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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260001i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy, Clinical Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure: Insights from a Multicenter International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement-Based Brazilian Cohort</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6271-2829</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4901-0787</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Keila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-8018</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4286-8559</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Franken</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1036-8899</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Escobosa</surname>
						<given-names>Daisa Mesquita</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1998-1972</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ivo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4148-190X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Menezes Alves da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7436-1967</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Conceição</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Gomes da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-4215-1727</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lisboa</surname>
						<given-names>Laine</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-8441-7376</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rizzi</surname>
						<given-names>Thays Naomy</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1292-4564</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tamburim</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara Reis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9119-8886</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0617-0372</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yamaguti</surname>
						<given-names>Siomara Tavares Fernandes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-3914-0269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nasi</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2409-3486</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maccari</surname>
						<given-names>Juçara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6274-2420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pille</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-464X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wolf</surname>
						<given-names>Jonas Michel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1186-2365</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Volschan</surname>
						<given-names>Andre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8922-4075</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montera</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6707-1346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4314-8018</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saretta</surname>
						<given-names>Roberta</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6940-0809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Teresa Cristina D. C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5893-2148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Margarido</surname>
						<given-names>Olívia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5012-962X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Camila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data,</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1853-7169</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tiburzio</surname>
						<given-names>Evelyn</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8469-9061</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Ary</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Alicerce Ensino Pesquisa e Inovação em Saúde Ltda</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Alicerce Ensino Pesquisa e Inovação em Saúde Ltda, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Associação Nacional dos Hospitais Privados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Associação Nacional dos Hospitais Privados (ANAHP), São Paulo, SP –- Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Elibrè – Mental Health Clinic</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Elibrè – Mental Health Clinic, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Suzana Alves da Silva</bold> Rua Cincinato Braga, 37, conjunto 42. Postal Code 01333-011, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>suzanaalvessilva@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Humberto Villacorta</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>22</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>6</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20260001</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Real-world evidence integrating clinical outcomes and patient-reported measures in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains scarce in middle-income countries. Standardized outcome measurement frameworks may enable more consistent evaluation of care quality and treatment effectiveness.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To assess the association of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) with clinical outcomes and patient-reported quality of life (QoL) in patients with HFrEF within 1 year after index hospitalization, using the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement standard set in a multicenter Brazilian cohort.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This prospective cohort study included adults hospitalized for decompensated HFrEF (ejection fraction ≤ 40%) across six private tertiary hospitals in Brazil. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were collected using standardized instruments, including the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12 (KCCQ-12) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> A total of 2,375 patients were included (mean age, 75.9 ± 13.6 years; 69% male). During a median follow-up of 369 days, 26.1% died and 34.6% experienced heart failure-related rehospitalization. Older age was associated with higher risks of mortality and rehospitalization (p ≤ 0.003). Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors was associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; p = 0.001), whereas beta-blockers showed a strong protective effect (HR, 0.40; p &lt; 0.001). Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were associated with lower rehospitalization rates (HR, 0.79; p = 0.032). GDMT was associated with higher KCCQ-12 scores throughout follow-up (p &lt; 0.05). Women and patients with recurrent rehospitalizations reported lower QoL (p &lt; 0.02). PHQ-2 scores remained low and stable over time.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> Standardized outcome measurement is feasible in real-world HFrEF care. GDMT was associated with improved survival and QoL, supporting more equitable and value-based management of HFrEF.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Patient Reported Outcome Measures</kwd>
				<kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy, Clinical Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure: Insights from a Multicenter International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement-Based Brazilian Cohort</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BB: beta-blocker; GDMT: guideline-directed medical therapy; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; ICHOM: International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2; QoL: quality of life; VBHC: value-based health care.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Measuring clinical outcomes is essential for demonstrating process improvement, assessing therapeutic value, and enhancing health care efficiency. Its feasibility and impact in driving health care innovation are well established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, hospitals often measure outcomes that are easily captured within isolated interventions rather than those that matter most to patients. In addition, results are frequently assessed in a fragmented manner instead of across the entire continuum of care, where value is ultimately generated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Value assessment should incorporate long-term outcomes, including recovery, quality of life (QoL), functional status, and mental well-being, recognizing that their relevance may vary across populations and individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Within a value-based health care (VBHC) framework, providers may distinguish themselves by delivering superior outcomes for specific patient populations.</p>
			<p>The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) promotes VBHC through a standardized and freely available methodology for measuring meaningful outcomes across different health conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In 2017, hospitals affiliated with the Brazilian National Association of Private Hospitals (ANAHP) launched a multicenter initiative to implement standardized outcome measurement in Brazil by locally adapting the ICHOM methodology. The primary objective was to evaluate mortality, readmission, and patient-reported QoL at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after index hospitalization for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) between 2017 and 2023. The secondary objective was to identify clinical, demographic, and guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) variables associated with these outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and population</title>
				<p>This prospective, multicenter cohort study included patients hospitalized for decompensated HFrEF, defined as an ejection fraction ≤ 40% measured by echocardiography using Simpson’s method at hospital admission.</p>
				<p>Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, B-type natriuretic peptide ≥ 100 pg/mL or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide ≥ 300 pg/mL, and intravenous diuretic use within the first 24 hours after diagnosis.</p>
				<p>Exclusion criteria were age &lt; 18 years, cardiogenic shock or ventricular assist device before study enrollment, candidacy for heart transplantation during hospitalization, transfer to another institution, pregnancy, and receipt of palliative care.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study governance and data collection</title>
				<p>The study was coordinated by executive and operational committees composed of representatives from participating hospitals and ANAHP.</p>
				<p>Data were collected through the electronic platform of the ANAHP Hospital Indicator System (SINHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> developed to monitor consolidated hospital data according to predefined schedules. Access to the platform was password protected, allowing institutions to benchmark their results against aggregated data from participating centers. Individual patient data remained locally stored at the discretion of each institution.</p>
				<p>Data collection followed the recommendations available on the ICHOM website, and case report forms were developed based on the corresponding data dictionary, supplemented by variables considered essential by the executive committee for patient follow-up. Data validation procedures adhered to ICHOM standards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Risk stratification was performed using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification and the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) risk score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient-reported outcomes</title>
				<p>QoL was assessed using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12 (KCCQ-12) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2).</p>
				<p>KCCQ-12 is a self-administered, disease-specific instrument for heart failure that evaluates physical limitation, symptoms, social function, self-efficacy, and the impact of heart failure on daily life. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better QoL.</p>
				<p>PHQ-2 evaluates the frequency of depressed mood and anhedonia over the previous 2 weeks. Scores range from 0 to 6, and values &gt; 3 suggest depressive disorder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Patients were followed up at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year after discharge. QoL questionnaires were administered through scheduled interviews conducted by email, SMS, telephone, or in-person visits.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics of the study population.</p>
				<p>Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to identify predictors of mortality and rehospitalization, whereas multiple linear regression models were used to identify predictors of changes in QoL.</p>
				<p>All multivariable models included baseline variables with complete data available for more than 70% of the study population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios , 95% CIs, and p-values were reported.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Characteristic</th>
									<th>Overall cohort (n = 2,375)</th>
									<th>Patients with QoL data (n = 661)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>Patients with clinical outcome data (n = 1,714)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean (SD)</td>
									<td align="center">75.9 (13.6)</td>
									<td align="center">71.2 (13.1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									<td align="center">77.7 (13.4)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sex, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Male</td>
									<td align="center">1,639/2,375 (69%)</td>
									<td align="center">471/661 (71.3%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.287</td>
									<td align="center">1,168/1,714 (68.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.579</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Female</td>
									<td align="center">736/2.375 (31%)</td>
									<td align="center">190/661 (28.7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">546/1,714 (31.9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>LVEF, %</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean (SD)</td>
									<td align="center">30.7 (6.4)</td>
									<td align="center">30.5 (6.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.472</td>
									<td align="center">30.8 (6.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.622</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ACEIs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Use</td>
									<td align="center">569/2,192 (26%)</td>
									<td align="center">183/644 (28.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.233</td>
									<td align="center">386/1,548 (24.9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.504</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contraindicated</td>
									<td align="center">650/2,192 (30%)</td>
									<td align="center">169/644 (26.2%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">481/1,548 (31.1%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ARBs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Use</td>
									<td align="center">542/2,214 (24%)</td>
									<td align="center">167/640 (26.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.435</td>
									<td align="center">375/1,574 (23.8%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.670</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contraindicated</td>
									<td align="center">656/2,214 (30%)</td>
									<td align="center">172/640 (26.9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">484/1,574 (30.7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ARNIs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Use</td>
									<td align="center">356/2,228 (16%)</td>
									<td align="center">117/642 (18.2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.197</td>
									<td align="center">239/1,586 (15.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.473</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contraindicated</td>
									<td align="center">491/2,228 (22%)</td>
									<td align="center">126/642 (19.6%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">365/1,586 (23.0%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>BBs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Use</td>
									<td align="center">1,896/2.234 (85%)</td>
									<td align="center">596/648 (92.0%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									<td align="center">1,300/1,586 (82.0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contraindicated</td>
									<td align="center">162/2.234 (7.3%)</td>
									<td align="center">26/648 (4.0%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">136/1,586 (8.6%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MRAs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Use</td>
									<td align="center">1,015/1,918 (53%)</td>
									<td align="center">337/580 (58.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.032</td>
									<td align="center">678/1,338 (50.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.220</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Contraindicated</td>
									<td align="center">135/1,918 (7.0%)</td>
									<td align="center">37/580 (6.4%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">98/1,338 (7.3%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Cardiac devices*, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">223/2,372 (9.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">74/660 (11.2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.190</td>
									<td align="center">149/1,712 (8.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.478</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MCS devices, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">19/1,687 (1.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">2/485 (0.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.249</td>
									<td align="center">17/1,202 (1.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.605</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>NYHA functional class, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class I</td>
									<td align="center">0/1,766 (0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0/501 (0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.646</td>
									<td align="center">0/1,265 (0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.879</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class II</td>
									<td align="center">362/1,766 (20%)</td>
									<td align="center">110/501 (22.0%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">252/1,265 (19.9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class III</td>
									<td align="center">972/1,766 (55%)</td>
									<td align="center">277/501 (55.3%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">695/1,265 (54.9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class IV</td>
									<td align="center">432/1,766 (24%)</td>
									<td align="center">114/501 (22.8%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">318/1,265 (25.1%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ICU admission, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">225/784 (29%)</td>
									<td align="center">65/245 (26.5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.564</td>
									<td align="center">160/539 (29.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.744</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="6"><bold>Length of ICU stay, days</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean (SD)</td>
									<td align="center">6.2 (9.1)</td>
									<td align="center">5.7 (8.7)</td>
									<td align="center">0.438</td>
									<td align="center">6.4 (9.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0.698</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mechanical ventilation, n/N (%)</td>
									<td align="center">113/587 (19%)</td>
									<td align="center">20/139 (14.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.226</td>
									<td align="center">93/448 (20.8%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.601</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Vasodilators, n/N (%)</td>
									<td align="center">220/1,101 (20%)</td>
									<td align="center">52/307 (16.9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.266</td>
									<td align="center">168/794 (21.2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.570</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>SBP</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean (SD)</td>
									<td align="center">127.6 (30.8)</td>
									<td align="center">128.2 (40.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.722</td>
									<td align="center">127.4 (26.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.824</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ADHERE risk category, n/N (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Low Risk</td>
									<td align="center">422/2,180 (19%)</td>
									<td align="center">130/615 (21.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.243</td>
									<td align="center">292/1,565 (18.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.785</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 3</td>
									<td align="center">161/2,180 (7.4%)</td>
									<td align="center">60/615 (9.8%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">101/1,565 (6.5%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 2</td>
									<td align="center">1,030/2,180 (47%)</td>
									<td align="center">277/615 (45.0%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">753/1,565 (48.1%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 1</td>
									<td align="center">488/2,180 (22%)</td>
									<td align="center">126/615 (20.5%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">362/1,565 (23.1%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High Risk</td>
									<td align="center">79/2,180 (3.6%)</td>
									<td align="center">22/615 (3.6%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">57/1,565 (3.6%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>*ICD or CRT. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BB: beta-blocker; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ICU: intensive care unit; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MCS: mechanical circulatory support; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA: New York Heart Association; QoL: quality of life; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The multivariable Cox models were adjusted for hospital-level clustering using frailty models with a Gamma distribution. Post hoc analyses following linear regression models were performed using Tukey’s honestly significant difference method.</p>
				<p>Missing data were handled using listwise deletion. Variables with significant associations in bivariate analyses were entered into multivariable models using a backward stepwise selection approach, with entry and removal criteria set at 5%.</p>
				<p>Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. All tests were two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.4.1.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>General characteristics</title>
				<p>A total of 2,375 patients were enrolled across six private tertiary hospitals, with capacities ranging from 100 to 600 beds. The mean age of the cohort was 75.9 years.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> displays patient flow and follow-up throughout the study. By the end of follow-up, 631 patients (26.6%) were lost to follow-up, leaving 1,744 patients (73.4%) with complete outcome data available for the primary analyses. Among these patients, 455 (26.1%) died and 603 (34.6%) experienced at least one heart failure-related rehospitalization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Study flow diagram. HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; QoL: quality of life.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Baseline characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The cohort comprised 69% men and 31% women. The mean follow-up duration was 367.3 ± 368 days, with a median follow-up of 369 days (interquartile range [IQR], 58-427). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 30.7% ± 6.4%, with a median of 31% (IQR, 26%-36%).</p>
				<p>Regarding pharmacological therapy, 66% of patients were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), including 16% treated with angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), whereas 85% were receiving beta-blockers (BBs). Contraindications were reported in 30% of patients for ACEIs, 30% for ARBs, and 22% for ARNIs.</p>
				<p>Regarding functional status, 20% of patients were classified as NYHA functional Class II, 55% as Class III, and 24% as Class IV. According to ADHERE risk stratification, 47% were classified as Intermediate Risk 2, 22% as Intermediate Risk 1, and 3.6% as High Risk.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> also presents comparisons between patients with complete clinical outcome data and the overall cohort. Patients with available outcome data were slightly older (mean age, 77.7 vs 75.9 years; p &lt; 0.001), had lower rates of BB use (82.0% vs 85.0%; p &lt; 0.001), and presented higher mean serum urea levels (70.8 vs 68.5 mg/dL; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Multivariable analysis</title>
				<p>The results of the multivariable Cox regression analyses for 1-year mortality and rehospitalization are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Multivariable Cox regression model for 1-year mortality</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variables</th>
									<th>HR</th>
									<th>95% CI</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.02</td>
									<td align="center">1.01-1.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ACEIs/ARBs/ARNIs</bold></td>
									<td align="center">0.58</td>
									<td align="center">0.41-0.80</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>BBs</bold></td>
									<td align="center">0.40</td>
									<td align="center">0.28-0.57</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MRAs</bold></td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
									<td align="center">0.64-1.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.593</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MCS devices</bold></td>
									<td align="center">4.58</td>
									<td align="center">1.63-12.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>HAI</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.47-2.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.960</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>NYHA functional class</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class II</td>
									<td align="center">Reference</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class III</td>
									<td align="center">1.20</td>
									<td align="center">0.76-1.91</td>
									<td align="center">0.437</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class IV</td>
									<td align="center">1.48</td>
									<td align="center">0.89-2.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.130</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>ADHERE risk category</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Low Risk</td>
									<td align="center">Reference</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 3</td>
									<td align="center">1.19</td>
									<td align="center">0.45-3.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.727</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 2</td>
									<td align="center">2.29</td>
									<td align="center">1.26-4.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.006</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 1</td>
									<td align="center">3.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.96-6.78</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High Risk</td>
									<td align="center">2.31</td>
									<td align="center">0.80-6.61</td>
									<td align="center">0.120</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BB: beta-blocker; HAI: hospital-acquired infection; HR: hazard ratio; MCS: mechanical circulatory support; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Multivariable Cox regression model for time to first rehospitalization within 1 year</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variables</th>
									<th>HR</th>
									<th>95% CI</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.01</td>
									<td align="center">1.00-1.02</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ACEIs/ARBs/ARNIs</bold></td>
									<td align="center">0.83</td>
									<td align="center">0.67-1.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.076</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MRAs</bold></td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
									<td align="center">0.64-0.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.032</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>NYHA functional class</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class II</td>
									<td align="center">Reference</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class III</td>
									<td align="center">1.55</td>
									<td align="center">1.17-2.06</td>
									<td align="center">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class IV</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.01-1.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.041</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>ADHERE Risk Category</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Low Risk</td>
									<td align="center">Reference</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 3</td>
									<td align="center">1.73</td>
									<td align="center">1.07-2.80</td>
									<td align="center">0.024</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 2</td>
									<td align="center">1.76</td>
									<td align="center">1.26-2.47</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediate Risk 1</td>
									<td align="center">2.66</td>
									<td align="center">1.87-3.79</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High Risk</td>
									<td align="center">1.94</td>
									<td align="center">1.05-3.60</td>
									<td align="center">0.035</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; HR: hazard ratio; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Each additional year of age was associated with increased risks of mortality (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; p = 0.003) and rehospitalization (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
				<p>Use of ACEIs, ARBs, or ARNIs (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41-0.80; p = 0.001) and BBs (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.28-0.57; p &lt; 0.001) was associated with lower mortality, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) were associated with lower rehospitalization rates (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.98; p = 0.032).</p>
				<p>Use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices was associated with increased mortality risk (HR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.63-12.9; p = 0.004). Both NYHA Class III (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.06; p = 0.003) and Class IV (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.01-1.98; p = 0.041) were associated with higher rehospitalization risk.</p>
				<p>Across ADHERE risk categories, progressively higher risks were observed. Intermediate Risk 3 was associated with increased rehospitalization risk (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.07-2.80; p = 0.024). Intermediate Risk 2 was associated with both mortality (HR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.26-4.15; p = 0.006) and rehospitalization (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.26-2.47; p &lt; 0.001). Intermediate Risk 1 showed the strongest associations with mortality (HR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.96-6.78; p &lt; 0.001) and rehospitalization (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.87-3.79; p &lt; 0.001). High Risk was associated with rehospitalization (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.05-3.60; p = 0.035), but not with mortality.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Quality of life</title>
				<p>Regarding assessment of QoL, 661 patients (27.8%) completed the KCCQ-12 at baseline. By the end of follow-up, 511 patients (21.5% of the total cohort) had completed the KCCQ-12. The reduction in the number of patients contributing to QoL analyses over time was mainly attributable to mortality (455 patients; 19.2% of the cohort) and missing or incomplete questionnaire data (1,458 patients; 61.4%).</p>
				<p>Compared with the overall cohort, patients with available QoL data were significantly younger (mean age, 71.2 vs 75.9 years; p &lt; 0.001) and more frequently treated with BBs (92.0% vs 85.0%; p &lt; 0.001). This subgroup also had a lower prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (2.9% vs 4.7%; p = 0.021), higher use of MRAs (58.1% vs 53.0%; p = 0.011), and lower mean serum urea levels (62.6 vs 68.5 mg/dL; p &lt; 0.001). Significant differences were also observed regarding palliative care status (p = 0.0165) and ADHERE risk stratification (p = 0.037).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> summarizes mean KCCQ-12 scores and standard deviations at baseline and during follow-up (120-240 days and 240-480 days). Social limitation scores increased from 84.0 ± 25.6 at baseline to 86.0 ± 24.8 at 120-240 days and subsequently decreased slightly to 85.0 ± 25.4 at 240-480 days.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Values of KCCQ-12 and PHQ-2 scores during follow-up, beginning at the baseline assessment of QoL (T30)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">QoL domain, mean ± SD</th>
									<th>Baseline (n = 661)</th>
									<th>120-240 days (n = 543)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>240-480 days (n = 511)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Social limitation</td>
									<td align="center">84.0 ± 25.6</td>
									<td align="center">86.0 ± 24.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.285</td>
									<td align="center">85.0 ± 25.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.412</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>QoL</td>
									<td align="center">73.2 ± 24.4</td>
									<td align="center">75.2 ± 25.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.070</td>
									<td align="center">75.7 ± 24.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Symptom frequency</td>
									<td align="center">91.1 ± 16.1</td>
									<td align="center">91.2 ± 16.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.693</td>
									<td align="center">90.6 ± 16.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.625</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Physical limitation</td>
									<td align="center">84.2 ± 23.3</td>
									<td align="center">84.5 ± 25.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.306</td>
									<td align="center">82.4 ± 25.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.388</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Overall KCCQ-12 score</td>
									<td align="center">83.1 ± 18.4</td>
									<td align="center">84.2 ± 18.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.127</td>
									<td align="center">83.4 ± 19.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.288</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PHQ-2 score</td>
									<td align="center">0.73 ± 1.41</td>
									<td align="center">0.67 ± 1.37</td>
									<td align="center">0.156</td>
									<td align="center">0.64 ± 1.40</td>
									<td align="center">0.975</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2; QoL: quality of life; SD: standard deviation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>QoL scores increased from 73.2 ± 24.4 at baseline to 75.2 ± 25.2 at 120-240 days and further to 75.7 ± 24.5 at 240-480 days. Symptom scores remained stable throughout follow-up, with values of 91.1 ± 16.1 at baseline, 91.2 ± 16.8 at 120-240 days, and 90.6 ± 16.9 at 240-480 days. Physical limitation scores increased slightly from 84.2 ± 23.3 at baseline to 84.5 ± 25.0 at 120-240 days, followed by a decrease to 82.4 ± 25.9 at 240-480 days.</p>
				<p>The mean overall KCCQ-12 score was 83.1 ± 18.4 at baseline, increased to 84.2 ± 18.9 at 120-240 days, and decreased slightly to 83.4 ± 19.6 at 240-480 days.</p>
				<p>PHQ-2 scores showed a slight but non-significant decline over time, with mean scores of 0.73 at 30 days, 0.67 at 180 days, and 0.64 at 365 days. Median scores remained 0 at all time points, and no statistically significant differences were observed (all p &gt; 0.15).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> presents pairwise comparisons of KCCQ-12 scores across follow-up periods. At baseline, no significant differences in QoL were observed among ADHERE risk subgroups when intermediate- and high-risk categories were compared with the low-risk group. However, at 240-480 days, patients classified as ADHERE Intermediate Risk 1 demonstrated a significant reduction in QoL scores (−8.03 points; 95% CI, −14.86 to −1.21; p = 0.0117).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pairwise comparisons of variables included in the multivariable model for KCCQ-12 scores</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Comparisons</th>
									<th>Time</th>
									<th>KCCQ-12 difference</th>
									<th>95% CI</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ADHERE</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with Low Risk</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Intermediate Risk 3</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">1.02</td>
									<td align="center">−6.71 a 8.74</td>
									<td align="center">0.9964</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−1.42</td>
									<td align="center">−9.94 a 7.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.9910</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−1.78</td>
									<td align="center">−11.14 a 7.57</td>
									<td align="center">0.9853</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Intermediate Risk 2</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−1.12</td>
									<td align="center">−6.46 a 4.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.9787</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−2.24</td>
									<td align="center">−7.96 a 3.48</td>
									<td align="center">0.8220</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−5.09</td>
									<td align="center">−10.96 a 0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.1247</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Intermediate Risk 1</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−2.54</td>
									<td align="center">−8.72 a 3.64</td>
									<td align="center">0.7939</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−5.45</td>
									<td align="center">−12.01 a 1.12</td>
									<td align="center">0.1562</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−8.03</td>
									<td align="center">−14.86 a −1.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.0117</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">High Risk</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−2.07</td>
									<td align="center">−13.74 a 9.60</td>
									<td align="center">0.9887</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−2.57</td>
									<td align="center">−15.61 a 10.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.9833</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−4.96</td>
									<td align="center">−19.08 a 9.17</td>
									<td align="center">0.8738</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4"><bold>ACEIs/ARBs</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with no use</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">4.36</td>
									<td align="center">1.08 a 7.65</td>
									<td align="center">0.0092</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">3.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.30 a 7.39</td>
									<td align="center">0.0337</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.41 a 7.58</td>
									<td align="center">0.0291</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4"><bold>ARNIs</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with no use</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
									<td align="center">−2.86 a 4.74</td>
									<td align="center">0.6261</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−1.22</td>
									<td align="center">−5.29 a 2.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.5563</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−1.00</td>
									<td align="center">−5.15 a 3.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.6377</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with age &lt;40 years</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">40-64 years</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−3.6</td>
									<td align="center">−15.3 a 8.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.7492</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">5.2</td>
									<td align="center">−7.1 a 17.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5800</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">2.6</td>
									<td align="center">−10.4 a 15.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.8826</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">≥ 65 years</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−2.3</td>
									<td align="center">−13.7 a 9.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.8842</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">5.6</td>
									<td align="center">−6.4 a 17.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.5125</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">2.3</td>
									<td align="center">−10.5 a 15.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.9096</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sex</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with male sex</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Female</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−4.8</td>
									<td align="center">−7.9 a −1.64</td>
									<td align="center">0.0029</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−2.6</td>
									<td align="center">−5.9 a 0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.1332</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−7.6</td>
									<td align="center">−11.0 a −4.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Readmission</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Compared with no readmission</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">1 or 2</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−6.2</td>
									<td align="center">−10.3 a −2.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−5.2</td>
									<td align="center">−9.6 a −0.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.0134</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−3.7</td>
									<td align="center">−8.0 a 0.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.1211</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">≥ 3</td>
									<td align="center">Baseline</td>
									<td align="center">−5.0</td>
									<td align="center">−11.1 a 1.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.1377</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">120-240 days</td>
									<td align="center">−5.6</td>
									<td align="center">−11.5 a 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.0667</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240-480 days</td>
									<td align="center">−5.0</td>
									<td align="center">−10.7 a 0.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.0976</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Use of ACEIs or ARBs was associated with significantly higher QoL scores at baseline (mean difference [MD], 4.36 points; 95% CI, 1.08-7.65; p = 0.0092), at 120-240 days (MD, 3.84 points; 95% CI, 0.30-7.39; p = 0.0337), and at 240-480 days (MD, 4.00 points; 95% CI, 0.41-7.58; p = 0.0291). Inserir o seguinte texto: Patients with LVEF ≥20% maintained stable KCCQ-12 scores over time, while those with LVEF &lt;20% showed greater temporal variability, characterized by early improvement followed by partial loss of benefit during follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). Use of ARNIs was not associated with significant differences at any time point. In addition, no significant differences were observed across age groups.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Estimated mean KCCQ-12 scores over time according to the use of ACEIs, ARBs, or ARNIs. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Significant sex-related differences were identified, with women presenting lower QoL scores than men at baseline (−4.8 points; 95% CI, −7.9 to −1.64; p = 0.0029) and at 240-480 days (−7.6 points; 95% CI, −11.0 to −4.1; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
				<p>Patients with one or two rehospitalizations had significantly lower QoL scores at baseline (−6.2 points; 95% CI, −10.3 to −2.0; p = 0.0014) and at 120-240 days (−5.2 points; 95% CI, −9.6 to −0.9; p = 0.0134).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This prospective multicenter study provides a real-world assessment of clinical outcomes and QoL among Brazilian patients hospitalized with HFrEF using a standardized methodology based on ICHOM recommendations. To our knowledge, this represents the largest Latin American initiative to operationalize VBHC principles in measurement of heart failure outcomes. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing internationally standardized outcome metrics across a diverse network of private health care institutions in Brazil.</p>
			<p>The study population reflected a typical profile of patients with advanced HFrEF, characterized by a high burden of comorbidities, widespread use of GDMTs, and predominance of NYHA functional Classes III and IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Consistent with previous evidence, older age was independently associated with higher risks of mortality and rehospitalization. Use of BBs and ACEIs or ARBs was significantly associated with lower mortality, reinforcing their established role in management of HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These findings are aligned with contemporary guideline recommendations supporting the prognostic benefits of GDMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Likewise, the protective effect of MRAs on rehospitalization is consistent with prior randomized trials and further supports their role in comprehensive care for heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, the high prevalence of contraindications to standard therapies highlights persistent challenges related to multimorbidity and treatment tolerability in older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Notably, despite relatively preserved mean blood pressure levels, the elevated rates of contraindications to ACEIs, ARBs, and ARNIs may have been partially driven by the markedly impaired renal function observed in this cohort, which presented a mean creatinine level of 4.6 mg/dL.</p>
			<p>Our findings are consistent with those of the Brazilian BREATHE registry, which also described a high-risk heart failure population characterized by substantial mortality and suboptimal use of evidence-based therapies. Compared with BREATHE, our cohort was older and exclusively composed of patients with HFrEF, which may partly explain the high 1-year mortality observed. Importantly, whereas BREATHE primarily highlighted treatment gaps, our findings further demonstrate that the use of GDMT is associated with improved survival and QoL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Markers of disease severity also proved to be important prognostic indicators. Use of MCS devices was associated with increased mortality risk, likely reflecting the advanced disease status of this subgroup.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In addition, both NYHA functional classification and ADHERE risk stratification were strongly associated with higher risks of rehospitalization and death, consistent with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Beyond survival benefits, the use of ACEIs, ARBs, or ARNIs was consistently associated with higher KCCQ-12 scores throughout follow-up, independent of age, sex, readmission status, or ADHERE risk category. This finding highlights the dual benefit of these therapies in both prolonging survival and improving patient-perceived health status.</p>
			<p>This relationship between therapy and health status is further supported by recent real-world evidence showing that both intensification and deintensification of heart failure therapies were associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in KCCQ-12 scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Notably, a substantially greater proportion of patients undergoing medication adjustments experienced large improvements in QoL (≥ 20 points), which suggests physician-guided therapeutic optimization may positively influence patient-reported outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> These findings reinforce the value of the KCCQ-12 and similar patient-reported outcome instruments not only as monitoring tools but also as mechanisms to support clinical decision-making and improve care quality in HFrEF.</p>
			<p>In our cohort, overall KCCQ-12 scores showed modest improvement during mid-term follow-up, followed by a slight decline toward the end of the study period. Although incremental gains were observed in the social limitation and QoL domains, symptom scores remained relatively stable over time. This pattern suggests that, although clinical stabilization may be achieved with evidence-based therapies, additional interventions may be necessary to sustain and further improve patient-perceived health status in the long term.</p>
			<p>Importantly, disparities in health-related QoL outcomes were also identified. Women consistently reported lower KCCQ-12 scores than men at baseline and during long-term follow-up, which corroborates prior research demonstrating sex-related differences in symptom perception and disease burden. The VIDA-IC multicenter study similarly showed that women with HFrEF had significantly lower KCCQ-12 overall summary scores than men, reflecting worse health-related QoL. In particular, women presented lower scores in the domains of symptom frequency, symptom burden, physical limitation, QoL, and social limitation, whereas no differences were observed in symptom stability or self-efficacy domains.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, the BIOSTAT-CHF analysis reported a median KCCQ-12 overall score of 44 in women vs 53 in men (p &lt; 0.001), reinforcing the consistency of sex-related disparities across heart failure populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients who experienced one or two hospital readmissions also demonstrated persistently lower QoL scores, highlighting the substantial clinical and psychological burden associated with recurrent hospitalization. These findings are consistent with the REPORT-HF registry, in which lower post-discharge KCCQ-12 scores were associated with higher readmission rates and poorer recovery of health status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>By integrating standardized clinical and patient-reported outcomes, our study extends previous registry-based evidence by demonstrating the feasibility of applying international outcome frameworks in Brazil. Moreover, our findings suggest that broader implementation of GDMTs may contribute to lower mortality, fewer rehospitalizations, and improved QoL, while also providing evidence to support value-based strategies for improving medical care for heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>From a health system perspective, the successful implementation of this outcomes measurement framework represents an important step toward incorporating VBHC principles into Brazilian health care. The ANAHP initiative illustrates how clinical governance, standardized data platforms such as SINHA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and coordinated institutional leadership can facilitate benchmarking, continuous quality improvement, and transparency, all of which are essential components of VBHC systems.</p>
			<p>Nevertheless, important challenges remain. Interoperability across hospital information systems, sustained clinician engagement, and long-term patient follow-up continue to represent major barriers. In addition, incorporation of outcomes data into reimbursement and incentive models remains incipient. Expanding this approach to public health care institutions and more systematically incorporating social determinants of health may improve both scalability and equity.</p>
			<p>Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of integrated, patient-centered care in management of HFrEF. Future studies should explore value-based reimbursement models, investigate mechanisms underlying the observed disparities in QoL, particularly those related to sex and recurrent hospitalization, and evaluate the generalizability of these findings across different populations and health care settings, including the public health care system.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>This study has important limitations. Missing data were handled using listwise deletion, which may have introduced selection bias. Baseline differences between the QoL and clinical follow-up subgroups suggest the possibility of selective attrition, and residual confounding cannot be excluded despite multivariable adjustment.</p>
				<p>In addition, the study was conducted exclusively in private tertiary hospitals in Brazil, which may limit generalizability to other health care settings. Exposure to GDMTs was assessed only at baseline, without accounting for treatment adherence or dose titration over time, potentially leading to exposure misclassification.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, suboptimal follow-up for patient-reported outcomes raises the possibility of response bias. This limitation was largely driven by operational difficulties in maintaining patient contact, particularly reliance on telephone-based follow-up, as well as patient and physician refusal and cognitive impairment, all of which may have contributed to non-random loss to follow-up.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>In this prospective multicenter cohort, GDMTs, particularly ACEIs or ARBs and BBs, were associated with improved survival, lower rehospitalization rates, and better patient-reported outcomes among patients with HFrEF treated in the Brazilian private health care setting (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
			<p>Implementation of the ICHOM framework proved feasible and enabled standardized outcome measurement and benchmarking across institutions. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate treatment adherence, medication titration, and disparities in clinical and patient-reported outcomes, thereby supporting the development of VBHC models aimed at improving QoL and reducing inequities in HFrEF management.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>The authors acknowledge the ANAHP Clinical Outcomes Program and all participating hospitals for their essential contributions to the implementation of standardized outcome measurement and to the advancement of VBHC in Brazil.</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Associação Beneficente Síria – Hospital Sírio-Libanês (CAAE: 38654220.5.1001.0060; approval number 4,354,155). All participating centers obtained local ethics approval. All participants provided informed consent for the use of their data in outcomes assessment and quality improvement initiatives. Data were collected prospectively and analyzed in an anonymized manner, ensuring the confidentiality of participant information.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20260001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Terapia Médica Direcionada por Diretrizes, Desfechos Clínicos e Qualidade de Vida na Insuficiência Cardíaca: Insights de uma Coorte Brasileira Multicêntrica Baseada no International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6271-2829</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4901-0787</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Keila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-8018</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4286-8559</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Franken</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1036-8899</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Escobosa</surname>
						<given-names>Daisa Mesquita</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1998-1972</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ivo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4148-190X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Menezes Alves da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7436-1967</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Conceição</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Gomes da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-4215-1727</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lisboa</surname>
						<given-names>Laine</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-8441-7376</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rizzi</surname>
						<given-names>Thays Naomy</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1292-4564</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tamburim</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara Reis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados,</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9119-8886</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0617-0372</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yamaguti</surname>
						<given-names>Siomara Tavares Fernandes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-3914-0269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nasi</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2409-3486</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maccari</surname>
						<given-names>Juçara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados,</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6274-2420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pille</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7577-464X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wolf</surname>
						<given-names>Jonas Michel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1186-2365</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Volschan</surname>
						<given-names>Andre</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8922-4075</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montera</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6707-1346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-4314-8018</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saretta</surname>
						<given-names>Roberta</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6940-0809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Teresa Cristina D. C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5893-2148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Margarido</surname>
						<given-names>Olívia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5012-962X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Camila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1853-7169</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tiburzio</surname>
						<given-names>Evelyn</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8469-9061</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Ary</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9002"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Alicerce Ensino Pesquisa e Inovação em Saúde Ltda, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Associação Nacional dos Hospitais Privados (ANAHP), São Paulo, SP –- Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8002">
				<label>8</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9002">
				<label>9</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Elibrè – Mental Health Clinic, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Suzana Alves da Silva</bold> Rua Cincinato Braga, 37, conjunto 42. CEP 01333-011, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: suzanaalvessilva@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Humberto Villacorta</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> Evidências de mundo real que integrem desfechos clínicos e medidas relatadas pelos pacientes na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) ainda permanecem escassas em países de renda média. Estruturas padronizadas para mensuração de desfechos podem permitir uma avaliação mais consistente da qualidade do cuidado e da efetividade terapêutica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Avaliar a associação entre terapia médica direcionada por diretrizes (TMDD) e desfechos clínicos, bem como qualidade de vida (QV) autorrelatada, em pacientes com ICFEr durante 1 ano após a hospitalização índice, utilizando o conjunto padrão do <italic>International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement</italic> em uma coorte brasileira multicêntrica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Este estudo de coorte prospectiva incluiu adultos hospitalizados por descompensação de ICFEr (fração de ejeção ≤ 40%) em seis hospitais terciários privados no Brasil. Desfechos clínicos e medidas relatadas pelos pacientes foram coletados utilizando instrumentos padronizados, incluindo o <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12</italic> (KCCQ-12) e o <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire-2</italic> (PHQ-2).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Foram incluídos 2.375 pacientes (idade média de 75,9 ± 13,6 anos; 69% do sexo masculino). Durante um seguimento mediano de 369 dias, 26,1% morreram e 34,6% apresentaram reospitalização relacionada à insuficiência cardíaca. Idade mais avançada esteve associada a maiores riscos de mortalidade e reospitalização (p ≤ 0,003). O uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina ou inibidores do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina esteve associado à menor mortalidade (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR], 0,58; p = 0,001), enquanto os betabloqueadores demonstraram forte efeito protetor (HR, 0,40; p &lt; 0,001). Antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides estiveram associados a menores taxas de reospitalização (HR, 0,79; p = 0,032). A TMDD esteve associada a maiores escores do KCCQ-12 ao longo do seguimento (p &lt; 0,05). Mulheres e pacientes com reospitalizações recorrentes relataram menor QV (p &lt; 0,02). Os escores do PHQ-2 permaneceram baixos e estáveis ao longo do tempo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A mensuração padronizada de desfechos é factível no cuidado de pacientes com ICFEr em condições de prática clínica real. A TMDD esteve associada à melhora da sobrevida e da QV, reforçando estratégias mais equitativas e baseadas em valor para o manejo da ICFEr.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Medidas de Resultados Relatados pelo Paciente</kwd>
				<kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Terapia Médica Direcionada por Diretrizes, Desfechos Clínicos e Qualidade de Vida na Insuficiência Cardíaca: Insights de uma Coorte Brasileira Multicêntrica Baseada no International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>ARM: antagonista dos receptores de mineralocorticoides; BB: betabloqueador; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HR: hazard ratio; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ICHOM: International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2; QV: qualidade de vida; SBV: saúde baseada em valor; TMDD: terapia médica direcionada por diretrizes.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Mensurar desfechos clínicos é essencial para demonstrar melhorias nos processos, avaliar o valor terapêutico e aprimorar a eficiência da assistência à saúde. Sua viabilidade e impacto na promoção da inovação em saúde estão bem estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entretanto, os hospitais frequentemente mensuram desfechos que são facilmente capturados em intervenções isoladas, em vez daqueles que mais importam para os pacientes. Além disso, os resultados costumam ser avaliados de forma fragmentada, em vez de ao longo de todo o <italic>continuum</italic> do cuidado, onde o valor é efetivamente gerado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A avaliação de valor deve incorporar desfechos de longo prazo, incluindo recuperação, qualidade de vida (QV), estado funcional e bem-estar mental, reconhecendo que sua relevância pode variar entre populações e indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentro de um modelo de saúde baseada em valor (SBV), os provedores podem se diferenciar ao oferecer melhores desfechos para populações específicas de pacientes.</p>
				<p>O International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) promove a SBV por meio de uma metodologia padronizada e de livre acesso para mensuração de desfechos clinicamente relevantes em diferentes condições de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em 2017, hospitais afiliados à Associação Nacional de Hospitais Privados (ANAHP) iniciaram uma iniciativa multicêntrica para implementar a mensuração padronizada de desfechos no Brasil, por meio da adaptação local da metodologia do ICHOM. O objetivo primário foi avaliar mortalidade, reospitalização e QV relatada pelos pacientes aos 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano após a hospitalização índice por insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) entre 2017 e 2023. O objetivo secundário foi identificar variáveis clínicas, demográficas e relacionadas à terapia médica direcionada por diretrizes (TMDD) associadas a esses desfechos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Delineamento do estudo e população</title>
					<p>Este estudo de coorte prospectiva multicêntrica incluiu pacientes hospitalizados por descompensação de ICFEr, definida como fração de ejeção ≤ 40%, medida por ecocardiografia utilizando o método de Simpson na admissão hospitalar.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de inclusão foram idade ≥ 18 anos, peptídeo natriurético tipo B ≥ 100 pg/ml ou fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B ≥ 300 pg/ml e uso de diurético endovenoso nas primeiras 24 horas após o diagnóstico.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram idade &lt; 18 anos, choque cardiogênico ou dispositivo de assistência ventricular antes da inclusão no estudo, elegibilidade para transplante cardíaco durante a hospitalização, transferência para outra instituição, gestação e recebimento de cuidados paliativos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Governança do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
					<p>O estudo foi coordenado por comitês executivo e operacional compostos por representantes dos hospitais participantes e da ANAHP.</p>
					<p>Os dados foram coletados por meio da plataforma eletrônica do Sistema de Indicadores Hospitalares ANAHP (SINHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> desenvolvida para monitorar dados hospitalares consolidados de acordo com cronogramas predefinidos. O acesso à plataforma era protegido por senha, permitindo que as instituições comparassem seus resultados com dados agregados dos centros participantes. Os dados individuais dos pacientes permaneceram armazenados localmente, a critério de cada instituição.</p>
					<p>A coleta de dados seguiu as recomendações disponíveis no website do ICHOM, e os formulários de relato de caso foram desenvolvidos com base no respectivo dicionário de dados, complementados por variáveis consideradas essenciais pelo comitê executivo para o acompanhamento dos pacientes. Os procedimentos de validação dos dados seguiram os padrões do ICHOM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A estratificação de risco foi realizada utilizando a classificação funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e o escore de risco do Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desfechos relatados pelos pacientes</title>
					<p>A QV foi avaliada utilizando o <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12</italic> (KCCQ-12) e o <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire-2</italic> (PHQ-2).</p>
					<p>O KCCQ-12 é um instrumento autoaplicável e específico para insuficiência cardíaca que avalia limitação física, sintomas, função social, autoeficácia e o impacto da insuficiência cardíaca na vida diária. Os escores variam de 0 a 100, com valores mais elevados indicando melhor QV.</p>
					<p>O PHQ-2 avalia a frequência de humor deprimido e anedonia nas 2 semanas anteriores. Os escores variam de 0 a 6, e valores &gt; 3 sugerem transtorno depressivo maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados aos 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano após a alta hospitalar. Os questionários de QV foram aplicados por meio de entrevistas programadas realizadas por e-mail, SMS, telefone ou consultas presenciais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Estatísticas descritivas foram utilizadas para resumir as características basais da população do estudo.</p>
					<p>Foram realizadas análises univariadas e multivariadas. Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram construídos para identificar preditores de mortalidade e reospitalização, enquanto modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para identificar preditores de mudanças na QV.</p>
					<p>Todos os modelos multivariados incluíram variáveis basais com dados completos disponíveis para mais de 70% da população estudada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Foram relatados <italic>hazard ratios</italic> (HRs) ou <italic>odds ratios</italic>, IC 95% e valores de p.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características basais da população do estudo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Característica</th>
										<th>Coorte total (n = 2.375)</th>
										<th>Pacientes com dados de QV (n = 661)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Pacientes com dados de desfechos clínicos (n = 1.714)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média (DP)</td>
										<td align="center">75,9 (13,6)</td>
										<td align="center">71,2 (13,1)</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
										<td align="center">77,7 (13,4)</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Masculino</td>
										<td align="center">1.639/2.375 (69%)</td>
										<td align="center">471/661 (71,3%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,287</td>
										<td align="center">1.168/1.714 (68,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,579</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Feminino</td>
										<td align="center">736/2.375 (31%)</td>
										<td align="center">190/661 (28,7%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">546/1.714 (31,9%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>FEVE, %</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média (DP)</td>
										<td align="center">30,7 (6,4)</td>
										<td align="center">30,5 (6,3)</td>
										<td align="center">0,472</td>
										<td align="center">30,8 (6,4)</td>
										<td align="center">0,622</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IECAs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Uso</td>
										<td align="center">569/2.192 (26%)</td>
										<td align="center">183/644 (28,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,233</td>
										<td align="center">386/1.548 (24,9%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,504</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contraindicado</td>
										<td align="center">650/2.192 (30%)</td>
										<td align="center">169/644 (26,2%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">481/1.548 (31,1%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>BRAs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Uso</td>
										<td align="center">542/2.214 (24%)</td>
										<td align="center">167/640 (26,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,435</td>
										<td align="center">375/1.574 (23,8%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,670</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contraindicado</td>
										<td align="center">656/2.214 (30%)</td>
										<td align="center">172/640 (26,9%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">484/1.574 (30,7%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IRANs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Uso</td>
										<td align="center">356/2.228 (16%)</td>
										<td align="center">117/642 (18,2%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,197</td>
										<td align="center">239/1.586 (15,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,473</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contraindicado</td>
										<td align="center">491/2.228 (22%)</td>
										<td align="center">126/642 (19,6%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">365/1.586 (23,0%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>BBs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Uso</td>
										<td align="center">1.896/2.234 (85%)</td>
										<td align="center">596/648 (92,0%)</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
										<td align="center">1.300/1.586 (82,0%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contraindicado</td>
										<td align="center">162/2.234 (7,3%)</td>
										<td align="center">26/648 (4,0%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">136/1.586 (8,6%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ARMs, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Uso</td>
										<td align="center">1.015/1.918 (53%)</td>
										<td align="center">337/580 (58,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,032</td>
										<td align="center">678/1.338 (50,7%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,220</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Contraindicado</td>
										<td align="center">135/1.918 (7,0%)</td>
										<td align="center">37/580 (6,4%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">98/1.338 (7,3%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Dispositivos cardíacos*, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">223/2.372 (9,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">74/660 (11,2%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,190</td>
										<td align="center">149/1.712 (8,7%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,478</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Dispositivos de SCM, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">19/1.687 (1,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">2/485 (0,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,249</td>
										<td align="center">17/1.202 (1,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,605</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Classe funcional NYHA, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe I</td>
										<td align="center">0/1.766 (0%)</td>
										<td align="center">0/501 (0%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,646</td>
										<td align="center">0/1.265 (0%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,879</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe II</td>
										<td align="center">362/1.766 (20%)</td>
										<td align="center">110/501 (22,0%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">252/1.265 (19,9%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe III</td>
										<td align="center">972/1.766 (55%)</td>
										<td align="center">277/501 (55,3%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">695/1.265 (54,9%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe IV</td>
										<td align="center">432/1.766 (24%)</td>
										<td align="center">114/501 (22,8%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">318/1.265 (25,1%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Admissão em UTI, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">225/784 (29%)</td>
										<td align="center">65/245 (26,5%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,564</td>
										<td align="center">160/539 (29,7%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,744</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="6"><bold>Tempo de permanência em UTI, dias</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média (DP)</td>
										<td align="center">6,2 (9,1)</td>
										<td align="center">5,7 (8,7)</td>
										<td align="center">0,438</td>
										<td align="center">6,4 (9,3)</td>
										<td align="center">0,698</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ventilação mecânica, n/N (%)</td>
										<td align="center">113/587 (19%)</td>
										<td align="center">20/139 (14,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,226</td>
										<td align="center">93/448 (20,8%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,601</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Vasodilatadores, n/N (%)</td>
										<td align="center">220/1.101 (20%)</td>
										<td align="center">52/307 (16,9%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,266</td>
										<td align="center">168/794 (21,2%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,570</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>PAS</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média (DP)</td>
										<td align="center">127,6 (30,8)</td>
										<td align="center">128,2 (40,1)</td>
										<td align="center">0,722</td>
										<td align="center">127,4 (26,4)</td>
										<td align="center">0,824</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Categoria de risco ADHERE, n/N (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Baixo Risco</td>
										<td align="center">422/2.180 (19%)</td>
										<td align="center">130/615 (21,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,243</td>
										<td align="center">292/1.565 (18,7%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,785</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 3</td>
										<td align="center">161/2.180 (7,4%)</td>
										<td align="center">60/615 (9,8%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">101/1.565 (6,5%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 2</td>
										<td align="center">1.030/2.180 (47%)</td>
										<td align="center">277/615 (45,0%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">753/1.565 (48,1%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 1</td>
										<td align="center">488/2.180 (22%)</td>
										<td align="center">126/615 (20,5%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">362/1.565 (23,1%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Alto Risco</td>
										<td align="center">79/2.180 (3,6%)</td>
										<td align="center">22/615 (3,6%)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">57/1.565 (3,6%)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>*CDI ou TRC. ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARM: antagonista dos receptores de mineralocorticoides; BB: betabloqueador; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implantável; DP: desvio padrão; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; QV: qualidade de vida; SCM: suporte circulatório mecânico; TRC: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Os modelos multivariados de Cox foram ajustados para agrupamento em nível hospitalar utilizando modelos de fragilidade com distribuição Gamma. As análises post hoc após os modelos de regressão linear foram realizadas utilizando o método da diferença honestamente significativa de Tukey.</p>
					<p>Os dados ausentes foram tratados por exclusão por lista. Variáveis com associações significativas nas análises bivariadas foram inseridas nos modelos multivariados utilizando abordagem de seleção retrógrada passo a passo, com critérios de entrada e remoção estabelecidos em 5%.</p>
					<p>A significância estatística foi definida como p &lt; 0,05. Todos os testes foram bicaudais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o R versão 4.4.1.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Características gerais</title>
					<p>Um total de 2.375 pacientes foi incluído em seis hospitais terciários privados, com capacidades variando de 100 a 600 leitos. A idade média da coorte foi de 75,9 anos.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxo de pacientes e o acompanhamento ao longo do estudo. Ao final do seguimento, 631 pacientes (26,6%) foram perdidos no acompanhamento, restando 1.744 pacientes (73,4%) com dados completos de desfechos disponíveis para as análises primárias. Entre esses pacientes, 455 (26,1%) morreram e 603 (34,6%) apresentaram pelo menos uma reospitalização relacionada à insuficiência cardíaca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxograma do estudo. ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; QV: qualidade de vida.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>As características basais estão resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>. A coorte foi composta por 69% de homens e 31% de mulheres. A duração média do seguimento foi de 367,3 ± 368 dias, com mediana de seguimento de 369 dias (intervalo interquartil [IIQ], 58-427). A média da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 30,7% ± 6,4%, com mediana de 31% (IIQ, 26%-36%).</p>
					<p>Em relação à terapia farmacológica, 66% dos pacientes estavam em uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECAs) ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRAs), incluindo 16% tratados com inibidores do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina (IRANs), enquanto 85% utilizavam betabloqueadores (BBs). Contraindicações foram relatadas em 30% dos pacientes para IECAs, 30% para BRAs e 22% para IRANs.</p>
					<p>Quanto ao estado funcional segundo a NYHA, 20% dos pacientes foram classificados como Classe II, 55% como Classe III e 24% como Classe IV. De acordo com a estratificação de risco ADHERE, 47% foram classificados como Risco Intermediário 2, 22% como Risco Intermediário 1 e 3,6% como Alto Risco.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> também apresenta comparações entre pacientes com dados completos de desfechos clínicos e a coorte total. Pacientes com dados de desfechos disponíveis eram discretamente mais velhos (idade média de 77,7 vs 75,9 anos; p &lt; 0,001), apresentavam menores taxas de uso de BBs (82,0% vs 85,0%; p &lt; 0,001) e maiores níveis médios de ureia sérica (70,8 vs 68,5 mg/dl; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise multivariada</title>
					<p>Os resultados das análises multivariadas de regressão de Cox para mortalidade em 1 ano e reospitalização são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modelo multivariado de regressão de Cox para mortalidade em 1 ano</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
										<th>HR</th>
										<th>IC 95%</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
										<td align="center">1,02</td>
										<td align="center">1,01-1,04</td>
										<td align="center">0,003</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IECAs/BRAs/IRANs</bold></td>
										<td align="center">0,58</td>
										<td align="center">0,41-0,80</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>BBs</bold></td>
										<td align="center">0,40</td>
										<td align="center">0,28-0,57</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ARMs</bold></td>
										<td align="center">0,91</td>
										<td align="center">0,64-1,29</td>
										<td align="center">0,593</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Dispositivos de SCM</bold></td>
										<td align="center">4,58</td>
										<td align="center">1,63-12,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,004</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Infecção adquirida no hospital</bold></td>
										<td align="center">1,02</td>
										<td align="center">0,47-2,22</td>
										<td align="center">0,960</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="4"><bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe II</td>
										<td align="center">Referência</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe III</td>
										<td align="center">1,20</td>
										<td align="center">0,76-1,91</td>
										<td align="center">0,437</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe IV</td>
										<td align="center">1,48</td>
										<td align="center">0,89-2,47</td>
										<td align="center">0,130</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="4"><bold>Categoria de risco ADHERE</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Baixo Risco</td>
										<td align="center">Referência</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 3</td>
										<td align="center">1,19</td>
										<td align="center">0,45-3,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,727</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 2</td>
										<td align="center">2,29</td>
										<td align="center">1,26-4,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,006</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 1</td>
										<td align="center">3,65</td>
										<td align="center">1,96-6,78</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Alto Risco</td>
										<td align="center">2,31</td>
										<td align="center">0,80-6,61</td>
										<td align="center">0,120</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARM: antagonista dos receptores de mineralocorticoides; BB: betabloqueador; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina; HR: hazard ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SCM: suporte circulatório mecânico.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modelo multivariado de regressão de Cox para tempo até a primeira reospitalização em 1 ano</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
										<th>HR</th>
										<th>IC 95%</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
										<td align="center">1,01</td>
										<td align="center">1,00-1,02</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IECAs/BRAs/IRANs</bold></td>
										<td align="center">0,83</td>
										<td align="center">0,67-1,02</td>
										<td align="center">0,076</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ARMs</bold></td>
										<td align="center">0,79</td>
										<td align="center">0,64-0,98</td>
										<td align="center">0,032</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="4"><bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe II</td>
										<td align="center">Referência</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe III</td>
										<td align="center">1,55</td>
										<td align="center">1,17-2,06</td>
										<td align="center">0,003</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe IV</td>
										<td align="center">1,42</td>
										<td align="center">1,01-1,98</td>
										<td align="center">0,041</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="4"><bold>Categoria de risco ADHERE</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Baixo Risco</td>
										<td align="center">Referência</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 3</td>
										<td align="center">1,73</td>
										<td align="center">1,07-2,80</td>
										<td align="center">0,024</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 2</td>
										<td align="center">1,76</td>
										<td align="center">1,26-2,47</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Risco Intermediário 1</td>
										<td align="center">2,66</td>
										<td align="center">1,87-3,79</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Alto Risco</td>
										<td align="center">1,94</td>
										<td align="center">1,05-3,60</td>
										<td align="center">0,035</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; ARM: antagonista dos receptores de mineralocorticoides; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina; HR: hazard ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Cada ano adicional de idade esteve associado a maior risco de mortalidade (HR, 1,02; IC 95%, 1,01-1,04; p = 0,003) e reospitalização (HR, 1,01; IC 95%, 1,00-1,02; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
					<p>O uso de IECAs, BRAs ou IRANs (HR, 0,58; IC 95%, 0,41-0,80; p = 0,001) e BBs (HR, 0,40; IC 95%, 0,28-0,57; p &lt; 0,001) esteve associado à menor mortalidade, enquanto antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (ARMs) estiveram associados a menores taxas de reospitalização (HR, 0,79; IC 95%, 0,64-0,98; p = 0,032).</p>
					<p>O uso de dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) esteve associado ao aumento do risco de mortalidade (HR, 4,58; IC 95%, 1,63-12,9; p = 0,004). Tanto a Classe III da NYHA (HR, 1,55; IC 95%, 1,17-2,06; p = 0,003) quanto a Classe IV (HR, 1,42; IC 95%, 1,01-1,98; p = 0,041) estiveram associadas a maior risco de reospitalização.</p>
					<p>Ao longo das categorias de risco ADHERE, foram observados riscos progressivamente mais elevados. O Risco Intermediário 3 esteve associado ao aumento do risco de reospitalização (HR, 1,73; IC 95%, 1,07-2,80; p = 0,024). O Risco Intermediário 2 esteve associado tanto à mortalidade (HR, 2,29; IC 95%, 1,26-4,15; p = 0,006) quanto à reospitalização (HR, 1,76; IC 95%, 1,26-2,47; p &lt; 0,001). O Risco Intermediário 1 apresentou as associações mais fortes com mortalidade (HR, 3,65; IC 95%, 1,96-6,78; p &lt; 0,001) e reospitalização (HR, 2,66; IC 95%, 1,87-3,79; p &lt; 0,001). O Alto Risco esteve associado à reospitalização (HR, 1,94; IC 95%, 1,05-3,60; p = 0,035), mas não à mortalidade.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Qualidade de vida</title>
					<p>Quanto à avaliação da QV, 661 pacientes (27,8%) completaram o KCCQ-12 na linha de base. Ao final do seguimento, 511 pacientes (21,5% da coorte total) haviam completado o KCCQ-12. A redução no número de pacientes contribuindo para as análises de QV ao longo do tempo foi atribuída principalmente à mortalidade (455 pacientes; 19,2% da coorte) e à ausência ou incompletude dos dados dos questionários (1.458 pacientes; 61,4%).</p>
					<p>Em comparação com a coorte total, pacientes com dados de QV disponíveis eram significativamente mais jovens (idade média de 71,2 vs 75,9 anos; p &lt; 0,001) e eram tratados com maior frequência com BBs (92,0% vs 85,0%; p &lt; 0,001). Esse subgrupo também apresentou menor prevalência de infecções adquiridas no hospital (2,9% vs 4,7%; p = 0,021), maior uso de ARMs (58,1% vs 53,0%; p = 0,011) e menores níveis médios de ureia sérica (62,6 vs 68,5 mg/dl; p &lt; 0,001). Diferenças significativas também foram observadas em relação ao <italic>status</italic> de cuidados paliativos (p = 0,0165) e à estratificação de risco ADHERE (p = 0,037).</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> resume as médias e os desvios padrão dos escores do KCCQ-12 na linha de base e durante o seguimento (120-240 dias e 240-480 dias). Os escores de limitação social aumentaram de 84,0 ± 25,6 na linha de base para 86,0 ± 24,8 entre 120-240 dias e posteriormente reduziram discretamente para 85,0 ± 25,4 entre 240-480 dias.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Valores dos escores do KCCQ-12 e PHQ-2 durante o seguimento, iniciando na avaliação basal da QV (T30)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Domínio de QV, média ± DP</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal"> Linha de base (n = 661) </th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal"> 120-240 dias (n = 543) </th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal"> 240-480 dias (n = 511) </th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Limitação social</td>
										<td align="center">84,0 ± 25,6</td>
										<td align="center">86,0 ± 24,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,285</td>
										<td align="center">85,0 ± 25,4</td>
										<td align="center">0,412</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>QV</td>
										<td align="center">73,2 ± 24,4</td>
										<td align="center">75,2 ± 25,2</td>
										<td align="center">0,070</td>
										<td align="center">75,7 ± 24,5</td>
										<td align="center">0,018</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência dos sintomas</td>
										<td align="center">91,1 ± 16,1</td>
										<td align="center">91,2 ± 16,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,693</td>
										<td align="center">90,6 ± 16,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,625</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Limitação física</td>
										<td align="center">84,2 ± 23,3</td>
										<td align="center">84,5 ± 25,0</td>
										<td align="center">0,306</td>
										<td align="center">82,4 ± 25,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,388</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Escore global do KCCQ-12</td>
										<td align="center">83,1 ± 18,4</td>
										<td align="center">84,2 ± 18,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,127</td>
										<td align="center">83,4 ± 19,6</td>
										<td align="center">0,288</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Escore do PHQ-2</td>
										<td align="center">0,73 ± 1,41</td>
										<td align="center">0,67 ± 1,37</td>
										<td align="center">0,156</td>
										<td align="center">0,64 ± 1,40</td>
										<td align="center">0,975</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>DP: desvio padrão; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2; QV: qualidade de vida.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Os escores de QV aumentaram de 73,2 ± 24,4 na linha de base para 75,2 ± 25,2 entre 120-240 dias e posteriormente para 75,7 ± 24,5 entre 240-480 dias. Os escores de sintomas permaneceram estáveis durante todo o seguimento, com valores de 91,1 ± 16,1 na linha de base, 91,2 ± 16,8 entre 120-240 dias e 90,6 ± 16,9 entre 240-480 dias. Os escores de limitação física aumentaram discretamente de 84,2 ± 23,3 na linha de base para 84,5 ± 25,0 entre 120-240 dias, seguidos de redução para 82,4 ± 25,9 entre 240-480 dias.</p>
					<p>O escore global médio do KCCQ-12 foi de 83,1 ± 18,4 na linha de base, aumentou para 84,2 ± 18,9 entre 120-240 dias e reduziu discretamente para 83,4 ± 19,6 entre 240-480 dias.</p>
					<p>Os escores do PHQ-2 apresentaram discreta redução não significativa ao longo do tempo, com médias de 0,73 aos 30 dias, 0,67 aos 180 dias e 0,64 aos 365 dias. As medianas permaneceram em 0 em todos os momentos avaliados, e não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (todos p &gt; 0,15).</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta comparações pareadas dos escores do KCCQ-12 entre os períodos de seguimento. Na linha de base, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na QV entre os subgrupos de risco ADHERE quando categorias de risco intermediário e alto risco foram comparadas ao grupo de baixo risco. Entretanto, entre 240-480 dias, pacientes classificados como ADHERE Risco Intermediário 1 demonstraram redução significativa nos escores de QV (−8,03 pontos; IC 95%, −14,86 a −1,21; p = 0,0117).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Comparações pareadas das variáveis incluídas no modelo multivariado para os escores do KCCQ-12</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Comparações</th>
										<th>Tempo</th>
										<th>Diferença no KCCQ-12</th>
										<th>IC 95%</th>
										<th>valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>ADHERE</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com Baixo Risco</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Risco Intermediário 3</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">1,02</td>
										<td align="center">−6,71 a 8,74</td>
										<td align="center">0,9964</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−1,42</td>
										<td align="center">−9,94 a 7,09</td>
										<td align="center">0,9910</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−1,78</td>
										<td align="center">−11,14 a 7,57</td>
										<td align="center">0,9853</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Risco Intermediário 2</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−1,12</td>
										<td align="center">−6,46 a 4,21</td>
										<td align="center">0,9787</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−2,24</td>
										<td align="center">−7,96 a 3,48</td>
										<td align="center">0,8220</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−5,09</td>
										<td align="center">−10,96 a 0,78</td>
										<td align="center">0,1247</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Risco Intermediário 1</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−2,54</td>
										<td align="center">−8,72 a 3,64</td>
										<td align="center">0,7939</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−5,45</td>
										<td align="center">−12,01 a 1,12</td>
										<td align="center">0,1562</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−8,03</td>
										<td align="center">−14,86 a −1,21</td>
										<td align="center">0,0117</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Alto Risco</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−2,07</td>
										<td align="center">−13,74 a 9,60</td>
										<td align="center">0,9887</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−2,57</td>
										<td align="center">−15,61 a 10,47</td>
										<td align="center">0,9833</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−4,96</td>
										<td align="center">−19,08 a 9,17</td>
										<td align="center">0,8738</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4"><bold>IECAs/BRAs</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com ausência de uso</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">4,36</td>
										<td align="center">1,08 a 7,65</td>
										<td align="center">0,0092</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">3,84</td>
										<td align="center">0,30 a 7,39</td>
										<td align="center">0,0337</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">4,00</td>
										<td align="center">0,41 a 7,58</td>
										<td align="center">0,0291</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4"><bold>IRANs</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com ausência de uso</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">0,94</td>
										<td align="center">−2,86 a 4,74</td>
										<td align="center">0,6261</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−1,22</td>
										<td align="center">−5,29 a 2,85</td>
										<td align="center">0,5563</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−1,00</td>
										<td align="center">−5,15 a 3,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,6377</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com idade &lt; 40 anos</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">40-64 anos</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−3,6</td>
										<td align="center">−15,3 a 8,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,7492</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">5,2</td>
										<td align="center">−7,1 a 17,5</td>
										<td align="center">0,5800</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">2,6</td>
										<td align="center">−10,4 a 15,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,8826</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">≥ 65 anos</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−2,3</td>
										<td align="center">−13,7 a 9,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,8842</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">5,6</td>
										<td align="center">−6,4 a 17,6</td>
										<td align="center">0,5125</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">2,3</td>
										<td align="center">−10,5 a 15,0</td>
										<td align="center">0,9096</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com sexo masculino</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Feminino</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−4,8</td>
										<td align="center">−7,9 a −1,64</td>
										<td align="center">0,0029</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−2,6</td>
										<td align="center">−5,9 a 0,78</td>
										<td align="center">0,1332</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−7,6</td>
										<td align="center">−11,0 a −4,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Reospitalização</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>Comparado com ausência de reospitalização</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">1 ou 2</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−6,2</td>
										<td align="center">−10,3 a −2,0</td>
										<td align="center">0,0014</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−5,2</td>
										<td align="center">−9,6 a −0,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,0134</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−3,7</td>
										<td align="center">−8,0 a 0,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,1211</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">≥ 3</td>
										<td align="center">Linha de base</td>
										<td align="center">−5,0</td>
										<td align="center">−11,1 a 1,2</td>
										<td align="center">0,1377</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">120-240 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−5,6</td>
										<td align="center">−11,5 a 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,0667</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">240-480 dias</td>
										<td align="center">−5,0</td>
										<td align="center">−10,7 a 0,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,0976</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5002">
									<p>ADHERE: Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry; BRA: bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina; IC 95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>O uso de IECAs ou BRAs esteve associado a escores significativamente maiores de QV na linha de base (diferença média [DM], 4,36 pontos; IC 95%, 1,08-7,65; p = 0,0092), entre 120-240 dias (DM, 3,84 pontos; IC 95%, 0,30-7,39; p = 0,0337) e entre 240-480 dias (DM, 4,00 pontos; IC 95%, 0,41-7,58; p = 0,0291). Os escores do KCCQ-12 permaneceram estáveis nos pacientes com FEVE ≥20% ao longo do seguimento, enquanto aqueles com FEVE &lt;20% apresentaram maior variabilidade, com melhora inicial nos primeiros 120 dias seguida por redução dos escores em avaliações posteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). O uso de IRANs não esteve associado a diferenças significativas em nenhum momento avaliado. Além disso, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre grupos etários.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Escores médios estimados do KCCQ-12 ao longo do tempo de acordo com o uso de IECAs, BRAs ou IRANs. BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IRAN: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; KCCQ-12: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-6-e20260001-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Foram identificadas diferenças significativas relacionadas ao sexo, com mulheres apresentando menores escores de QV do que homens na linha de base (−4,8 pontos; IC 95%, −7,9 a −1,64; p = 0,0029) e entre 240-480 dias (−7,6 pontos; IC 95%, −11,0 a −4,1; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
					<p>Pacientes com uma ou duas reospitalizações apresentaram escores significativamente menores de QV na linha de base (−6,2 pontos; IC 95%, −10,3 a −2,0; p = 0,0014) e entre 120-240 dias (−5,2 pontos; IC 95%, −9,6 a −0,9; p = 0,0134).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Este estudo prospectivo multicêntrico fornece uma avaliação em condições de prática clínica real dos desfechos clínicos e da QV entre pacientes brasileiros hospitalizados com ICFEr, utilizando metodologia padronizada baseada nas recomendações do ICHOM. Até onde sabemos, esta representa a maior iniciativa latino-americana para operacionalizar princípios da SBV na mensuração de desfechos em insuficiência cardíaca. Nossos achados demonstram a viabilidade da implementação de métricas de desfechos padronizadas internacionalmente em uma rede diversificada de instituições privadas de saúde no Brasil.</p>
				<p>A população estudada refletiu um perfil típico de pacientes com ICFEr avançada, caracterizado por elevada carga de comorbidades, uso disseminado de TMDDs e predomínio das Classes III e IV da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em consonância com evidências prévias, idade mais avançada esteve independentemente associada a maiores riscos de mortalidade e reospitalização. O uso de BBs e IECAs ou BRAs esteve significativamente associado à menor mortalidade, reforçando seu papel estabelecido no manejo da ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses achados estão alinhados às recomendações contemporâneas de diretrizes que sustentam os benefícios prognósticos da TMDD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o efeito protetor dos ARMs sobre a reospitalização é consistente com ensaios randomizados prévios e reforça ainda mais seu papel no cuidado abrangente da insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entretanto, a elevada prevalência de contraindicações às terapias padrão destaca desafios persistentes relacionados à multimorbidade e à tolerabilidade terapêutica em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Notavelmente, apesar de níveis médios de pressão arterial relativamente preservados, as elevadas taxas de contraindicação a IECAs, BRAs e IRANs podem ter sido parcialmente impulsionadas pela acentuada disfunção renal observada nesta coorte, que apresentou nível médio de creatinina de 4,6 mg/dl.</p>
				<p>Nossos achados são consistentes com os do registro brasileiro BREATHE, que também descreveu uma população de insuficiência cardíaca de alto risco, caracterizada por mortalidade substancial e uso subótimo de terapias baseadas em evidências. Em comparação ao BREATHE, nossa coorte era mais idosa e composta exclusivamente por pacientes com ICFEr, o que pode explicar parcialmente a elevada mortalidade em 1 ano observada. É importante destacar que, enquanto o BREATHE enfatizou principalmente lacunas terapêuticas, nossos achados demonstram adicionalmente que o uso da TMDD está associado à melhora da sobrevida e da QV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Marcadores de gravidade da doença também se mostraram importantes indicadores prognósticos. O uso de dispositivos de SCM esteve associado ao aumento do risco de mortalidade, provavelmente refletindo o estado avançado da doença nesse subgrupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Além disso, tanto a classificação funcional da NYHA quanto a estratificação de risco ADHERE estiveram fortemente associadas a maiores riscos de reospitalização e morte, em consonância com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além dos benefícios sobre a sobrevida, o uso de IECAs, BRAs ou IRANs esteve consistentemente associado a maiores escores do KCCQ-12 ao longo do seguimento, independentemente de idade, sexo, <italic>status</italic> de reospitalização ou categoria de risco ADHERE. Esse achado destaca o benefício duplo dessas terapias tanto no prolongamento da sobrevida quanto na melhora do estado de saúde percebido pelos pacientes.</p>
				<p>Essa relação entre terapia e estado de saúde é reforçada por evidências recentes de prática clínica real demonstrando que tanto a intensificação quanto a desintensificação das terapias para insuficiência cardíaca estiveram associadas a mudanças estatisticamente significativas e clinicamente relevantes nos escores do KCCQ-12.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Notavelmente, uma proporção substancialmente maior de pacientes submetidos a ajustes terapêuticos apresentou grandes melhorias na QV (≥ 20 pontos), o que sugere que a otimização terapêutica orientada pelo médico pode influenciar positivamente os desfechos relatados pelos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esses achados reforçam o valor do KCCQ-12 e de instrumentos semelhantes de desfechos relatados pelos pacientes não apenas como ferramentas de monitoramento, mas também como mecanismos para apoiar a tomada de decisão clínica e melhorar a qualidade do cuidado na ICFEr.</p>
				<p>Em nossa coorte, os escores globais do KCCQ-12 demonstraram melhora modesta durante o seguimento de médio prazo, seguida por discreto declínio próximo ao final do período do estudo. Embora ganhos incrementais tenham sido observados nos domínios de limitação social e QV, os escores de sintomas permaneceram relativamente estáveis ao longo do tempo. Esse padrão sugere que, embora a estabilização clínica possa ser alcançada com terapias baseadas em evidências, intervenções adicionais podem ser necessárias para sustentar e ampliar a melhora do estado de saúde percebido pelos pacientes em longo prazo.</p>
				<p>É importante destacar que também foram identificadas disparidades nos desfechos relacionados à QV associada à saúde. Mulheres relataram consistentemente menores escores do KCCQ-12 do que homens na linha de base e durante o seguimento de longo prazo, corroborando pesquisas anteriores que demonstraram diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na percepção dos sintomas e carga da doença. O estudo multicêntrico VIDA-IC demonstrou, de forma semelhante, que mulheres com ICFEr apresentaram escores globais do KCCQ-12 significativamente menores do que homens, refletindo pior QV relacionada à saúde. Em particular, mulheres apresentaram menores escores nos domínios frequência dos sintomas, carga sintomática, limitação física, QV e limitação social, enquanto não foram observadas diferenças nos domínios estabilidade dos sintomas e autoeficácia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Além disso, a análise BIOSTAT-CHF relatou escore global mediano do KCCQ-12 de 44 em mulheres vs 53 em homens (p &lt; 0,001), reforçando a consistência das disparidades relacionadas ao sexo entre populações com insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pacientes que apresentaram uma ou duas reospitalizações também demonstraram escores persistentemente menores de QV, destacando a carga clínica e psicológica substancial associada à hospitalização recorrente. Esses achados são consistentes com o registro REPORT-HF, no qual menores escores do KCCQ-12 após a alta estiveram associados a maiores taxas de reospitalização e pior recuperação do estado de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ao integrar desfechos clínicos padronizados e desfechos relatados pelos pacientes, nosso estudo amplia evidências prévias oriundas de registros ao demonstrar a viabilidade da aplicação de estruturas internacionais de mensuração de desfechos no Brasil. Além disso, nossos achados sugerem que uma implementação mais ampla das TMDDs pode contribuir para menor mortalidade, menos reospitalizações e melhor QV, além de fornecer evidências para apoiar estratégias baseadas em valor voltadas à melhoria do cuidado em insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Sob a perspectiva do sistema de saúde, a implementação bem-sucedida dessa estrutura de mensuração de desfechos representa um passo importante em direção à incorporação dos princípios da SBV na assistência à saúde brasileira. A iniciativa da ANAHP ilustra como governança clínica, plataformas padronizadas de dados, como o SINHA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e liderança institucional coordenada podem facilitar o <italic>benchmarking</italic>, melhoria contínua da qualidade e transparência, todos componentes essenciais de sistemas de SBV.</p>
				<p>Entretanto, desafios importantes permanecem. Interoperabilidade entre sistemas de informação hospitalares, engajamento sustentado dos profissionais de saúde e seguimento de longo prazo dos pacientes continuam representando barreiras relevantes. Além disso, a incorporação de dados de desfechos em modelos de reembolso e incentivos ainda permanece incipiente. Expandir essa abordagem para instituições públicas de saúde e incorporar de forma mais sistemática os determinantes sociais da saúde pode melhorar tanto a escalabilidade quanto a equidade.</p>
				<p>Em conjunto, esses achados enfatizam a importância do cuidado integrado e centrado no paciente no manejo da ICFEr. Estudos futuros devem explorar modelos de reembolso baseados em valor, investigar mecanismos subjacentes às disparidades observadas na QV, particularmente aquelas relacionadas ao sexo e à hospitalização recorrente, e avaliar a generalização desses achados em diferentes populações e cenários de assistência, incluindo o sistema público de saúde.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>Este estudo apresenta limitações importantes. Os dados ausentes foram tratados por exclusão por lista, o que pode ter introduzido viés de seleção. Diferenças basais entre os subgrupos de QV e seguimento clínico sugerem a possibilidade de perdas seletivas de seguimento, e confundimento residual não pode ser excluído, apesar do ajuste multivariado.</p>
					<p>Além disso, o estudo foi conduzido exclusivamente em hospitais terciários privados do Brasil, o que pode limitar a generalização para outros cenários de assistência à saúde. A exposição às TMDDs foi avaliada apenas na linha de base, sem considerar adesão terapêutica ou titulação de dose ao longo do tempo, potencialmente levando à classificação incorreta da exposição.</p>
					<p>Adicionalmente, o seguimento subótimo dos desfechos relatados pelos pacientes levanta a possibilidade de viés de resposta. Essa limitação foi amplamente impulsionada por dificuldades operacionais na manutenção do contato com os pacientes, particularmente pela dependência de seguimento telefônico, bem como pela recusa de pacientes e médicos e comprometimento cognitivo, fatores que podem ter contribuído para perdas não aleatórias de seguimento.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Nesta coorte prospectiva multicêntrica, TMDDs, particularmente IECAs ou BRAs e BBs, estiveram associadas a melhora da sobrevida, menores taxas de reospitalização e melhores desfechos relatados pelos pacientes entre indivíduos com ICFEr tratados no sistema privado de saúde brasileiro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
				<p>A implementação da estrutura do ICHOM mostrou-se viável e possibilitou mensuração padronizada de desfechos e <italic>benchmarking</italic> entre instituições. Estudos longitudinais adicionais são necessários para avaliar adesão terapêutica, titulação medicamentosa e disparidades em desfechos clínicos e relatados pelos pacientes, apoiando, assim, o desenvolvimento de modelos de SBV voltados à melhora da QV e redução de iniquidades no manejo da ICFEr.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Os autores agradecem ao Programa de Desfechos Clínicos da ANAHP e a todos os hospitais participantes por suas contribuições essenciais para a implementação da mensuração padronizada de desfechos e para o avanço da SBV no Brasil.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Associação Beneficente Síria – Hospital Sírio-Libanês (CAAE: 38654220.5.1001.0060; parecer nº 4.354.155). Todos os centros participantes obtiveram as aprovações éticas locais. Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado para utilização de seus dados em iniciativas de avaliação de desfechos e melhoria da qualidade assistencial. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente e analisados de forma anonimizada, assegurando a confidencialidade das informações.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p> Todo o conjunto de dados que dá suporte aos resultados deste estudo está disponível mediante solicitação ao autor correspondente.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>