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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250053i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Palliative Care in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: An Integrative Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bispo</surname>
						<given-names>Irving Gabriel Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0874-2817</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Clara Verrone da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7349-3059</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela Tobias Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0188-3728</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopez</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Paulino de Mello</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Caetano do Sul</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS), São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Irving Gabriel Araújo Bispo • Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS) – Rua Santo Antônio, 50. Postal Code 09550-051, Centro, São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brazil. E-mail: <email>irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Humberto Villacorta</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250053</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The term advanced heart failure (HF) defines a profile of patients with severe symptoms, recurrent decompensations, and cardiac dysfunction despite optimized therapy. The clinical course of advanced HF is difficult to predict, and identifying the appropriate moment for integrating palliative care (PC) remains a challenge. To conduct an integrative review on the incorporation of palliative care in patients with advanced HF, highlighting the main differences in quality-of-life outcomes based on the most recent clinical studies. The topic was defined and the guiding question formulated according to the PICO model. A systematic search was performed for studies in Portuguese, Spanish, and English in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases, published in the last five years. The descriptors used were “heart failure,” “palliative care,” and “elderly patient.” A total of 54 articles were identified; after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 studies were selected. Patients with advanced HF present a high symptom burden (pain, dyspnea, fatigue, anxiety, and depression). Early introduction of PC, ideally at critical points in the disease trajectory, enables symptom relief, reduced hospitalizations, and improved communication between families and healthcare teams. Early integration of palliative care should be understood as an essential strategy in the management of advanced heart failure. We emphasize the substantial gap that persists in the early introduction of palliative care in advanced HF, which requires coordinated, multidisciplinary action. It is essential that healthcare teams and public policies recognize PC as a fundamental and humanized component of advanced HF treatment, ensuring maximum comfort, dignity, and well-being for patients.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywods</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Palliative Care</kwd>
				<kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Palliative Care in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: An Integrative Review</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The term advanced heart failure (HF) defines a profile of patients with severe symptoms, recurrent decompensations, and cardiac dysfunction despite optimized therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients who remain severely symptomatic or in persistent New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV may be candidates for advanced therapies such as heart transplantation (HT), mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs), or palliative care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The characteristics of candidates for advanced HF therapies, such as HT and MCSDs, have changed substantially over the years, making the selection process more challenging and rigorous.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Regarding HT, which is the treatment of choice for advanced HF, several strategies have been proposed to increase the number of effective donors. In fact, the United States has recently revised its organ allocation policy. Considering that post-transplant survival is worse in patients on preoperative ECMO compared with those supported by MCSDs, the new system assigns higher priority to patients with short-term mechanical circulatory support, whereas those with long-term MCSDs or on inotropes are placed in lower priority categories. In Brazil, similar changes have also been adopted in some states.</p>
			<p>Another recent proposal is to replace body weight with predicted heart mass as the ideal tool for assessing size mismatch between donor and recipient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Finally, PC has proven to be an indispensable strategy in the management of advanced HF, assuming an even more prominent role in patients who are not candidates for HT or MCSD. Intermittent use of ultrafiltration, peritoneal dialysis, or inotropes represents possible strategies in inpatient settings, day-hospital programs, or even at home, with the primary goal of symptom relief.</p>
			<p>In the advanced stages of the disease, when there is refractoriness to optimized pharmacological therapy and recurrent decompensations, HF becomes a condition with a poor prognosis, characterized by high hospitalization rates, functional decline, and a substantial symptom burden. In this context, advanced heart failure shares features comparable to other terminal chronic illnesses, such as certain types of cancer, in terms of suffering, life limitation, and caregiver impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Given the clinical complexity and the incurable nature of end-stage HF, palliative care emerges as an essential approach to promote quality of life, symptom relief, and psychosocial support for both patients and their families. Early integration of palliative principles into the management of advanced HF enables more person-centered care, respecting individual values, preferences, and goals – particularly in situations requiring decision-making regarding the limitation of invasive interventions or the artificial prolongation of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>According to the World Health Organization, palliative care consists of an active, comprehensive, and continuous approach aimed at the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being of individuals with serious or life-threatening illnesses, promoting dignity and autonomy for patients and their families. It is indicated regardless of diagnosis, prognosis, age, or stage of disease, whenever clinical or psychosocial needs are not fully met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>PC plays a fundamental role in the prevention of dysthanasia, understood as the artificial prolongation of life or therapeutic obstinacy – that is, the practice of using medical interventions to maintain the life of a terminally ill patient even when there are no reasonable prospects of recovery, thereby prolonging existence at the cost of continuous suffering. The goal of this approach is to avoid unnecessary interventions that do not provide real benefit to the patient.</p>
			<p>The palliative philosophy is centered on comfort, dignity, and respect for the patient’s wishes, offering physical, emotional, and spiritual support. In this way, it seeks to ensure that care is proportional, humane, and aligned with the individual’s values and life goals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Objective</title>
			<p>To conduct an integrative review on the incorporation of palliative care in patients with advanced HF, demonstrating the main differences in quality-of-life outcomes based on the most recent clinical studies.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This study is an integrative review aimed at synthesizing the available evidence regarding the implementation of PC in patients with advanced HF, with a focus on improving quality of life. First, the study topic was defined and the guiding question was formulated using the PICO framework. Subsequently, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, a database search was performed, and studies were pre-selected and selected based on the screening of titles, abstracts, and keywords to assess their relevance to the guiding question. When the information provided in the abstract was insufficient, the full text was reviewed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– PICO strategy applied to define the guiding research question.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published in Portuguese, Spanish, or English in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases within the last five years. The descriptors used were: <italic>“heart failure”, “palliative care”</italic>, and <italic>“elderly patient”</italic>. Exclusion criteria included experimental studies, editorials, reviewer communications, and duplicate publications across databases.</p>
			<p>All records identified were exported to the Rayyan reference manager, which was used for organizing and screening the studies. Subsequently, four reviewers conducted the title screening, and any disagreements were resolved by consensus among the researchers. Data collection took place between June 2025 and September 2025.</p>
			<p>Afterward, the selected studies were organized into a table using a synthesis matrix for the critical analysis of the included studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Based on the interpretation and synthesis of the results, the findings were compared with the theoretical framework in a descriptive manner, allowing for the assessment of the applicability of the integrative review and the development of the discussion, to meet the objective of this study.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Main characteristics of the studies included in the integrative review</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Article title </th>
								<th>Year of publication Database</th>
								<th>Type of study</th>
								<th>Authors</th>
								<th>Relevant topics</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Palliative care in heart failure</td>
								<td align="center">2022 Pubmed</td>
								<td align="center">Systematic review</td>
								<td align="center">Isabel O. Cruz Céu Rocha Hugo M. Oliveira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">The decision to refer patients with HF to PC should, in fact, be independent of prognosis and should not be considered a last-line treatment. The focus must be on improving symptoms and enhancing patients’ quality of life. The high one-month mortality rate suggests that patients were referred to the palliative care team at very advanced stages of frailty and heart failure</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OThe right time for palliative care in heart failure: a review of critical moments for palliative care intervention</td>
								<td align="center">2020 Pubmed</td>
								<td align="center">Systematic review</td>
								<td align="center">Samuel D. Slavin Haider J. Warraich<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Referrals from cardiologists to palliative care have decreased in recent years and, when they do occur, they are often made very late – frequently within the last three days of life. This is despite evidence from randomized trials showing that such interventions provide multiple benefits, including improvement in NYHA functional class, reduction of symptoms and hospitalizations, and enhancement of quality of life</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Consensus document and recommendations on palliative care in heart failure of the Heart Failure and Geriatric Cardiology Working Groups of the Spanish Society of Cardiology</td>
								<td align="center">2020 Pubmed</td>
								<td align="center">Positioning of Medical Societies</td>
								<td align="center">José Manuel García Pinilla Pablo Díez-Villanueva Ramón Bover Freire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that interdisciplinary PC interventions in patients with advanced heart failure are more beneficial than conventional treatment in terms of quality of life, anxiety, depression, and spiritual well-being. However, the vast majority of patients report that they have not discussed end-of-life issues. Thus, palliative sedation is considered a therapeutic tool for the management of refractory symptoms that have not responded to treatment and that cause discomfort or suffering at the end of life.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Continuous care is essential from the onset</td>
								<td align="center">PubMed 2019</td>
								<td align="center">Scope review</td>
								<td align="center">Francesc Formiga Oscar Farinas Balaguer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">The clinical course of patients with heart failure is difficult to predict, and therefore correctly identifying those in the terminal phase of the disease is often complex. Several tools exist, including risk calculators and prognostic factors. Despite these advances, such tools remain imperfect when used to support the decision-making process.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: Contemporaneous Management of Advanced Heart Failure</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO LILACS 2020</td>
								<td align="center">Integrative review</td>
								<td align="center">Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga Jefferson L. Vieira João D. S. Neto Gustavo Calado Silvia M. Ayub-Ferreira Fernando Bacal Nadine Clausell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Patients with persistent severe HF (NYHA class IV) or significant comorbidities should be evaluated for heart transplantation, mechanical circulatory support, or PC. PC remains essential for patients who are not eligible for heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device, aiming to provide symptom relief and improve quality of life.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Qualitative Study of the Limits and Possibilities of Integrating Palliative Care in Heart Failur</td>
								<td align="center">LILACS 2023</td>
								<td align="center">Observational study</td>
								<td align="center">Karoliny A. Santos Liana A. C. Trotte Audrei Telles Tereza C. Guimarães Eunice Sá Marcelle M. da Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">The factors identified as barriers to the integration of palliative care in heart failure include the severity of signs and symptoms, poor quality of life, lack of knowledge about the disease and its progression, late initiation of treatment, and the risk of discontinuity due to socioeconomic factors. In addition to issues related to the biomedical model, limited investment in palliative care within the healthcare network, as well as difficulties in clinical judgment and decision-making regarding whom to palliate, how, and when, also contribute to these challenges</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Palliative care and its impact on the quality of life in heart failure patients</td>
								<td align="center">LiLACS 2022</td>
								<td align="center">Observational study</td>
								<td align="center">Adriana M. E. Gonzalez Emilio J. E. Chávez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">The European Association for Palliative Care recommends to include palliative care in the management of heart failure to prevent hospital readmissions and improve symptom control, with the goal of enhancing quality of life. Studies involving patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA III–IV) show that PC, when combined with usual care, improves quality of life and reduces symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and dyspnea. Overall, PC provides clear benefits for the physical and psychological well-being of these patients, even though it does not change mortality.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Prevalence and characteristics of patients with heart failure needing palliative care</td>
								<td align="center">LILACS 2021</td>
								<td align="center">Estudo observacional</td>
								<td align="center">Luisa F. A. Ochoa Valentina González-Jaramillo Clara Saldarriaga Mariantonia Lemos Alicia Krikorian John J. Vargas Xavier Gómez-Batiste Steffen Eychmuller<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">The prevalence of palliative care needs was twice as high in NYHA III/IV patients compared with NYHA I/II patients, and nearly twice as high in patients over 70 years of age compared with those under 70. Compared with –NECPAL patients, +NECPAL patients showed worse quality of life, more severe shortness of breath, fatigue, drowsiness, and pain, as well as a greater number of psychosocial problems.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure Patients in Palliative Care: A Scoping Review</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO LILACS 2022</td>
								<td align="center">Revisão de escopo</td>
								<td align="center">Paola P. Jardim Ana Carla D. Cavalcanti Alyne S. Borges Paula Vanessa P. Flores Camila A. Rosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Regarding the signs and symptoms presented by patients with heart failure receiving palliative care, there was a high prevalence of pain, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea, depression, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and edema, in addition to a wide range of other less frequent symptoms</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>HF: heart failure; PC: palliative care; NYHA: New York Heart Association</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Finally, a document was prepared containing the synthesis of the evidence identified and the final construction of the integrative review.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>A total of 54 articles were identified in the PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. After screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine studies were selected: four from PubMed, three from SciELO, and two from LILACS. The included publications ranged from current guidelines on palliative care in HF to systematic reviews addressing this topic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Articles included in the review.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the main articles included in this integrative review, highlighting the relevant topics addressed in each study.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>PC in patients with advanced HF is associated with a significant improvement in quality of life and greater control of symptoms at the end of life. In line with recent studies, it is evident that the integration of PC should not be understood as an exclusively end-of-life measure, but rather as an integral component of the overall management of HF, especially in stages III and IV of the NYHA classification (Central Figure).</p>
			<p>One of the main points identified is the high symptom burden in these patients, frequently characterized by dyspnea, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression. The study by Ochoa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> for example, shows that the prevalence of PC needs is twice as high in patients with NYHA III/IV HF and nearly twice as high in individuals over 70 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>International consensus statements and systematic reviews, such as that by Marcondes-Braga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstrate that the combination of optimized therapy and PC reduces the frequency and intensity of these symptoms, in addition to promoting greater satisfaction among both patients and their families. This reinforces the importance of comprehensive disease management, including symptom control and psychosocial support from the moment advanced HF is diagnosed.</p>
			<p>The study by Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> supports this perspective by highlighting that PC provides clear benefits for physical and psychological well-being, even without altering mortality—an essential aspect in opposing dysthanasia. By prioritizing relief of suffering and improvement in quality of life, PC directly counters the futile prolongation of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, the data also show that referrals to PC still occur late, often limited to the final days of life, which significantly restricts the potential benefits of this approach.</p>
			<p>In a recent Delphi study, important criteria were established by expert consensus for referring patients with HF to PC. These criteria included a combination of patient characteristics (severe left ventricular dysfunction, cardiorenal syndrome, cardiac cachexia), treatment-related factors (inability to tolerate goal-directed medical therapy, need for mechanical circulatory support, frequent readmissions, consideration of advanced therapies), symptoms (severe physical or emotional symptoms, significant functional limitation), and social/psychological characteristics (difficulty making decisions, limited social support, mental health challenges, and the need for advance care planning). Although still limited, the available evidence also supports the use of PC interventions even during hospitalization for acute HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The difficulty in determining the appropriate moment to initiate PC is an important issue highlighted in the studies. Although prognostic tools and clinical criteria help guide this decision, the unpredictability of HF progression remains a major barrier. This uncertainty, combined with the predominance of the traditional biomedical model and the cultural resistance to associating PC with therapeutic abandonment, contributes to the persistence of dysthanasia practices, with the use of invasive measures that add little in terms of survival or comfort. As noted by Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> there is a prevailing perception – shared by medical teams, patients, and their families – that PC is an approach reserved exclusively for the “end of life.” This misconception creates cultural and clinical resistance that leads to delayed referral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The qualitative studies analyzed also emphasize that the implementation of PC requires structural and educational changes. There is a limited availability of specialized services, a lack of standardized protocols, and constraints related to healthcare system funding, especially in Latin American countries. Moreover, the lack of professional knowledge about palliative principles and the absence of multiprofessional training hinder the early integration of this approach. However, the study by Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> points to a potential solution: the development of clinical protocols to systematize eligibility criteria for PC. This is a highly relevant point, as standardizing the assessment process may help overcome clinical uncertainty, facilitate referrals to PC services, and ensure that patients receive appropriate care at the right time.</p>
			<p>Valvular heart disease is highly prevalent in the elderly population. Despite this high prevalence of valvular heart disease (VHD), referral to PC remains low. Although the management of VHD has been transformed by percutaneous therapies, the condition continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. For example, high-risk patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement still have a 47% mortality rate at two years, even in the context of advanced age, multiple comorbidities, and frailty, and 17% of survivors continue to experience NYHA class III symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another relevant point concerns patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Individuals who receive shocks from their devices may experience significant psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder. The sudden and unexpected nature of these shocks can intensify fear and anxiety, profoundly affecting quality of life and overall well-being. PC can assist in aligning patient values and goals with complex decision-making related to invasive procedures and device management, including implantation, replacement, removal, or deactivation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Data suggest that deactivation of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator occurs in only 30% to 40% of patients with terminal illness, while 10% to 20% receive a shock from the device in the last month of life. The use of PC is also low: only 9% to 14% of patients with these devices receive a palliative care consultation before death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although the literature does not show a significant impact of PC on reducing mortality, there is consensus regarding its positive effects on quality-of-life indicators, symptom control, reduction of hospital readmissions, and improved communication in decision-making. These findings reinforce that the goals of PC go beyond longevity, focusing instead on dignity, relief of suffering, and respect for individual preferences.</p>
			<p>As highlighted by Formiga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> continuous care is essential from the moment HF is diagnosed. The implementation of a multidisciplinary approach – involving physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and other professionals – is fundamental for successful integration, as the care of patients with advanced HF extends beyond the strictly biological dimension.</p>
			<p>Another relevant point concerns patients who survive a cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA). Mortality rates among those admitted after CRA range from 50% to 80%; another 8% to 10% survive but present some degree of moderate residual disability. The sudden and often catastrophic nature of CRA, combined with the uncertainty surrounding neurological prognosis, creates an ideal context for the integration of palliative care (PC) to support caregivers and legal decision-makers in the decision-making process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Therefore, the findings of this review reinforce the need to reorient care in advanced HF toward a more humanized, interdisciplinary, and patient-centered model, in which PC is incorporated early and continuously. This process requires both the strengthening of public policies and the engagement of healthcare teams and society, in order to overcome cultural and structural barriers that still delay its effective implementation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>The main limitation of this study is the heterogeneity of the articles included in the review. It is important to note that this remains a relatively scarce topic in the literature, which leads to difficulties and potential selection bias. We sought to minimize this bias by removing duplicate articles, carefully reviewing studies across databases, and resolving disagreements by consensus. Even so, many of the available studies are reports of national experiences, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Nevertheless, they represent an important starting point for encouraging broader and more specific research in this population.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Patients with advanced HF benefit from the integration of PC into routine clinical management, showing positive outcomes particularly in reducing the risk of dysthanasia. We highlight the substantial gap that still persists in the early introduction of PC in advanced HF, which requires coordinated and collaborative action among different healthcare professionals. Thus, it is essential that healthcare teams and public policies recognize PC as a fundamental and humanized component of the treatment of advanced HF, ensuring maximum comfort, dignity, and well-being for patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250053</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cuidados Paliativos em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada: Uma Revisão Integrativa</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bispo</surname>
						<given-names>Irving Gabriel Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0874-2817</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Clara Verrone da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7349-3059</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela Tobias Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0188-3728</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopez</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Paulino de Mello</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados e Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS), São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Irving Gabriel Araújo Bispo • Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS) - Rua Santo Antônio, 50. CEP 09550-051, Centro, São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brasil. E-mail: irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Humberto Villacorta</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O termo insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada define um perfil de pacientes com sintomas graves, descompensações recorrentes e disfunção cardíaca apesar da terapia otimizada. O curso clínico da IC avançada é de difícil previsão, e a identificação do momento adequado para a integração dos cuidados paliativos (CP) ainda é um desafio. Realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre a inserção dos cuidados paliativos em pacientes com IC avançada, demonstrando as principais diferenças no impacto sobre a qualidade de vida diante dos estudos clínicos mais recentes. O tema foi delimitado e a pergunta norteadora formulada segundo o modelo PICO. Realizou-se uma busca sistemática de estudos em português, espanhol e inglês nas bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizaram-se como descritores: “insuficiência cardíaca”, “cuidados paliativos” e “paciente idoso”. Foram encontrados 54 artigos; após análise conforme os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados nove estudos. Pacientes com IC avançada apresentam elevada carga sintomática (dor, dispneia, fadiga, ansiedade e depressão). A introdução precoce dos CP, idealmente nos momentos críticos da trajetória da doença, possibilita alívio sintomático, redução de internações e melhora da comunicação entre familiares e equipes de saúde. A integração precoce dos cuidados paliativos deve ser entendida como uma estratégia essencial no manejo da IC avançada. Destacamos a grande lacuna que ainda persiste na introdução dos CP nessa população, o que demanda uma ação conjunta e coordenada entre diferentes profissionais da saúde. É fundamental que as equipes assistenciais e as políticas públicas reconheçam os CP como um componente indispensável e humanizado do tratamento da IC avançada, garantindo o máximo de conforto, dignidade e bem-estar ao paciente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Cuidados Paliativos</kwd>
				<kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cuidados Paliativos em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada: Uma Revisão Integrativa</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O termo insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada define um perfil de pacientes com sintomas graves, descompensações recorrentes e disfunção cardíaca mesmo diante da terapia otimizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes que permanecem gravemente sintomáticos ou em classe funcional IV persistente podem ser candidatos a terapias avançadas, como transplante cardíaco (TC), dispositivo de assistência circulatória mecânica (DACM) ou cuidados paliativos (CP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As características dos candidatos a terapias avançadas para IC, como TC e DACM mudaram muito ao longo dos anos, tornando o processo de seleção mais desafiador e criterioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Com relação ao TC, que é o tratamento de escolha para IC avançada, várias estratégias para aumentar o número de doadores efetivos têm sido propostas. De fato, nos Estados Unidos, houve recentemente uma mudança na política de alocação de órgãos. Considerando que a sobrevida pós-transplante é pior em pacientes em uso de ECMO no pré-operatório do que naqueles com DACM, o novo sistema atribui maior prioridade aos pacientes com dispositivos de assistência circulatória mecânica de curta duração, enquanto aqueles com DACM de longa duração ou em uso de inotrópicos passam a ocupar categorias de prioridade inferiores. No Brasil, mudanças semelhantes também vêm sendo adotadas em alguns estados.</p>
				<p>Outra proposta recente é substituir o peso corporal pela massa cardíaca prevista como ferramenta ideal para avaliar a desproporção de tamanho entre doador e receptor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Finalmente, os CP têm se mostrado uma estratégia indispensável no manejo da IC avançada, assumindo papel ainda mais relevante nos casos inelegíveis para TC ou DACM. O uso intermitente de ultrafiltração, diálise peritoneal ou inotrópicos constitui estratégias possíveis em regime hospitalar, hospital-dia ou mesmo domiciliar, com o objetivo principal de alívio de sintomas.</p>
				<p>Nos estágios avançados da doença, quando há refratariedade ao tratamento farmacológico otimizado e recorrência de descompensações, a IC passa a configurar uma condição de prognóstico reservado, marcada por altos índices de hospitalização, deterioração funcional e importante carga sintomática. Nesse contexto, a IC avançada apresenta características que a tornam comparável a doenças crônicas terminais, como alguns tipos de câncer, em termos de sofrimento, limitação da vida e impacto sobre os cuidadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diante da complexidade clínica e da natureza incurável da IC em estágio terminal, os CP emergem como uma abordagem essencial para promover qualidade de vida, alívio de sintomas e suporte psicossocial tanto ao paciente quanto à sua família. A integração precoce dos princípios paliativos no manejo da IC avançada permite uma atenção mais centrada no indivíduo, respeitando valores, preferências e objetivos de cuidado – especialmente em situações que exigem tomada de decisão frente à limitação de intervenções invasivas ou ao prolongamento artificial da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, os CP consistem em uma abordagem ativa, integral e contínua, voltada para o bem-estar físico, psíquico, social e espiritual de pessoas com doenças graves ou ameaçadoras à vida, promovendo dignidade e autonomia para os pacientes e seus familiares. São indicados independentemente do diagnóstico, prognóstico, idade ou estágio da doença, sempre que houver necessidades clínicas ou psicossociais não plenamente atendidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os CP desempenham um papel fundamental na prevenção da distanásia, entendida como o prolongamento artificial da vida ou obstinação terapêutica – isto é, a prática de utilizar intervenções médicas para manter a vida de um paciente terminal mesmo quando não há perspectivas razoáveis de recuperação, prolongando a existência às custas de sofrimento contínuo. O objetivo dessa abordagem é evitar intervenções desnecessárias, que não trazem benefícios reais ao paciente.</p>
				<p>A filosofia paliativa é centrada no conforto, na dignidade e no respeito aos desejos do paciente, oferecendo suporte físico, emocional e espiritual. Dessa forma, busca-se garantir que o cuidado seja proporcional, humanizado e alinhado aos valores e objetivos de vida do indivíduo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Objetivo</title>
				<p>Realizar uma revisão integrativa acerca da inserção dos cuidados paliativos em pacientes com IC avançada, demonstrando as principais diferenças no impacto sobre a qualidade de vida diante dos estudos clínicos mais atuais.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>O presente estudo consiste em uma revisão integrativa, cujo propósito é sintetizar as evidências disponíveis acerca da inserção dos CP em pacientes com IC avançada, visando à melhora da qualidade de vida. Inicialmente, delimitou-se o tema de estudo e formulou-se a pergunta norteadora, estruturada segundo o modelo PICO. Em seguida, foram definidos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, realizada a busca dos artigos nas bases de dados e identificados os estudos pré-selecionados e selecionados a partir da leitura dos títulos, resumos e palavras-chave, de modo a avaliar a pertinência de cada publicação à questão norteadora. Quando as informações presentes no resumo não eram suficientes, procedeu-se à leitura integral do artigo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Estratégia PICO aplicada para a definição da pergunta norteadora.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Foi realizada uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados. Entre os critérios de inclusão, destacaram-se: estudos clínicos randomizados, metanálises e revisões sistemáticas, publicados em português, espanhol ou inglês, nas bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizaram-se como descritores: “insuficiência cardíaca”, “cuidados paliativos” e “paciente idoso”. Por outro lado, foram excluídos artigos experimentais, editoriais, comunicações de revisores e estudos duplicados nas bases consultadas.</p>
				<p>Todos os registros identificados foram exportados para o gerenciador de referências Rayyan, utilizado para a organização e triagem dos estudos. Em seguida, quatro revisores realizaram a triagem dos títulos, e eventuais divergências foram resolvidas por consenso entre os pesquisadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho de 2025 e setembro de 2025.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, os trabalhos selecionados foram organizados em uma tabela, utilizando-se uma matriz de síntese para a análise crítica dos estudos incluídos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). A partir da interpretação e síntese dos resultados, realizou-se a comparação dos achados com o referencial teórico, de forma descritiva, possibilitando a avaliação da aplicabilidade da revisão integrativa e a elaboração da discussão, de modo a atender ao objetivo deste estudo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principais características dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Título do artigo</th>
									<th>Ano de publicação Base de dados </th>
									<th>Tipo de estudo</th>
									<th>Autores</th>
									<th>Tópicos relevantes</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Cuidados paliativos na insuficiência cardíaca: medicina paliativa na insuficiência cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">2022 Pubmed</td>
									<td align="center">Revisão Sistemática</td>
									<td align="center">Isabel O. Cruz Céu Rocha Hugo M. Oliveira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">A decisão de encaminhar pacientes com IC para CP deve, de fato, ser independente do prognóstico e não deve ser considerada um tratamento de última linha. Deve-se concentrar em melhorar os sintomas e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A alta mortalidade em um mês sugere que os pacientes foram encaminhados para a equipe de cuidados paliativos em estágios muito avançados de fragilidade e IC.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>O momento certo para os cuidados paliativos na insuficiência cardíaca: uma revisão dos momentos críticos para intervenção em cuidados paliativos</td>
									<td align="center">2020 Pubmed</td>
									<td align="center">Revisão Sistemática</td>
									<td align="center">Samuel D. Slavin Haider J. Warraich<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">O encaminhamento dos cardiologistas para os cuidados paliativos diminuiu nos últimos anos, além de serem realizados muito tardiamente, frequentemente nos últimos três dias de vida. Mesmo demonstrando que essas intervenções apresentem múltiplos benefícios, como melhora na classe NYHA; redução de sintomas e hospitalizações e melhora da qualidade de vida, segundo ensaios randomizados analisados.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Documento de consenso e recomendações sobre cuidados paliativos na insuficiência cardíaca dos grupos de trabalho de insuficiência cardíaca e cardiologia geriátrica da sociedade espanhola de cardiologia</td>
									<td align="center">2020 Pubmed</td>
									<td align="center">Posicionamento Sociedades Médicas</td>
									<td align="center">José Manuel García Pinilla Pablo Díez-Villanueva Ramón Bover Freire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Ensaios clínicos e meta-análises recentes demonstraram que a intervenção interdisciplinar de CP em pacientes com IC avançada é mais benéfica do que o tratamento convencional em termos de qualidade de vida, ansiedade, depressão e bem-estar espiritual. Porém, a grande maioria dos pacientes reconhece que não discutiu questões de fim de vida. Assim, a sedação paliativa é considerada uma ferramenta terapêutica para controle de sintomas refratários tratados sem sucesso e que causam desconforto ou sofrimento no final da vida.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Insuficiência cardíaca terminal: cuidados contínuos são essenciais desde o início</td>
									<td align="center">PubMed 2019</td>
									<td align="center">Revisão de escopo</td>
									<td align="center">Francesc Formiga Oscar Farinas Balaguer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">O curso clínico de pacientes com IC é difícil de prever e, portanto, identificar corretamente os pacientes na fase terminal da doença é frequentemente complexo. Existem várias ferramentas, incluindo calculadoras de risco e fatores prognósticos. Apesar dos avanços, essas ferramentas permanecem imperfeitas quando usadas para o processo de tomada de decisão.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tópicos emergentes na insuficiência cardíaca: abordagem contemporânea da insuficiência cardíaca avançada</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO LILACS 2020</td>
									<td align="center">Revisão integrativa</td>
									<td align="center">Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga Jefferson L. Vieira João D. S. Neto Gustavo Calado Silvia M. Ayub-Ferreira Fernando Bacal Nadine Clausell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Pacientes com insuficiência grave persistente (CF IV) ou comorbidades significativas devem ser avaliados para transplante cardíaco, assistência circulatória mecânica ou cuidados paliativos. Os cuidados paliativos seguem essenciais em pacientes inelegíveis a transplante cardíaco ou dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda, visando alívio de sintomas e qualidade de vida.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Um estudo qualitativo dos limites e possibilidades da integração de cuidados paliativos na insuficiência cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">LILACS 2023</td>
									<td align="center">Estudo observacional</td>
									<td align="center">Karoliny A. Santos Liana A. C. Trotte Audrei Telles Tereza C. Guimarães Eunice Sá Marcelle M. da Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Os fatores encontrados que dificultam a integração dos cuidados paliativos na IC são: a gravidade dos sintomas e sinais, baixa qualidade de vida, desconhecimento da doença e sua progressão, início tardio do tratamento e risco de descontinuidade por fatores socioeconômicos. Além de causas relacionadas ao modelo biomédico, o baixo investimento em cuidados paliativos na rede de atenção à saúde, a dificuldade no julgamento clínico e na tomada de decisão sobre para quem, como e quando paliar.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cuidados paliativos e sua influência na qualidade de vida de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">LiLACS 2022</td>
									<td align="center">Estudo observacional</td>
									<td align="center">Adriana M. E. Gonzalez Emilio J. E. Chávez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">EAPC recomenda incluir os cuidados paliativos no manejo da IC para prevenir reinternações hospitalares e melhorar o controle dos sintomas, com o objetivo de aumentar a qualidade de vida. Estudos com pacientes com IC avançada (NYHA III-IV) mostram que os CP, associados ao tratamento usual, melhoram a qualidade de vida e reduzem sintomas como depressão, ansiedade e dispneia. No geral, CP traz benefícios claros para o bem-estar físico e psicológico desses pacientes, mesmo que não altere a mortalidade</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Prevalência e características de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca que necessitam de cuidados paliativos</td>
									<td align="center">LILACS 2021</td>
									<td align="center">Estudo observacional</td>
									<td align="center">Luisa F. A. Ochoa Valentina González-Jaramillo Clara Saldarriaga Mariantonia Lemos Alicia Krikorian John J. Vargas Xavier Gómez-Batiste Steffen Eychmuller<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">A prevalência de necessidades de CP foi duas vezes maior em pacientes NYHA III/IV do que em pacientes NYHA I/II e quase duas vezes maior em pacientes com mais de 70 anos do que em pacientes com menos de 70 anos. Em comparação com pacientes –NECPAL, os pacientes +NECPAL apresentaram pior qualidade de vida, falta de ar, cansaço, sonolência e dor mais graves, além de mais problemas psicossociais.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sinais e sintomas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em cuidados paliativos: revisão de escopo</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO LILACS 2022</td>
									<td align="center">Revisão de escopo</td>
									<td align="center">Paola P. Jardim Ana Carla D. Cavalcanti Alyne S. Borges Paula Vanessa P. Flores Camila A. Rosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">No que diz respeito aos sinais e sintomas apresentados nos pacientes com IC em cuidados paliativos, houve uma prevalência de dor, dispneia, fadiga, náusea, depressão, distúrbios do sono, ansiedade e edema, além de uma gama elevada de outros sintomas menos frequentes.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>CF: classe funcional; CP: cuidados paliativos; EAPC: European Association for Palliative Care; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NYHA: New York Heart Association</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Por fim, foi elaborado um documento contendo a síntese das evidências encontradas e a construção final da revisão integrativa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram encontrados 54 artigos publicados nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO e LILACS. Após análise dos artigos conforme os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados nove trabalhos, sendo quatro da PubMed, três da SciELO e dois da LILACS. Foram incluídos desde diretrizes atuais sobre cuidados paliativos na IC a revisões sistemáticas que abordam esse tópico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Artigos incluídos na revisão.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250053-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os principais artigos incluídos nesta revisão integrativa, com tópicos relevantes abordados em cada estudo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os CP em pacientes com IC avançada estão associados a uma melhora significativa da qualidade de vida e a um maior controle dos sintomas no fim da vida. Em consonância com estudos recentes, observa-se que a integração dos CP não deve ser compreendida como uma medida exclusiva de terminalidade, mas sim como parte integrante do manejo global da IC, especialmente nos estágios III e IV da classificação NYHA (Figura Central).</p>
				<p>Um dos principais pontos identificados é a alta carga sintomática desses pacientes, frequentemente marcada por dispneia, fadiga, dor, ansiedade e depressão. O estudo de Ochoa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> por exemplo, revela que a prevalência da necessidade de CP é duas vezes maior em pacientes com IC classes NYHA III/IV e quase duas vezes maior em indivíduos com mais de 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Consensos internacionais e revisões sistemáticas, como a de Marcondes-Braga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstram que a associação entre terapêutica otimizada e CP reduz a frequência e a intensidade desses sintomas, além de promover maior satisfação tanto para os pacientes quanto para seus familiares. Isso reforça a importância de um manejo integral da doença, que inclua controle de sintomas e suporte psicossocial desde o diagnóstico de IC avançada.</p>
				<p>O estudo de Santos et al..<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> corrobora essa perspectiva ao destacar que os CP proporcionam benefícios claros para o bem-estar físico e psicológico, mesmo sem alterar a mortalidade – aspecto central na oposição à distanásia. Ao priorizar o alívio do sofrimento e a melhoria da qualidade de vida, os CP atuam diretamente contra o prolongamento fútil da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, os dados também evidenciam que o encaminhamento para CP ainda ocorre de forma tardia, muitas vezes restrito aos últimos dias de vida, o que limita significativamente os benefícios potenciais dessa abordagem.</p>
				<p>No recente estudo Delphi, foram fornecidos critérios importantes por consenso de especialistas para encaminhamento para CP em casos de IC. Esses incluíram uma combinação de características do paciente (disfunção ventricular esquerda grave, síndrome cardiorrenal, caquexia cardíaca), características do tratamento (incapacidade de tolerar terapia medicamentosa direcionada a objetivos, necessidade de suporte circulatório mecânico, reinternações frequentes, consideração de terapias avançadas), sintomas (sintomas físicos ou emocionais graves, limitação funcional significativa) e características sociais/psicológicas (dificuldade em tomar decisões, pouco apoio social, desafios de saúde mental, planejamento de cuidados avançado). Embora limitadas, as evidências disponíveis também apoiam intervenções de CP no momento inclusive da hospitalização por IC aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A dificuldade de definição do momento adequado para início dos CP é algo relevante abordado nos estudos. Embora ferramentas prognósticas e critérios clínicos auxiliem nessa decisão, a imprevisibilidade da evolução da IC constitui uma barreira importante. Essa incerteza, somada ao predomínio do modelo biomédico tradicional e à resistência cultural em associar CP a abandono terapêutico, contribui para a manutenção de práticas de distanásia, com uso de medidas invasivas que pouco acrescentam em termos de sobrevida ou conforto. Conforme apontado por Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> existe uma visão predominante, tanto entre a equipe médica quanto entre os pacientes e seus familiares, de que os CP são uma abordagem exclusiva para o “fim de vida”. Essa percepção equivocada cria uma resistência cultural e clínica que leva a um encaminhamento tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os estudos qualitativos analisados também ressaltam que a implementação dos CP demanda mudanças estruturais e educacionais. Há baixa oferta de serviços especializados, escassez de protocolos padronizados e limitações relacionadas ao financiamento do sistema de saúde, especialmente em países da América Latina. Ademais, o desconhecimento dos profissionais sobre os princípios paliativos e a ausência de capacitação multiprofissional dificultam a integração precoce dessa abordagem. No entanto, o estudo de Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> aponta para uma solução: a criação de protocolos clínicos para sistematizar os critérios de elegibilidade para os CP. Esse é um ponto de grande relevância, pois uma padronização do processo de avaliação pode ajudar a superar a incerteza clínica, facilitar o encaminhamento para os serviços de CP e garantir que os pacientes recebam a assistência adequada no momento certo.</p>
				<p>A doença valvar é altamente prevalente na população idosa. Apesar dessa elevada prevalência de doença cardíaca valvar (DCV), o encaminhamento para CP permanece baixo. Atualmente, o manejo da DCV foi transformado por terapias percutâneas; contudo, mesmo com esses avanços, a DCV continua associada a alta morbidade e mortalidade. Por exemplo, pacientes de alto risco submetidos à substituição valvar aórtica transcateter ainda apresentam uma taxa de mortalidade de 47% em dois anos, mesmo diante de idade avançada, múltiplas comorbidades e fragilidade, e 17% dos sobreviventes continuam apresentando sintomas de classe III da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outro ponto relevante diz respeito aos portadores de cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis. Pacientes que recebem choques de seus desfibriladores cardioversores implantáveis podem vivenciar sofrimento psicológico significativo, incluindo transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. A natureza súbita e inesperada dos choques pode intensificar medo e ansiedade, afetando profundamente a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar desses indivíduos. Os CP podem auxiliar no alinhamento dos valores e objetivos do paciente com a tomada de decisões complexas relacionadas a procedimentos invasivos e ao manejo do dispositivo, incluindo implantação, substituição, remoção ou desativação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os dados sugerem que a desativação do cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável ocorre em apenas 30% a 40% dos pacientes com doença terminal, enquanto 10% a 20% recebem um choque do dispositivo no último mês de vida. O uso de CP também é baixo: apenas 9% a 14% dos pacientes portadores desses dispositivos recebem uma consulta paliativa antes da morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Embora a literatura não demonstre impacto significativo dos CP na redução da mortalidade, há consenso quanto aos seus efeitos positivos sobre indicadores de qualidade de vida, controle de sintomas, redução de readmissões hospitalares e melhora da comunicação nas tomadas de decisão. Esses achados reforçam que os objetivos dos CP transcendem a longevidade, concentrando-se na dignidade, no alívio do sofrimento e no respeito às preferências individuais.</p>
				<p>Conforme destacado por Formiga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o cuidado contínuo é essencial desde o diagnóstico de IC. A implementação de uma abordagem multidisciplinar – envolvendo médicos, enfermeiros, psicólogos, assistentes sociais e outros profissionais – é fundamental para o sucesso dessa integração, uma vez que o cuidado ao paciente com IC avançada ultrapassa a dimensão estritamente biológica.</p>
				<p>Outro ponto relevante diz respeito aos pacientes que sobrevivem a uma parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). As taxas de mortalidade entre aqueles admitidos após PCR variam de 50% a 80%; outros 8% a 10% sobrevivem, mas apresentam algum grau de incapacidade residual moderada. A natureza súbita e frequentemente catastrófica da PCR, somada à incerteza quanto ao prognóstico neurológico, configura um cenário ideal para a integração dos CP, a fim de apoiar cuidadores e responsáveis legais na tomada de decisões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Portanto, os resultados desta revisão corroboram a necessidade de reorientar o cuidado na IC avançada para um modelo mais humanizado, interdisciplinar e centrado no paciente, no qual os CP sejam incorporados de maneira precoce e contínua. Esse processo exige tanto o fortalecimento de políticas públicas quanto a sensibilização das equipes de saúde e da sociedade, de modo a superar barreiras culturais e estruturais que ainda retardam sua implementação efetiva.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>A principal limitação deste estudo é a heterogeneidade dos artigos incluídos na revisão. Ressalta-se que se trata de um tema ainda escasso na literatura, o que gera dificuldades e potencial viés de seleção. Buscamos minimizar esse viés removendo artigos duplicados, revisando cuidadosamente os estudos nas bases de dados e resolvendo divergências por consenso. Ainda assim, muitos dos trabalhos disponíveis são registros de experiências nacionais, o que limita a abrangência dos achados. Contudo, representam um ponto de partida importante para estimular pesquisas mais amplas e específicas nessa população.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Pacientes com IC avançada se beneficiam da integração dos CP ao manejo clínico habitual, apresentando resultados positivos especialmente na redução do risco de distanásia. Destacamos a grande lacuna que ainda persiste na introdução precoce dos CP na IC avançada, o que demanda uma ação conjunta e coordenada entre diferentes profissionais da saúde. Assim, torna-se essencial que as equipes assistenciais e as políticas públicas reconheçam os CP como um componente fundamental e humanizado do tratamento da IC avançada, garantindo o máximo de conforto, dignidade e bem-estar ao paciente.</p>
			</sec>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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	</sub-article>
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