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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260014i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>What We Choose to Fund Defines Who We Choose to Save: Pediatric Heart Failure in Emerging Economies</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4913-2659</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Vieira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caneo</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2402-0395</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimenta</surname>
						<given-names>Tamara J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8677-2754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Desiree S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Criança e Maternidade de São José do Rio Preto – CardioPedBrasil®</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São José do Rio Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Criança e Maternidade de São José do Rio Preto – CardioPedBrasil® São José do Rio Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>caneo@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>11</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260014</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatrics</kwd>
				<kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart-Assist Devices</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Management of pediatric advanced heart failure (HF) in low- to middle-income countries faces substantial and interconnected challenges, including severely limited access to specialized care, a shortage of adequately trained healthcare professionals, delayed referrals, and high mortality rates. These systemic constraints significantly restrict both the availability and the effectiveness of life-saving therapies for children with end-stage HF.</p>
		<p>A deeper understanding of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in emerging economies – illustrated here through the Brazilian experience – provides a valuable foundation for identifying structural, logistical, and ethical barriers to care. Such analysis also informs the development of strategies aimed at the sustainable and equitable expansion of advanced HF therapies for children.</p>
		<p>Brazil exemplifies the complexity of delivering high-cost, resource-intensive care in emerging economies. It is a vast and heterogeneous country, with an estimated population of 212 million people unevenly distributed across 8.5 million square kilometers. Nearly 30,000 children are born each year with congenital heart disease, many of whom will eventually require resource-intensive care and/or HF management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Although Brazil has a mature heart transplantation network, the prevalence of advanced HF continues to rise, accompanied by increasing healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A persistent limitation – mirroring global trends – is the scarcity of size-matched donor organs. This challenge is further compounded by low pediatric organ donation rates, high family refusal rates (recently reported at approximately 46%), and systemic inconsistencies in donor management protocols and supportive infrastructure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>These factors result in prolonged waiting times, with a median of 224 days for children weighing under 10 kg, and waitlist mortality reported to be as high as 45% for heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Children who die while awaiting transplantation often experience severe clinical deterioration, frequently requiring advanced life support before an organ becomes available – a trajectory marked by profound suffering and burden for patients, families, and healthcare teams alike.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Deployment of MCS in these high-risk populations has emerged as a transformative strategy to prevent multi-organ failure and improve survival during extended transplant waiting periods. It provides hemodynamic stabilization and preserves end-organ function, bridging critically ill children to transplant candidacy, transplantation itself, or – in select cases – myocardial recovery. Data from international registries such as the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION) and Pediatric Intermacs (Pedimacs) demonstrate that six-month favorable outcomes – defined as transplantation, recovery, or survival on device – now reach approximately 84% to 90% in high-income settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Among children weighing under 10 Kg, long-term MCS more than doubles the likelihood of receiving a transplant compared with medical therapy alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Despite having one of the world's largest public transplant systems, Brazil still lacks an equitable and standardized approach to pediatric MCS, and the literature on the subject remains extremely limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Most children with end-stage HF on the waitlist either die or reach transplantation in severely compromised clinical condition, reflecting a persistent misunderstanding that preemptive ventricular assist devices (VADs) and heart transplantation constitute a continuous therapeutic pathway rather than isolated interventions.</p>
		<p>The expansion of pediatric MCS programs in Brazil faces significant financial and structural challenges. Although the Brazilian public health system provides universal coverage for heart transplantation, it does not fund the costs associated with pediatric MCS technology, despite healthcare being a universal right and a constitutional duty of the state. As access is often restricted to patients with private insurance or those supported by philanthropic &quot;hub-and-spoke&quot; models, substantial disparities arise from the system's own regulations, disproportionately affecting the poorest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Structurally, Brazil still lacks a broad distribution of healthcare centers capable of adequately performing pediatric MCS, leading to extremely late referrals – a critical determinant of outcomes in this population. Identifying patients before they progress to end-stage cardiogenic shock is essential, as the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) prior to VAD implantation or transplant surgery is associated with significantly worse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Beyond economic barriers, the clinical management of VAD-related adverse events remains a major challenge in developing countries. Although international registries have reported an improvement in overall stroke incidence to 13.7%, rates remain higher in infants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In Brazil, single-center experience has shown even higher rates of neurological complications, with stroke affecting up to 57.1% of children supported by the Berlin Heart EXCOR, although a portion of these events occurred before device implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Important factors potentially contributing to this disparity include delayed implementation of stroke-prevention bundles and, possibly, the unavailability of direct thrombin inhibitors such as bivalirudin – the cornerstone pharmacologic agent of the ACTION bundle, which has been shown to drastically reduce stroke rates in pediatric VAD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Reliance on heparin, the only intravenous anticoagulant available, increases the risk of both thrombotic and hemorrhagic events in infants due to the inherent challenges of monitoring and managing anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
		<p>An additional structural issue requires urgent attention. In Brazil, the market for SCM therapies is characterized by low implant volumes and sales through distributors—factors that directly impact total costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, in many institutions, short- and long-term devices are not maintained as in-house inventory, and investment in scalable programs remains low – extending the problem beyond distributor margins. Instead, technologies are frequently acquired on an as-needed basis, shifting logistical risk to distributors and reinforcing a fragmented, just-in-time procurement model. Institutional surcharges can further increase final costs. Together, these factors sustain high prices, weaken negotiation leverage, and restrict program growth, placing a substantial burden on both the public and private sectors.</p>
		<p>Despite its profound implications for equity and sustainability, this financial architecture remains largely absent from academic and policy discussions. Greater transparency, regulatory oversight, and coordinated procurement strategies are urgently needed. Addressing these issues is essential if equitable access to advanced HF therapies is to progress beyond rhetoric and become a tangible reality.</p>
		<p>Important aspects of clinical care also demand renewed scrutiny. Barriers to the early integration of palliative care for children with advanced HF remain substantial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Historically, the suffering experienced by pediatric HF patients has been underrecognized, only gaining visibility over the past decade. It is now well established that suffering in this population is multifactorial—spanning physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains throughout the disease trajectory—and that early palliative care plays a crucial role in mitigating disease burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Conceptual framework for pediatric heart failure. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HF: heart failure; MCS: mechanical circulatory support; VAD: ventricular assist device.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260014-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>However, as survival improves and disease complexity increases, unmet needs specific to pediatric HF have become increasingly apparent, yet literature addressing the integration of palliative care in this population remains scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Recent guidelines from the American Heart Association reinforce the role of pediatric palliative care as a core component of best practice in advanced HF, mirroring earlier recommendations in adult care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Palliative care is a growing field in Brazil, but its application in the pediatric population remains incipient. Only in 2018 did the Ministry of Health formally mandate the integration of palliative care into the Brazilian public health system. Currently, according to the Brazilian Academy of Palliative Care, 234 teams operate nationwide; however, fewer than half provide pediatric services, and none offer directives specifically tailored to children with advanced cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Addressing this gap is essential for enabling early definition of goals of care and mitigating disease burden – tasks for which pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons often feel unprepared.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Integrating palliative care frameworks for children with advanced HF may further refine the appropriateness of complex therapies on an individual basis, contributing to more efficient resource allocation – a key aspect of the sustainable expansion of these costly technologies. Because some of these children will face death even while supported by MCS, preparing healthcare professionals for end-of-life care in the context of mechanical circulatory support is imperative for the ethical expansion of the therapy. Therefore, properly structuring access to pediatric palliative care must advance in parallel with the expansion of MCS for this population.</p>
		<p>The mismatch between clinical need and available resources underscores the profound implications of funding priorities and health policy decisions, ultimately determining which children gain access to life-saving therapies. Paradoxically, while heart transplantation is publicly funded and institutionally supported, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) strategies – often decisive in whether a child survives to transplant and in what condition – remain inconsistently incorporated and financed. Disseminating advanced therapies for pediatric heart failure in low- to middle-income countries such as Brazil must be regarded not only as a clinical goal but also as a moral imperative. The healthcare community, policymakers, and public health authorities must actively collaborate to bridge the gap between technological potential and systemic realities, ensuring that every child has a fair chance at survival regardless of socioeconomic status. Stakeholders must advocate for accessible, equitable, and high-quality MCS programs across diverse healthcare settings, grounded in the accreditation of multidisciplinary reference centers, publicly funded initiatives, and the establishment of regional registries to monitor outcomes and drive quality improvement.</p>
		<p>The goal should extend beyond improving waitlist survival to ensuring that every child reaches transplantation in the best possible clinical condition. Achieving this requires more than fragmented or reactive measures – it demands a coordinated, system-wide approach that fully integrates early MCS strategies, sustained multidisciplinary expertise, regulated access to equipment, and early pediatric palliative care as foundational components of standardized practice. At this stage, failure to implement such a framework reflects not only limited resources but also a lack of collective commitment to equitable, evidence-based, and ethically sound care.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Grammarly to improve english version. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260014</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Que Escolhemos Financiar Define quem Escolhemos Salvar: Insuficiência Cardíaca Pediátrica em Economias Emergentes</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4913-2659</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Vieira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caneo</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2402-0395</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pimenta</surname>
						<given-names>Tamara J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8677-2754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Desiree S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São José do Rio Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Criança e Maternidade de São José do Rio Preto – CardioPedBrasil<sup>®</sup>, São José do Rio Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> • Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>caneo@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Germano Conceição-Souza</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatria</kwd>
				<kwd>Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Coração Auxiliar</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O manejo da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada pediátrica em países de baixa e média renda enfrenta desafios substanciais e interconectados, incluindo acesso extremamente limitado a cuidados especializados, escassez de profissionais de saúde adequadamente treinados, encaminhamentos tardios e altas taxas de mortalidade. Essas limitações sistêmicas restringem de forma significativa tanto a disponibilidade quanto a efetividade de terapias que salvam vidas em crianças com IC terminal.</p>
			<p>Uma compreensão mais aprofundada do suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) em economias emergentes – ilustrada aqui pela experiência brasileira – oferece uma base valiosa para identificar barreiras estruturais, logísticas e éticas ao cuidado. Essa análise também orienta o desenvolvimento de estratégias voltadas à expansão sustentável e equitativa das terapias avançadas para IC em crianças.</p>
			<p>O Brasil exemplifica a complexidade de oferecer cuidados de alto custo e alta demanda de recursos em economias emergentes. Trata-se de um país vasto e heterogêneo, com uma população estimada de 212 milhões de pessoas distribuídas de forma desigual por seus 8,5 milhões de quilômetros quadrados. Cerca de 30.000 crianças nascem anualmente com cardiopatia congênita, muitas das quais eventualmente necessitarão de cuidados intensivos e/ou manejo de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Embora o Brasil possua uma rede madura de transplante cardíaco, a prevalência de IC avançada continua a aumentar, acompanhada por maior utilização de serviços de saúde, morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma limitação persistente — que reflete tendências globais — é a escassez de órgãos doadores compatíveis em tamanho. Esse desafio é agravado por baixas taxas de doação pediátrica, altos índices de recusa familiar (recentemente estimados em aproximadamente 46%) e inconsistências sistêmicas nos protocolos de manejo de doadores e na infraestrutura de suporte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Esses fatores resultam em tempos de espera prolongados, com mediana de 224 dias para crianças com menos de 10 kg, e mortalidade em lista de espera relatada em até 45% para transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Crianças que morrem enquanto aguardam o transplante frequentemente apresentam deterioração clínica grave, muitas vezes necessitando de suporte avançado de vida antes que um órgão se torne disponível — uma trajetória marcada por profundo sofrimento e grande carga para pacientes, famílias e equipes de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A implementação do SCM nessas populações de alto risco surgiu como uma estratégia transformadora para prevenir falência multiorgânica e melhorar a sobrevida durante longos períodos de espera por transplante. O SCM proporciona estabilização hemodinâmica e preserva a função de órgãos-alvo, servindo como ponte para elegibilidade ao transplante, para o transplante em si ou — em casos selecionados — para recuperação miocárdica. Dados de registros internacionais, como o <italic>Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network</italic> (ACTION) e o <italic>Pediatric Intermacs</italic> (Pedimacs), demonstram que os desfechos favoráveis em seis meses — definidos como transplante, recuperação ou sobrevivência com o dispositivo — atualmente alcançam aproximadamente 84% a 90% em países de alta renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entre crianças com menos de 10 kg, o SCM de longo prazo mais que dobra a probabilidade de receber um transplante em comparação com a terapia médica isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Apesar de possuir um dos maiores sistemas públicos de transplante do mundo, o Brasil ainda carece de uma abordagem equitativa e padronizada para o SCM pediátrico, e a literatura sobre o tema permanece extremamente escassa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A maioria das crianças com IC terminal na lista de espera morre ou chega ao transplante em condição clínica gravemente comprometida, refletindo um entendimento inadequado de que dispositivos de assistência ventricular (DAVs) preemptivos e transplante cardíaco constituem um continuum terapêutico integrado, e não intervenções isoladas.</p>
			<p>A expansão dos programas de SCM pediátrico no Brasil enfrenta desafios financeiros e estruturais. Embora o sistema público de saúde brasileiro ofereça cobertura universal para transplantes cardíacos, ele não financia os custos associados à tecnologia de SCM pediátrico, apesar de a saúde ser um direito universal e um dever do Estado segundo a Constituição. Com o acesso frequentemente limitado a pacientes com seguro privado ou àqueles apoiados por modelos filantrópicos do tipo &quot;<italic>hub-and-spoke</italic>&quot;, surgem enormes disparidades decorrentes das próprias regulamentações, afetando principalmente os mais pobres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Do ponto de vista estrutural, o Brasil ainda carece de uma ampla distribuição de centros capazes de realizar adequadamente o SCM pediátrico, o que leva a encaminhamentos extremamente tardios — um fator crítico para os desfechos dessa população. Identificar pacientes antes que evoluam para choque cardiogênico terminal é essencial, já que a necessidade de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) antes da implantação de DAV ou da cirurgia de transplante está associada a desfechos significativamente piores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Além das barreiras econômicas, o manejo clínico dos eventos adversos relacionados ao DAV permanece um obstáculo importante em países em desenvolvimento. Embora registros internacionais tenham demonstrado melhora na incidência geral de AVC, atualmente em 13,7%, as taxas continuam mais altas na população infantil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No Brasil, a experiência de um único centro mostrou taxas ainda maiores de complicações neurológicas, com AVC afetando até 57,1% das crianças em suporte com o Berlin Heart EXCOR, embora parte desses eventos tenha ocorrido antes da implantação do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Fatores importantes potencialmente relacionados a essa disparidade incluem a implantação tardia de <italic>bundles</italic> de prevenção de AVC e, possivelmente, a indisponibilidade de inibidores diretos da trombina, como a bivalirudina – o principal componente farmacológico do bundle do ACTION, que demonstrou reduzir drasticamente a taxa de AVC em pacientes pediátricos com DAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A dependência da heparina, o único anticoagulante intravenoso disponível, aumenta o risco de eventos trombóticos e hemorrágicos em lactentes, devido às dificuldades de monitorar e ajustar a anticoagulação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Uma questão estrutural adicional requer atenção urgente. No Brasil, o mercado de terapias de SCM é caracterizado pelo baixo volume de implantes e pela comercialização por meio de distribuidores, fatores que impactam diretamente os custos totais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Além disso, em muitas instituições, dispositivos de curto e longo prazo não são mantidos como estoque interno, e o investimento em programas escaláveis é baixo, ampliando o problema para além das margens dos distribuidores. Em vez disso, as tecnologias são frequentemente adquiridas conforme a necessidade, transferindo o risco logístico para os distribuidores e sustentando um modelo fragmentado de aquisição &quot;<italic>just-in-time</italic>&quot;. Sobretaxas institucionais podem aumentar ainda mais os custos finais. Essa estrutura combinada mantém preços elevados, enfraquece o poder de negociação e limita o crescimento dos programas, onerando tanto o setor público quanto o privado.</p>
			<p>Apesar de seu impacto sobre equidade e sustentabilidade, essa arquitetura financeira permanece amplamente ausente das discussões acadêmicas e de políticas públicas. Maior transparência, supervisão regulatória e estratégias coordenadas de aquisição são urgentemente necessárias. Enfrentar essas questões é essencial para que o acesso equitativo às terapias avançadas para insuficiência cardíaca deixe de ser apenas retórica e se torne realidade.</p>
			<p>Aspectos importantes do cuidado clínico também exigem uma nova análise. As barreiras para a integração precoce dos cuidados paliativos em crianças com IC avançada permanecem substanciais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Historicamente, o sofrimento vivenciado por pacientes pediátricos com IC tem sido subestimado, ganhando visibilidade apenas na última década. Hoje está bem estabelecido que o sofrimento nessa população é multifatorial — abrangendo domínios físicos, psicológicos, sociais e espirituais ao longo de toda a trajetória da doença — e que os cuidados paliativos precoces desempenham um papel crucial na mitigação da carga da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Estrutura conceitual para insuficiência cardíaca pediátrica.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260014-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>No entanto, à medida que a sobrevida melhora e a complexidade da doença aumenta, necessidades não atendidas específicas da IC pediátrica tornam-se cada vez mais evidentes, embora a literatura sobre a integração dos cuidados paliativos nessa população permaneça escassa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Diretrizes recentes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> reforçam o papel dos cuidados paliativos pediátricos como componente central das melhores práticas em IC avançada, refletindo recomendações anteriores para adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os cuidados paliativos são um campo em expansão no Brasil, mas sua aplicação na população pediátrica ainda é incipiente. Somente em 2018 o Ministério da Saúde passou a exigir formalmente a integração dos cuidados paliativos no sistema público de saúde. Atualmente, segundo a Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos, 234 equipes atuam em todo o país; contudo, menos da metade oferece serviços pediátricos, e nenhuma dispõe de diretrizes específicas para crianças com doença cardíaca avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Preencher essa lacuna é essencial para possibilitar a definição precoce de objetivos de cuidado e mitigar a carga da doença – tarefas para as quais cardiologistas pediátricos e cirurgiões cardíacos frequentemente não se sentem preparados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Integrar estruturas de cuidados paliativos para crianças com IC avançada pode aprimorar ainda mais a adequação de terapias complexas em nível individual, contribuindo para uma alocação mais eficiente de recursos – aspecto fundamental para a expansão sustentável dessas tecnologias de alto custo. Como algumas dessas crianças enfrentarão a morte mesmo sob suporte circulatório mecânico, preparar profissionais de saúde para o cuidado de fim de vida nesse contexto é igualmente imperativo para a expansão ética da terapia. Portanto, estruturar adequadamente o acesso aos cuidados paliativos pediátricos deve avançar em paralelo à expansão do SCM para essa população.</p>
			<p>A discrepância entre a necessidade clínica e os recursos disponíveis evidencia as profundas implicações das prioridades de financiamento e das decisões de política de saúde, determinando, em última instância, quais crianças terão acesso a terapias que definem a sobrevivência. Paradoxalmente, enquanto o transplante cardíaco é financiado publicamente e institucionalmente apoiado, as estratégias de SCM – frequentemente decisivas para que uma criança sobreviva até o transplante e em que condição – permanecem incorporadas e financiadas de forma inconsistente. A disseminação de terapias avançadas para insuficiência cardíaca pediátrica em países de baixa e média renda, como o Brasil, deve ser considerada não apenas um objetivo clínico, mas também um imperativo moral. A comunidade médica, os formuladores de políticas e as autoridades de saúde pública devem colaborar ativamente para reduzir a lacuna entre o potencial tecnológico e as realidades do sistema de saúde, garantindo que cada criança tenha uma chance justa de sobrevivência, independentemente de sua condição socioeconômica. Os atores envolvidos devem defender programas de SCM acessíveis, equitativos e de alta qualidade em diferentes contextos de saúde, fundamentados na acreditação de centros de referência multidisciplinares, em iniciativas financiadas publicamente e na criação de registros regionais para monitorar resultados e impulsionar a melhoria da qualidade.</p>
			<p>O objetivo deve ir além de melhorar a sobrevivência em lista de espera, garantindo que cada criança chegue ao transplante na melhor condição clínica possível. Para alcançar isso, são necessárias mais do que medidas fragmentadas ou reativas — exige-se uma abordagem coordenada e sistêmica que integre plenamente estratégias precoces de SCM, expertise multidisciplinar sustentada, acesso regulado a equipamentos e cuidados paliativos pediátricos precoces como componentes fundamentais de práticas padronizadas. Neste estágio, a falha em implementar tal estrutura reflete não apenas recursos limitados, mas também a falta de compromisso coletivo com um cuidado equitativo, baseado em evidências e eticamente sólido.</p>
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