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Rejection may further unmask or facilitate pathway conduction; pre-excitation manifesting in the setting of antibody-mediated rejection has been reported<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> – a relevant consideration in the present case, given the grade 3R acute cellular rejection identified on the day-10 endomyocardial biopsy, concurrent with the early SVT.</p>
			<p>Electroanatomical mapping is a valuable adjunct in the transplanted heart, reducing fluoroscopic exposure and, when the biatrial technique is used, helping to distinguish donor from recipient atrial signals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the present case, performed using the bicaval technique, the left posteroseptal pathway was localized at the mitral annulus and ablated via a transseptal approach, anatomically remote from the caval anastomoses. The optimal timing of intervention is not established; ablation has been reported from the early postoperative period through delayed, elective procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Here, given the early graft dysfunction and treated acute rejection, ablation was deferred for three months to allow graft stabilization and resolution of inflammation, and to confirm that pre-excitation persisted. The procedure was uncomplicated despite the altered surgical anatomy.</p>
			<p>Fewer than fifteen cases have been reported since the first description in 1989,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and, because the recipient's native heart is explanted, every such pathway is donor-derived. The published experience includes manifest, concealed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and intermittent<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> pathways in nearly all annular locations, including septal and other high-risk sites in the donor heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Pre-excitation may be recognized in the donor before procurement or may appear as a new finding only after transplantation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> may declare itself immediately postoperatively or remain dormant for years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and has been managed with catheter ablation with uniformly favorable outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Within this experience, the present case is distinguished by several features. Whereas some reports describe a normal donor ECG with pre-excitation emerging only in the recipient, here the donor's pre-excitation and history of tachyarrhythmia were documented before procurement, yet the organ was accepted for a critically ill recipient (NYHA class IV, CCS class IV) – a deliberate use of a pathway-bearing allograft rather than an incidental post-transplant discovery. The pathway was manifest and clinically consequential: it produced hemodynamically unstable SVT in the early postoperative period and, subsequently, recurrent symptomatic orthodromic reentry. Ablation was therefore indicated on clinical grounds rather than on the basis of anterograde risk stratification. A transplant-specific consideration further informed management: rejection and altered autonomic tone may unmask or facilitate pathway-mediated tachycardia, as observed here in the context of the grade 3R rejection identified on the day-10 biopsy and as previously reported in antibody-mediated rejection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The durable result – two years free of pre-excitation and symptoms without antiarrhythmic therapy – is consistent with outcomes reported after ablation of donor-derived pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Considering the persistent shortage of donor organs, the present case supports the position that ventricular pre-excitation or WPW syndrome in a donor should not, by itself, contraindicate transplantation. Even a donor with recognized pre-excitation and a history of tachyarrhythmia may be used successfully, with the pathway definitively managed by catheter ablation in the recipient, thereby expanding the donor pool without compromising outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>We report a rare case of WPW syndrome following heart transplantation. Although uncommon, this condition can be definitively managed with catheter ablation, which offers a high success rate and a favorable safety profile, significantly improving the patient's prognosis. Current evidence suggests that the presence of ventricular pre-excitation in a donor should not be considered a contraindication for heart transplantation. Utilizing such organs, followed by post-transplant intervention when necessary, is a viable strategy to expand the donor pool without compromising clinical outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 5.554.420. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Data Availability Statement</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sharma</surname>
							<given-names>PP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcus</surname>
							<given-names>FI</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Radiofrequency Ablation of an Accessory Pathway Years after Heart Transplant: A Case Report</article-title>
					<source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
					<year>1999</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>792</fpage>
					<lpage>795</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1053-2498(99)00012-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>19 Sharma PP, Marcus FI. Radiofrequency Ablation of an Accessory Pathway Years after Heart Transplant: A Case Report. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18(8):792-5. doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(99)00012-1.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260017</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Síndrome de Wolff–Parkinson–White em uma Receptora de Transplante Cardíaco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6380-0092</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schreiber</surname>
						<given-names>Adir</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faganello</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Magalhães</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Spannemberger</surname>
						<given-names>Kaleb Pinto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1149-5841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caberlon</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zimerman</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimentel</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Adir Schreiber Junior</bold> • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>adir.scjunior@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Uma mulher de 44 anos foi submetida a transplante cardíaco devido a angina refratária e insuficiência cardíaca avançada. No período pós-operatório, apresentou episódios de taquicardia supraventricular e pré-excitação ventricular intermitente no eletrocardiograma. Após um período inicial de manejo farmacológico, foi submetida com sucesso à ablação por radiofrequência de uma via acessória póstero-septal esquerda. Também é apresentada uma revisão da literatura sobre a síndrome de Wolff–Parkinson–White em receptores de transplante cardíaco.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome de Wolff–Parkinson–White</kwd>
				<kwd>Ablação por Cateter</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O transplante cardíaco é uma opção terapêutica estabelecida para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada, oferecendo potencial para melhora substancial do prognóstico. Sua prevalência aumentou nos últimos anos; em 2023, um total de 430 transplantes cardíacos foram realizados no Brasil, segundo dados do Ministério da Saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A síndrome de Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) é caracterizada por pré-excitação ventricular no eletrocardiograma (ECG) e arritmias sintomáticas envolvendo uma via acessória que permite condução prematura entre os átrios e os ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora a maioria dos indivíduos com pré-excitação ventricular permaneça assintomática,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> uma pequena parcela pode desenvolver arritmias potencialmente fatais, como taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular, fibrilação atrial ou até fibrilação ventricular e morte súbita cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A ablação por cateter é a terapia definitiva recomendada pelas diretrizes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com alta taxa de sucesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora a ocorrência da síndrome de WPW após o transplante cardíaco seja rara, ela pode desencadear eventos arrítmicos graves nessa população específica de pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do Caso</title>
				<p>Uma mulher caucasiana de 44 anos, com cardiomiopatia isquêmica secundária a um infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM com supra de ST) anterior devido à oclusão trombótica da artéria descendente anterior, complicado por angioplastia primária malsucedida com fenômeno de <italic>no-reflow</italic>, evoluiu para disfunção grave do ventrículo esquerdo (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo de 26%) com formação de aneurisma ventricular esquerdo.</p>
				<p>Apesar da terapia médica otimizada baseada em diretrizes e da revascularização percutânea subsequente das artérias coronárias direita e circunflexa esquerda, a paciente permaneceu em insuficiência cardíaca classe IV da NYHA e angina classe IV da Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) após 25 meses de seguimento. O teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) demonstrou capacidade funcional severamente reduzida (VO<sub>2</sub> pico 10,7 mL/kg/min), confirmando doença refratária ao tratamento, e ela foi incluída na lista de transplante cardíaco.</p>
				<p>Após 30 dias na lista de espera, a paciente foi submetida a transplante cardíaco pela técnica bicaval. O doador era um homem de 21 anos, sem comorbidades significativas, com histórico de taquiarritmia e ECG mostrando pré-excitação ventricular. Ele faleceu em decorrência de um acidente de trânsito. Os parâmetros cirúrgicos incluíram tempo total de circulação extracorpórea de 130 minutos, tempo de pinçamento aórtico de 96 minutos e tempo total de isquemia de 245 minutos. No pós-operatório imediato, a paciente desenvolveu disfunção do enxerto, provavelmente secundária a embolia aérea na artéria coronária direita, necessitando suporte inotrópico temporário com norepinefrina e dobutamina. Além disso, apresentou episódios de taquicardia supraventricular (TSV) de QRS estreito associados à instabilidade hemodinâmica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>), que foram revertidos por meio de estimulação por overdrive via marcapasso epicárdico.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações obtido no período pós-operatório. O traçado demonstra uma taquicardia de complexo QRS estreito, com ritmo regular, compatível com taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular ortodrômica (AVRT).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>O monitoramento eletrocardiográfico pós-operatório revelou pré-excitação ventricular intermitente. Um ECG formal de 12 derivações (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>) confirmou ritmo sinusal com uma via acessória póstero-septal, conforme determinado pelo algoritmo de Milstein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A amiodarona foi inicialmente prescrita, mas posteriormente suspensa devido a tremores limitantes e potenciais interações medicamentosas. Uma biópsia endomiocárdica realizada 10 dias após o transplante cardíaco revelou rejeição celular aguda grau 3R, caracterizada por infiltrados inflamatórios mononucleares perivasculares e intersticiais acentuados. A terapia imunossupressora foi então ajustada pela equipe de transplante cardíaco. A paciente recebeu alta 46 dias após o transplante, sem novos episódios de TSV.</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Eletrocardiograma basal de 12 derivações em ritmo sinusal. O traçado mostra um intervalo PR curto e uma onda delta proeminente, características de pré-excitação ventricular. A presença de ondas delta positivas nas derivações V1, I e aVL, juntamente com ondas delta negativas nas derivações inferiores (II, III e aVF), é compatível com uma via acessória póstero-septal esquerda segundo o algoritmo de Milstein.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Três meses depois, a paciente procurou o pronto-socorro com recorrência de TSV, que foi revertida com sucesso com 3 mg de adenosina. A ablação por cateter foi então recomendada. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia geral, por meio de punção tripla da veia femoral direita. Cateteres decapolar e quadripolar foram posicionados no seio coronário e na região do feixe de His, respectivamente. Um cateter HD Grid foi avançado para as câmaras esquerdas por punção transeptal, e o mapeamento eletroanatômico foi realizado utilizando o sistema EnSite Precision.</p>
				<p>Durante o mapeamento, uma TSV ortodrômica (ciclo de 384 ms) foi induzida espontaneamente, mediada por uma via acessória póstero-septal no anel mitral. A ablação por radiofrequência via abordagem transeptal interrompeu a taquicardia com sucesso. Manobras de estimulação ventricular após a ablação demonstraram condução retrógrada decremental, sem evidências de atividade residual da via acessória. Os intervalos finais de condução foram: PA 27 ms, AH 63 ms e HV 54 ms. A paciente permaneceu assintomática, sem novos episódios clinicamente significativos de TSV e sem evidência de pré-excitação no ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) durante um seguimento de 2 anos, sem uso de medicação antiarrítmica.</p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Eletrocardiograma de superfície de 12 derivações obtido no seguimento de 2 anos, mostrando ritmo sinusal sem evidência de pré-excitação ventricular.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260017-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O padrão eletrocardiográfico de pré-excitação ventricular tem uma prevalência estimada entre 0,1% e 0,3% na população geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em contraste, a síndrome de WPW – definida pela presença simultânea de pré-excitação e arritmias sintomáticas – é significativamente menos comum. Vale destacar que um ECG de superfície pode parecer normal em casos de pré-excitação intermitente ou vias acessórias ocultas. Embora muitos pacientes permaneçam assintomáticos, outros podem apresentar eventos potencialmente fatais, incluindo morte súbita cardíaca. As vias acessórias localizam-se mais frequentemente na região lateral esquerda, correspondendo a aproximadamente 50–60% dos casos, seguidas pelas regiões póstero-septal, parede livre direita e ântero-septal. O tratamento definitivo consiste na ablação por cateter, que apresenta alta taxa de sucesso – chegando a 98% em algumas séries<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> — e um perfil de segurança favorável, incluindo baixa taxa de eventos adversos não fatais (1,5%) e mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento (0,1%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As arritmias são frequentes após o transplante cardíaco ortotópico e decorrem de mecanismos amplamente específicos ao enxerto: desnervação autonômica, técnica cirúrgica, rejeição aguda e crônica, e vasculopatia do transplante. A técnica bicaval e a minimização do tempo de isquemia são padrões atuais para reduzir esse risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Bradicardias ocorrem em cerca de 8–23% dos receptores, sendo a disfunção do nó sinusal a principal indicação para implantação precoce de marcapasso, enquanto o bloqueio atrioventricular se torna mais frequente com o passar do tempo após o transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entre as arritmias atriais sustentadas, o flutter atrial predomina tardiamente após o transplante e é a arritmia mais consistentemente associada à rejeição, enquanto a fibrilação atrial se concentra no período perioperatório e é incomum em receptores estáveis a longo prazo – seu aparecimento tardio deve motivar investigação de rejeição, vasculopatia ou sepse. As incidências relatadas variam amplamente (flutter atrial aproximadamente 3–30%; fibrilação atrial aproximadamente 0,3–24%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Taquicardias supraventriculares em receptores estáveis são mais frequentemente flutter atrial ou taquicardia atrial relacionada a cicatriz, embora reentrada nodal atrioventricular e condução entre os átrios do receptor e do doador também tenham sido descritas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Extrassístoles ventriculares são quase universais, enquanto arritmias ventriculares sustentadas e morte súbita relacionam-se principalmente à rejeição e vasculopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, taquicardia mediada por via acessória é rara e, como o coração nativo do receptor é explantado, necessariamente origina-se do doador.</p>
				<p>Em contraste com o presente caso – no qual o doador tinha pré-excitação ventricular documentada e histórico de taquiarritmia – vários relatos descrevem doadores em que a pré-excitação não havia sido reconhecida antes do transplante. Isso pode refletir a natureza intermitente da pré-excitação, o acesso limitado a dados completos do doador ou ondas delta sutis associadas a determinadas localizações de vias acessórias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No receptor do transplante, alterações no tônus autonômico e o estado desnervado do enxerto são considerados gatilhos prováveis para o início das arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A rejeição pode ainda desmascarar ou facilitar a condução pela via acessória; já foi relatada pré-excitação manifestando-se no contexto de rejeição mediada por anticorpos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> – uma consideração relevante no presente caso, dado o achado de rejeição celular aguda grau 3R na biópsia endomiocárdica do décimo dia, concomitante à TSV precoce.</p>
				<p>O mapeamento eletroanatômico é um recurso valioso no coração transplantado, reduzindo a exposição à fluoroscopia e, quando a técnica biatrial é utilizada, ajudando a distinguir sinais atriais do doador e do receptor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente caso, realizado com a técnica bicaval, a via acessória póstero-septal esquerda foi localizada no anel mitral e ablada por meio de uma abordagem transeptal, anatomicamente distante das anastomoses das veias cavas. O momento ideal para a intervenção não está estabelecido; a ablação já foi relatada desde o período pós-operatório precoce até procedimentos eletivos tardios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Aqui, devido à disfunção precoce do enxerto e à rejeição aguda tratada, a ablação foi adiada por três meses para permitir estabilização do enxerto, resolução da inflamação e confirmação de que a pré-excitação persistia. O procedimento transcorreu sem complicações, apesar da anatomia cirúrgica alterada.</p>
				<p>Menos de quinze casos foram relatados desde a primeira descrição em 1989,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e, como o coração nativo do receptor é explantado, todas essas vias acessórias são necessariamente de origem doadora. A experiência publicada inclui vias manifestas, ocultas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e intermitentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> em praticamente todas as localizações do anel, incluindo regiões septais e outras áreas de alto risco no coração do doador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A pré-excitação pode ser reconhecida no doador antes da captação ou surgir como achado novo apenas após o transplante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> pode manifestar-se imediatamente após a cirurgia ou permanecer silenciosa por anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e tem sido tratada com ablação por cateter com resultados uniformemente favoráveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dentro dessa experiência, o presente caso se distingue por vários aspectos. Enquanto alguns relatos descrevem um ECG do doador normal, com pré-excitação surgindo apenas no receptor, aqui a pré-excitação do doador e o histórico de taquiarritmia estavam documentados antes da captação, e ainda assim o órgão foi aceito para uma receptora criticamente doente (NYHA classe IV, CCS classe IV) — um uso deliberado de um enxerto portador de via acessória, em vez de uma descoberta incidental pós-transplante. A via era manifesta e clinicamente relevante: produziu TSV hemodinamicamente instável no período pós-operatório precoce e, posteriormente, reentrada ortodrômica sintomática recorrente. A ablação foi, portanto, indicada por critérios clínicos, e não com base em estratificação de risco anterógrada. Um aspecto específico do transplante também orientou a conduta: rejeição e alterações no tônus autonômico podem desmascarar ou facilitar taquicardia mediada por via acessória, como observado aqui no contexto da rejeição grau 3R identificada na biópsia do 10° dia e como já relatado em rejeição mediada por anticorpos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O resultado duradouro — dois anos livres de pré-excitação e sintomas, sem terapia antiarrítmica — é consistente com os desfechos relatados após ablação de vias acessórias de origem doadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Considerando a persistente escassez de órgãos para doação, o presente caso reforça a posição de que a pré-excitação ventricular ou a síndrome de WPW em um doador não deve, por si só, contraindicar o transplante. Mesmo um doador com pré-excitação reconhecida e histórico de taquiarritmia pode ser utilizado com sucesso, com a via acessória sendo tratada de forma definitiva por meio de ablação por cateter no receptor, ampliando assim o pool de doadores sem comprometer os desfechos clínicos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Relatamos um caso raro de síndrome de WPW após transplante cardíaco. Embora incomum, essa condição pode ser tratada de forma definitiva com ablação por cateter, que oferece alta taxa de sucesso e um perfil de segurança favorável, melhorando significativamente o prognóstico da paciente. As evidências atuais sugerem que a presença de pré-excitação ventricular em um doador não deve ser considerada uma contraindicação ao transplante cardíaco. A utilização desses órgãos, seguida de intervenção pós-transplante quando necessário, é uma estratégia viável para expandir o pool de doadores sem comprometer os resultados clínicos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre sob o número de protocolo 5.554.420. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>