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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250038i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Malnutrition in Outpatients with Heart Failure: Prevalence, Associated Factors and 6-Month Impact</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6908-8984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gondo</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo Akira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6643-0075</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pagliosa</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Marzagao Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6524-3664</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanna Voigt</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6303-0720</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Flavia Centenaro de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4242-1057</contrib-id>
					<role>Catharine Harumi Konno</role>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4315-8551</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lemke</surname>
						<given-names>Angela Guzzo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition Contini A of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6862-416X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Contini</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Licheski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6351-4995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC Paraná), Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Nestle SA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Nestle SA, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Leonardo Akira Gondo • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC Paraná) - Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155. Postal Code 80215-901, Curitiba, PR – Brazil. E-mail: <email>leoakiragondo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Germano Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250038</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Malnutrition is common in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and may negatively affect prognosis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in outpatients with HFrEF, identify associated clinical factors, and evaluate its impact on mortality and clinical outcomes at 6 months.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> Prospective observational cohort study including 118 outpatients with HFrEF. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Six-month follow-up documented mortality, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> The prevalence of malnutrition was 21.2% (25/118). Malnourished patients were older (68 ± 12 vs. 60 ± 10 years; p=0.001), had a higher prevalence of NYHA functional class III–IV (45% vs. 15%; p=0.002) and atrial fibrillation (44% vs. 25%; p=0.048), and achieved a lower percentage of target beta-blocker dose (57.9% vs. 79.8%; p=0.002). No statistically significant difference in 6-month mortality was observed between the groups, although it was numerically higher in the malnourished group (14% vs. 4%; p=0.082). No differences were observed in hospitalization rates (p=0.94) or emergency department visits (p=0.97).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> Malnutrition is present in approximately one in five outpatients with HFrEF, more common in the elderly and those with atrial fibrillation and was associated with a trend towards higher mortality in 6 months.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Malnutrition</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Nutritional Status</kwd>
				<kwd>Nutrition Assessment</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, affecting approximately 23 million people, with a progressive incidence. The increase in life expectancy resulting from therapeutic advances in cardiovascular diseases tends to raise, in the medium term, hospitalization rates, morbidities, and costs related to the care of these patients, consolidating HF as a significant public health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Currently, several clinical and experimental studies have focused on the pathophysiology and factors associated with the disease for therapeutic optimization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Malnutrition is one of these factors, present mainly in more advanced stages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Research shows that the chronic catabolic state associated with HF contributes to lean mass loss and cardiac cachexia, relating to a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, in current guidelines, nutritional management is still undervalued, and its approach as a therapeutic focus lacks standardization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
			</p>
			<p>Outpatient nutritional assessment is challenging. The relationship between HF and BMI (Body Mass Index) was suggested more than 10 years ago, although it is not a linear relationship. Patients with very low BMI, as well as obese patients, have worse clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> However, the isolated use of BMI is limited, given the frequent fluid retention in these patients. Some assessment tools have been proposed, such as malnutrition scores like CONUT (Controlling Nutritional Status) and PNI (Prognostic Nutritional Index), although no methodology is universally accepted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> More comprehensive methods, such as the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> and the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> have shown a more robust prognostic correlation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> especially when performed by a multidisciplinary team.</p>
			<p>Although malnutrition is associated with worse outcomes in patients with HF, data in the literature are still scarce. Therefore, identifying the prevalence of malnutrition in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), the associated factors, and assessing its impact on mortality and clinical outcomes at 6 months becomes essential.</p>
			<p>The main findings in this study, including the prevalence of malnutrition, associated clinical factors, and its prognostic impact at 6 months, are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">central figure</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Central Illustration</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Malnutrition in Outpatients with Heart Failure: Prevalence Associated Factors and 6-Month Impact</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, under opinion number 3.043.474, dated 11/28/2018. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form before their inclusion. The study was conducted in accordance with the provisions of Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Study population</title>
				<p>This is a prospective, single-center, observational cohort study of HF patients followed up as outpatients for 6 months.</p>
				<p>Eligible participants for the study were: patients over 18 years of age, of both sexes, undergoing outpatient follow-up for HF, with an ejection fraction of less than 50%, who had not been hospitalized in the previous 30 days, and who signed the informed consent form.</p>
				<p>Patients with HF (ejection fraction ≤ 50%) were consecutively included, aged ≥ 18 years, in outpatient follow-up referred to the HF outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Curitiba, PR. Sample obtained by convenience, including participants who were available and accessible at the time of data collection. Exclusion criteria: inability to obtain follow-up data. Demographic data and associated medical history, such as comorbidities and ongoing medications, were collected. were collected. The flowchart of the study sample selection is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Flowchart of the study sample selection.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection</title>
				<p>The patients were included according to scheduling at the specialized outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Curitiba, PR, based on the inclusion criteria. Patient information was collected from a patient identification form (Appendix 1) administered by the researchers at the time of consultation, which included information necessary for the study: age, sex, weight, height, medications in use and dosage of medications prescribed for HF, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, etiology of HF, ejection fraction, and data from the physical examination performed during the consultation.</p>
				<p>In parallel with the selection of patients for the study by the medical team, a nutritional assessment was carried out, based on the application of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) full version<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>and the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> (appendix 2), which are essential in the nutritional classification of these patients. The MNA classifies the patient into normal nutritional status (24-30 points), at risk of malnutrition (17-23.5 points), and malnourished (&lt;17 points), while the SGA classifies: A (well-nourished), B (moderately malnourished), and C (severely malnourished). The instruments were applied consecutively, during the same assessment by a trained nutritionist.</p>
				<p>Six months after the initial assessment, patient records were reviewed for information on hospitalizations, emergency room visits due to disease decompensation, and mortality. In those cases where the necessary information was missing from the records, when feasible, telephone contact was made with a previously registered number. Despite being an extremely important factor in daily clinical practice, due to logistical limitations of the study, nutritional follow-up by a nutritionist was not carried out in this work.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Outcomes and follow-up</title>
				<p>Follow-up of all patients was conducted via telephone contact (with the patient or family members) and review of medical records, 6 months after the date of the initial in-person assessment, based on a new questionnaire about outcomes: mortality, hospitalizations, and seeking emergency care.</p>
				<p>The primary outcome is the assessment of the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with HF through evaluation by a nutritionist. Secondary outcomes include evaluating the existence of factors related to malnutrition and analyzing the impact of malnutrition in relation to hospitalizations and emergency room visits at any healthcare facility, and mortality within 6 months.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The data were obtained by the researcher and recorded on the data collection instrument. This data will be entered into a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel<sup>®</sup>), checked, and exported for subsequent statistical analysis.</p>
				<p>Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 11 software. Continuous variables were described as mean ± standard deviation and compared between groups (malnourished vs. non-malnourished) using Student’s t-test for independent samples. Categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages and compared using appropriate association tests. The association between quantitative variables was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.</p>
				<p>To assess factors associated with malnutrition, exploratory multivariate logistic regression was performed, including clinically relevant variables (age, functional class, and percentage of the target dose of beta-blockers). A statistical significance level of p&lt;0.05 (two-tailed) was adopted. Data were analyzed using Stata 11.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>One hundred and eighteen consecutive patients were included, from January to September 2019, in outpatient follow-up for HF, the majority were men (67.8%), with a mean age of 61±11 years. The mean ejection fraction was 32%, and most patients were in functional class I or II. The main characteristics of the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Baseline characteristics of the study population by nutritional status</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Total (n=118)</th>
								<th>Not malnourished (n=93)</th>
								<th>Malnourished (n=25)</th>
								<th>p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Demographics</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years)</td>
								<td align="center">61±11</td>
								<td align="center">59.29±10</td>
								<td align="center">67.83±12</td>
								<td align="center">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sex (male), n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">80 (67.8)</td>
								<td align="center">64 (69)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (64)</td>
								<td align="center">0.65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">48 (40.7)</td>
								<td align="center">41 (44)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Alcoholism, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (15.3)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (16)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
								<td align="center">0.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ejection fraction (average)</td>
								<td align="center">32±8</td>
								<td align="center">32±8</td>
								<td align="center">32±8</td>
								<td align="center">0.77</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>FC, n (%)</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>I</td>
								<td align="center">43 (37.4)</td>
								<td align="center">39 (43)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (17)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>II</td>
								<td align="center">47 (40.9)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (42)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (38)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>III</td>
								<td align="center">21 (18.3)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (14)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (33)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IV</td>
								<td align="center">4 (3.5)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (1)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Etiology of HF, n (%)</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">0.92</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ischemic</td>
								<td align="center">50 (42.3)</td>
								<td align="center">37 (40)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Idiopathic</td>
								<td align="center">19 (16,1)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (17)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Chagas disease</td>
								<td align="center">13 (11)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (13)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Valvar</td>
								<td align="center">8 (6,8)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (5)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertensive</td>
								<td align="center">3 (2.5)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (2)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Others</td>
								<td align="center">25 (21.3)</td>
								<td align="center">21 (23)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (16)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Duration of illness, in years (median)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (3, 14)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (1, 30)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (1, 12)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Number of previous hospitalizations (average)</td>
								<td align="center">3.01</td>
								<td align="center">2±4</td>
								<td align="center">3±3</td>
								<td align="center">0.49</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Comorbidities</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">45 (38.1)</td>
								<td align="center">36 (39)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (36)</td>
								<td align="center">0.88</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>HBP, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">86 (72.9)</td>
								<td align="center">69 (74)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (68)</td>
								<td align="center">0.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DSLP, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">55 (46.6)</td>
								<td align="center">42 (45)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
								<td align="center">0.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PAOD, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (10.3)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (18)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
								<td align="center">0.78</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Thyroid disease, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (27.1)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (27)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
								<td align="center">0.91</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">33 (28.2)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (24)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (44)</td>
								<td align="center">0.048</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Medications</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ACEI, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">43 (36.4)</td>
								<td align="center">35 (37.6)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (32)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ARB, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">27 (22.9)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (23,7)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (20)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sacubitril/valsartan, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (32.2)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (31.2)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (36)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">115 (97.5)</td>
								<td align="center">90 (96.8)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (100)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">91 (77.1)</td>
								<td align="center">71 (76.3)</td>
								<td align="center">20 (80)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">92 (78)</td>
								<td align="center">69 (74.2)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (88)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (23.7)</td>
								<td align="center">21 (22.6)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Vasodilator, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (24.6)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (25.8)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (20)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Statin, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">83 (70.3)</td>
								<td align="center">65 (69.9)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (72)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ASA, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">62 (52.5)</td>
								<td align="center">49 (52.7)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>FC: functional class; HF: heart failure; HBP: hypertension; DSLP: dyslipidemia; PAOD: peripheral arterial occlusive disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: aspirin.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The prevalence of malnutrition in this population, according to the nutritionist’s assessment, was 21.2% of cases, as illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">central figure</xref>, including sarcopenic obese individuals. The classification of each patient according to this assessment is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Classification of patients according to subgroups by the nutritionist.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the comparison between the two groups, malnourished patients were older (67.8 ± 12 vs. 59.29 ± 10, p=0.001) and had more advanced FC (p = 0.002 - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figure 2</xref>). In addition, there was a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation in malnourished patients compared to non-malnourished patients (44% vs. 25%, with p = 0.048).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Comparison between functional class and nutritional status of the patient.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Furthermore, the tolerated dose of beta-blockers was lower in malnourished individuals (79% of the target dose in non-malnourished individuals vs. 57.9% in malnourished individuals, p=0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>). There was no difference in comorbidities between the groups, nor was there any influence from disease duration, number of previous hospitalizations, or percentage of the target dose of other medications.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Comparison between the percentage of the target dose of beta-blocker tolerated by each group, according to the patient’s nutritional status.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The percentage of the target dose of medications indicated for the treatment of HF and the average dose of diuretic used (in our sample, represented by furosemide) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. In an exploratory multivariate analysis, age, functional class, and percentage of the target dose of beta-blockers were associated with malnutrition. The other parameters did not show a statistically significant association.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Target dose of medications and average dose of diuretic by nutritional status group</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Medications</th>
								<th>Not malnourished</th>
								<th>Malnourished</th>
								<th>p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>% target dose of beta-blockers</td>
								<td align="center">79.8</td>
								<td align="center">57.9</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>% target dose ACEI/ARB</td>
								<td align="center">72</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">0.91</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>% target dose Sacubitril/valsartan</td>
								<td align="center">66</td>
								<td align="center">61</td>
								<td align="center">0.63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>% target dose of spironolactone</td>
								<td align="center">98</td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">0.39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diuretic dose (in mg)</td>
								<td align="center">69</td>
								<td align="center">22</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The mortality rate varied between the groups, with a greater statistical tendency in the malnourished group(14% of malnourished vs. 4% of non-malnourished, p=0.082 – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>). There was no difference between the groups regarding hospitalizations or seeking emergency care (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Mortality rate among the groups, according to nutritional status.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Patient follow-up at 6 months – mortality rate, hospitalizations, and emergency room visits by group</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Follow-up</th>
								<th>Not malnourished</th>
								<th>Malnourished</th>
								<th>p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mortality, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (14)</td>
								<td align="center">0.082</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (20)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (19)</td>
								<td align="center">0.94</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Number of hospitalizations (average)</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Emergency care demand</td>
								<td align="center">7 (9)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (10)</td>
								<td align="center">0.97</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Number of demands (average)</td>
								<td align="center">1.6</td>
								<td align="center">1.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.91</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this prospective observational cohort study, we evaluated the association of malnutrition in outpatients with HFrEF with clinical parameters and outcomes during a six-month follow-up. Although the study has a prospective cohort design, the prevalence of malnutrition was estimated from the cross-sectional assessment performed at the time of patient inclusion. Ideally, this diagnosis should be made in a multidisciplinary and multiparametric manner, with DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) assessment being the gold standard for diagnosing sarcopenia, based on the measurement of percentage of fat, lean mass, and bone mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> However, this methodology is still not widely available, especially in the context of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
			<p>In studies that used parameters similar to the present work, the prevalence was around 17% to 25%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> consistent with our finding of 21.2%. Considering that this means that about one in five patients with HF presents some degree of malnutrition, recognizing this problem and the factors related to it becomes extremely relevant.</p>
			<p>In this sense, it is important to know the population most susceptible to malnutrition among patients with HF. Recent studies show that these are men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> of advanced age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> with poorer functional class and a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> as confirmed in our findings. Furthermore, they also demonstrate that these patients present more renal dysfunction, anemia, and altered mobility, which were not evaluated in our study. By identifying the subgroup at highest risk of malnutrition, it is possible to optimize non-pharmacological treatment with nutritional guidance.</p>
			<p>Another relevant finding was that malnourished patients tolerate lower doses of beta-blockers. Several studies link lower beta-blocker dosages to a higher incidence of cardiac cachexia and weight loss.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> However, cachexia and malnutrition, although closely related, differ substantially from each other.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> While malnutrition in HF results from malabsorption secondary to edema of the gastrointestinal tract wall and limitations in eating and food preparation due to fatigue and dyspnea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> cachexia is related to the inflammatory process common to chronic diseases, which activates various hormonal cascades, especially sympathetic activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> This activation causes increased energy consumption, myotoxicity, and increased insulin resistance, resulting in muscle cell loss and weight loss, characterizing cardiac cachexia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Since cachexia is related to sympathetic system activation, it is expected that beta-blockers will have a beneficial effect in its prevention, and some studies have already shown this benefit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> However, data correlating malnutrition with reduced tolerance to beta-blockers are scarce, and our work is one of the few to document this correlation.</p>
			<p>Regarding patient follow-up, our data showed a trend toward higher mortality among malnourished individuals, as already presented in other studies in the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> malnutrition may represent a prognostic risk factor in HF. Although exploratory multivariate analysis suggests an independent association between some clinical factors and malnutrition, these findings should be interpreted with caution, considering the sample size and the significant loss to follow-up due to failure to communicate with study patients via previously established communication channels.</p>
			<p>There is a high prevalence of malnutrition in patients with HFrEF, and this study highlights a possible association with worse clinical outcomes. Identifying the correct nutritional status can be challenging, and proper nutritional screening involving a multidisciplinary team becomes essential.</p>
			<p>In summary, the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Figure</xref> integrates the relationship between the prevalence of malnutrition, associated clinical factors, and the observed prognostic impact.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations of the study</title>
				<p>The study conducted had significant limitations. This is a prospective observational cohort study in which nutritional assessment was performed at baseline, and patients were followed for 6 months to evaluate clinical outcomes. This design allows for the assessment of associations and the exploration of the prognostic impact of malnutrition, although it does not allow for establishing causality. The population defined for this study was limited to a single center and included a small sample of patients (n=118), a limiting factor for extending its results to other regions. Furthermore, during data collection, potential confounding factors such as dietary control, therapeutic adherence, or physical activity, which directly influence the nutritional status of patients, were not mentioned.</p>
				<p>It is also worth noting that patients in outpatient follow-up tend to have greater medication adherence when compared to the general population, which could be a selection bias.</p>
				<p>Regarding follow-up, the short period of only 6 months is insufficient to identify potential outcomes in the monitoring of these patients. Furthermore, there was a sample loss of 18% of the patients initially included in the study, a limiting factor for drawing more conclusive prognostic conclusions. This is due either to the lack of a follow-up appointment within 6 months or to difficulties in contacting them by telephone.</p>
				<p>Finally, the multivariate analysis was exploratory in nature and was not subjected to formal model validation or calibration analysis, which limits causal inferences and the robustness of the adjusted estimates.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The prevalence of malnutrition among patients with HF is high, despite being underdiagnosed. Therefore, identifying the subgroup at highest risk, as well as the factors associated with this condition, becomes essential.</p>
			<p>Factors such as advanced age, poorer functional class, and the presence of atrial fibrillation may be associated with a worse clinical outcome, including lower tolerance to standard therapy and, especially, a greater tendency towards 6-month mortality in malnourished patients.</p>
			<p>Early diagnosis and proper management are essential for clinical optimization and prevention of adverse outcomes. Given the relevance of the topic, future studies that expand the population, their comorbidities, and nutritional status, as well as the follow-up of these patients, are extremely important.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paran under the protocol number 3.043.474. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250038</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Desnutrição em Pacientes Ambulatoriais com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Prevalência, Fatores Associados e Impacto em 6 Meses</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6908-8984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gondo</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo Akira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1761-8662</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonatto</surname>
						<given-names>Marcely Gimenes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6643-0075</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pagliosa</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Marzagao Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6524-3664</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanna Voigt</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6303-0720</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Flavia Centenaro de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4242-1057</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Konno</surname>
						<given-names>Catharine Harumi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4315-8551</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lemke</surname>
						<given-names>Angela Guzzo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6862-416X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Contini</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Licheski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6351-4995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC Paraná), Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Nestle SA, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Leonardo Akira Gondo • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC Paraná) - Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155. CEP 80215-901, Curitiba, PR – Brasil. E-mail: leoakiragondo@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Germano Souza</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A desnutrição é frequente na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e pode influenciar negativamente o prognóstico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Determinar a prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEr, identificar fatores clínicos associados e avaliar seu impacto na mortalidade e em desfechos clínicos em 6 meses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Estudo observacional, de coorte prospectiva, incluindo 118 pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEr. A avaliação nutricional foi realizada por meio do <italic>Mini Nutritional Assessment</italic> (MNA) e da <italic>Subjective Global Assessment</italic> (SGA). O seguimento de 6 meses documentou mortalidade, hospitalizações e atendimentos emergenciais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> A prevalência de desnutrição foi de 21,2% (25/118). Pacientes desnutridos eram mais idosos (68 ± 12 vs. 60 ± 10 anos; p=0,001), apresentavam maior frequência de classe funcional NYHA III–IV (45% vs. 15%; p=0,002) e fibrilação atrial (44% vs. 25%; p=0,048), além de menor percentual da dose-alvo de betabloqueadores atingida (57,9% vs. 79,8%; p=0,002). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade em 6 meses entre os grupos, embora tenha sido numericamente maior no grupo desnutrido (14% vs. 4%; p=0,082). Também não se observou diferença na taxa de hospitalização (p=0,94) ou de atendimentos emergenciais (p=0,97).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A desnutrição está presente em aproximadamente 1 a cada 5 pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEr, mais frequente em idosos e portadores de fibrilação atrial e esteve associada a tendência de maior mortalidade em 6 meses.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Desnutrição</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Estado Nutricional</kwd>
				<kwd>Avaliação Nutricional</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma doença de grande prevalência mundial e atinge cerca de 23 milhões de pessoas, com incidência progressiva. O aumento da expectativa de vida populacional decorrente do avanço terapêutico das doenças cardiovasculares tende a elevar, a médio prazo, as taxas de hospitalizações, morbidades e custos relacionados ao cuidado desses pacientes, consolidando a IC como um importante problema de saúde pública.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Atualmente, diversos estudos clínicos e experimentais têm focado na fisiopatologia e fatores associados à doença para otimização terapêutica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A desnutrição é um desses fatores, presente principalmente em estágios mais avançados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pesquisas demonstram que o estado catabólico crônico associado à IC contribui para perda de massa magra e à caquexia cardíaca, relacionando-se a pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, nas atuais diretrizes, o manejo nutricional ainda é subvalorizado e sua abordagem como foco terapêutico prescinde padronização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A avaliação nutricional ambulatorial é desafiadora. A relação da IC com índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi sugerida há mais de 10 anos, não sendo, contudo, uma relação linear. Pacientes com muito baixo IMC, bem como obesos, apresentam piores desfechos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Contudo, o uso isolado do IMC é limitado dado a frequente retenção hídrica nestes pacientes. Algumas ferramentas de avaliação foram propostas, como escores de desnutrição como o CONUT (<italic>Controlling Nutricional Status</italic>) e PNI (<italic>Prognostic Nutricional Index</italic>), embora nenhuma metodologia seja universalmente aceita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Métodos mais abrangentes como o <italic>Mini Nutritional Assessment</italic> (MNA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e a Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e tem mostrado correlação prognostica mais robusta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> principalmente quando realizado por equipe multiprofissional.</p>
				<p>Apesar da desnutrição estar associada a piores desfechos em pacientes com IC, dados da literatura ainda são escassos. Desta maneira, identificar a prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEr, os fatores associados e avaliar seu impacto na mortalidade e desfechos clínicos em 6 meses, se torna essencial.</p>
				<p>Os principais achados no presente estudo, incluindo a prevalência de desnutrição, fatores clínicos associados e seu impacto prognostico em 6 meses, estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Desnutrição em Pacientes Ambulatoriais com Insuficiência Cardíaca: Prevalência, Fatores Associados e Impacto em 6 Meses</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, sob parecer número 3.043.474, datado de 28/11/2018. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido antes de sua inclusão. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com as disposições da Resolução 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde.”</p>
				<sec>
					<title>População do estudo</title>
					<p>Estudo observacional de coorte prospectivo, unicêntrico, com pacientes com IC em acompanhamento ambulatorial seguidos por 6 meses.</p>
					<p>Foram considerados elegíveis para o estudo: pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial por IC, maiores de 18 anos, ambos sexos, que apresentavam fração de ejeção menor que 50%, sem internamento nos 30 dias antecedentes e que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
					<p>Foram inclusos consecutivamente pacientes com IC (fração de ejeção ≤ 50%), idade ≥ 18 anos em acompanhamento ambulatorial referenciados ao Ambulatório de IC de um hospital terciário de Curitiba-PR. Amostra obtida por conveniência, incluindo participantes disponíveis e acessíveis no momento da coleta de dados. Critérios de exclusão: impossibilidade de obter dados de seguimento. Dados demográficos e histórico médico associado, como comorbidades e medicamentos de uso contínuo, foram coletados. O fluxograma de seleção da amostra do estudo é ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxograma da seleção da amostra do estudo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Coleta de dados</title>
					<p>Os pacientes foram incluídos conforme agendamento no ambulatório especializado de um Hospital terciário de Curitiba-PR, baseado nos critérios de inclusão. As informações sobre os pacientes foram coletadas a partir de uma ficha de identificação do paciente (Anexo 1) aplicada pelos pesquisadores no momento da consulta, que incluía informações necessárias ao estudo: idade, sexo, peso, altura, medicamentos em uso e dose das medicações preconizadas para IC, características demográficas, comorbidades, etiologia da IC, fração de ejeção e dados do exame físico realizado durante a consulta.</p>
					<p>Paralelamente à seleção dos pacientes para o estudo pela equipe médica, foi realizado a avaliação nutricional, baseada na aplicação do <italic>Mini Nutritional Assessment</italic> (MNA) versão completa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e da ASG<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (Anexo 2), essenciais na classificação nutricional desses pacientes. O MNA classifica o paciente em: estado nutricional normal (24-30 pontos), sob risco de desnutrição (17 - 23,5 pontos) e desnutrido (&lt;17 pontos), enquanto a ASG classifica: A (bem nutrido), B (moderadamente desnutrido) e C (gravemente desnutrido). Os instrumentos foram aplicados consecutivamente, durante a mesma avaliação por uma nutricionista capacitada.</p>
					<p>Após 6 meses da avaliação inicial, os prontuários dos pacientes foram revisados em busca de informações sobre internamentos ou procura por atendimentos emergenciais por descompensação da doença e mortalidade. Naqueles em que não havia a informação necessária no prontuário, quando factível, foi realizado contato telefônico com número previamente registrado. Apesar de ser um fator de extrema importância na prática clínica diária, por limitações logísticas do estudo, o acompanhamento nutricional por nutricionista não foi realizado neste trabalho.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desfechos e seguimento</title>
					<p>O seguimento de todos os pacientes foi realizado via contato telefônico (com paciente ou familiares) e revisão de prontuário, 6 meses após a data da avaliação presencial inicial, baseado em um novo questionário sobre desfecho: mortalidade, internamentos e procura por atendimento emergencial.</p>
					<p>O desfecho primário é a avaliação da prevalência de desnutrição em paciente com IC através da avaliação da nutricionista. Os desfechos secundários são: avaliar existência de fatores relacionados à desnutrição; analisar o impacto da desnutrição em relação a hospitalizações e procura por atendimento emergencial em quaisquer serviços de atendimento médico e mortalidade em 6 meses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Os dados foram obtidos pelo pesquisador e registrados no instrumento de coleta. Estes serão digitados em planilha eletrônica (Microsoft Excel<sup>®</sup>), conferidos e exportados para posterior análise estatística.</p>
					<p>As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software Stata 11. Variáveis contínuas foram descritas como média ± desvio-padrão e comparadas entre os grupos (desnutridos vs. não desnutridos) por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Variáveis categóricas foram descritas como frequências e percentuais e comparadas por testes de associação apropriados. A associação entre variáveis quantitativas foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson.</p>
					<p>Para avaliação de fatores associados à desnutrição, foi realizada regressão logística multivariada exploratória, incluindo variáveis clinicamente relevantes (idade, classe funcional e porcentagem da dose-alvo de betabloqueadores). Adotou-se nível de significância estatística de p&lt;0,05 (bicaudal). Os dados foram analisados no Stata 11.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram incluídos 118 pacientes consecutivos, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2019, em seguimento ambulatorial por IC, dos quais a maioria era homens (67,8%), com uma idade média de 61±11 anos. A fração de ejeção média foi de 32%, sendo que a maioria dos pacientes estava em classe funcional I ou II. As principais características da população estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características de base da população do estudo e por estado nutricional</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Total (n=118)</th>
									<th>Não desnutridos (n=93)</th>
									<th>Desnutridos (n=25)</th>
									<th>Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Demográficas</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos)</td>
									<td align="center">61±11</td>
									<td align="center">59,29±10</td>
									<td align="center">67,83±12</td>
									<td align="center">0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo (masculino), n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">80 (67,8)</td>
									<td align="center">64 (69)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (64)</td>
									<td align="center">0,65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">48 (40,7)</td>
									<td align="center">41 (44)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
									<td align="center">0,15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Etilismo, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (15,3)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (16)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
									<td align="center">0,61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fração de ejeção (média)</td>
									<td align="center">32±8</td>
									<td align="center">32±8</td>
									<td align="center">32±8</td>
									<td align="center">0,77</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>CF, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>I</td>
									<td align="center">43 (37,4)</td>
									<td align="center">39 (43)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (17)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>II</td>
									<td align="center">47 (40,9)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (42)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (38)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>III</td>
									<td align="center">21 (18,3)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (14)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (33)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IV</td>
									<td align="center">4 (3,5)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (1)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Etiologia da IC, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Isquêmica</td>
									<td align="center">50 (42,3)</td>
									<td align="center">37 (40)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idiopática</td>
									<td align="center">19 (16,1)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (17)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Chagásica</td>
									<td align="center">13 (11)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valvar</td>
									<td align="center">8 (6,8)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensiva</td>
									<td align="center">3 (2,5)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (2)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Outras</td>
									<td align="center">25 (21,3)</td>
									<td align="center">21 (23)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (16)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tempo de doença, anos (mediana)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (3, 14)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (1, 30)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (1, 12)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de internamentos prévios (média)</td>
									<td align="center">3,01</td>
									<td align="center">2±4</td>
									<td align="center">3±3</td>
									<td align="center">0,49</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Comorbidades</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">45 (38,1)</td>
									<td align="center">36 (39)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (36)</td>
									<td align="center">0,88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">86 (72,9)</td>
									<td align="center">69 (74)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (68)</td>
									<td align="center">0,54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DSLP, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">55 (46,6)</td>
									<td align="center">42 (45)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
									<td align="center">0,54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DAOP, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (10,3)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (18)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (12)</td>
									<td align="center">0,78</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tireoidopatia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (27,1)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (27)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
									<td align="center">0,91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fibrilação atrial, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">33 (28,2)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (24)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (44)</td>
									<td align="center">0,048</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Medicamentos</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IECA, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">43 (36,4)</td>
									<td align="center">35 (37,6)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (32)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BRA, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (22,9)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (23,7)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (20)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sacubitril/valsartana, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (32,2)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (31,2)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (36)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">115 (97,5)</td>
									<td align="center">90 (96,8)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (100)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">91 (77,1)</td>
									<td align="center">71 (76,3)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (80)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diurético, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">92 (78)</td>
									<td align="center">69 (74,2)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (88)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (23,7)</td>
									<td align="center">21 (22,6)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (28)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Vasodilatador, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (24,6)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (25,8)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (20)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">83 (70,3)</td>
									<td align="center">65 (69,9)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (72)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AAS, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">62 (52,5)</td>
									<td align="center">49 (52,7)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (52)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>CF: classe funcional; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; HAS: hipertensão; DSLP: dislipidemia; DAOP: doença arterial obstrutiva periférica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; AAS: aspirina.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A prevalência de desnutrição nessa população segundo a avaliação da nutricionista, foi de 21,2% dos casos, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>, incluindo os obesos sarcopênicos. A classificação de cada paciente segundo esta avaliação encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação dos pacientes segundo subgrupos pela nutricionista.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Na comparação entre os dois grupos, os pacientes desnutridos eram mais idosos (67,8 ± 12 vs. 59,29 ± 10, p=0,001) e com CF mais avançada (p = 0,002 - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). Além disso, houve uma maior prevalência de fibrilação atrial em pacientes desnutridos em relação aos não desnutridos (44% x 25%, com p = 0,048).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparação entre classe funcional e o estado nutricional do paciente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Ainda, a dose tolerada de betabloqueadores foi menor nos indivíduos desnutridos (79% da dose alvo nos indivíduos sem desnutrição x 57,9% nos desnutridos, p=0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>). Não houve diferença nas comorbidades entre os grupos, nem influência do tempo de doença, número de internamentos prévios ou porcentagem da dose alvo dos demais medicamentos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparação entre a porcentagem da dose alvo de betabloqueador tolerada por cada grupo, segundo o estado nutricional do paciente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A porcentagem da dose alvo das medicações indicadas para o tratamento da IC e a dose média de diurético utilizado (na nossa amostra, representado pela furosemida), se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>. Em uma análise multivariada exploratória, idade, classe funcional e porcentagem da dose-alvo de betabloqueadores mantiveram associação com desnutrição. Os demais parâmetros não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dose alvo das medicações e dose média de diurético por grupo de estado nutricional</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Medicamentos</th>
									<th>Não desnutridos</th>
									<th>Desnutridos</th>
									<th>Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>% dose alvo betabloqueadores</td>
									<td align="center">79,8</td>
									<td align="center">57,9</td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>% dose alvo IECA/BRA</td>
									<td align="center">72</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">0,91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>% dose alvo Sacubitril/valsartana</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">61</td>
									<td align="center">0,63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>% dose alvo espironolactona</td>
									<td align="center">98</td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">0,39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>dose diurético (em mg)</td>
									<td align="center">69</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A taxa de mortalidade variou entre os grupos, com maior tendência estatística no grupo dos desnutridos (14% dos desnutridos x 4% dos não desnutridos, p=0,082 – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>). Não houve diferença entre os grupos com relação aos internamentos ou à procura por atendimento emergencial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Taxa de mortalidade entre os grupos, segundo o estado nutricional.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250038-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Seguimento dos pacientes em 6 meses – taxa de mortalidade, internamentos e buscas por atendimento de emergência por grupo</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Seguimento</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Não desnutridos</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Desnutridos</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Valor de p</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mortalidade, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (14)</td>
									<td align="center">0,082</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Internamentos, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (20)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (19)</td>
									<td align="center">0,94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de internamentos, (média)</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Busca de atendimento de emergência</td>
									<td align="center">7 (9)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">0,97</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de buscas, (média)</td>
									<td align="center">1,6</td>
									<td align="center">1,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,91</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Neste estudo observacional de coorte prospectivo, avaliamos a associação da desnutrição em pacientes ambulatoriais com ICFEr com parâmetros clínicos e desfechos durante seguimento de seis meses. Embora o estudo tenha desenho de coorte prospectiva, a prevalência de desnutrição foi estimada a partir da avaliação transversal realizada no momento da inclusão dos pacientes. Idealmente este diagnóstico deve ser feito de forma multiprofissional e multiparamétrica, sendo a avaliação por DEXA (Densitometria de Absorciometria de Dupla Energia) o exame padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de sarcopenia, a partir da medição de percentual de gordura, massa magra e massa óssea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Entretanto, essa metodologia ainda é pouco disponível, especialmente no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).</p>
				<p>Em estudos cujos parâmetros utilizados foram semelhantes ao presente trabalho, a prevalência ficou em torno de 17% a 25%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> compatível com o nosso achado de 21,2%. Considerando que isso significa que cerca de um a cada cinco pacientes com IC apresenta algum grau de desnutrição, reconhecer esse problema e quais os fatores relacionados a ele, se torna extremamente relevante.</p>
				<p>Nesse sentido, é importante conhecer a população mais suscetível à desnutrição entre os pacientes com IC. Os estudos recentes mostram que esses são homens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> com idade mais avançada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> pior classe funcional e maior prevalência de fibrilação atrial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> como confirmado em nossos achados. Além disso, demonstram também que esses pacientes apresentam mais disfunção renal, anemia e alteração de mobilidade, não avaliados no nosso estudo. Através da identificação do subgrupo de maior risco de desnutrição, é possível otimizar o tratamento não medicamentoso com orientações nutricionais.</p>
				<p>Outro dado relevante encontrado foi que os pacientes desnutridos toleram doses menores de betabloqueadores. Diversos estudos relacionam a menor dosagem de betabloqueadores à maior incidência de caquexia cardíaca e perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Porém, caquexia e desnutrição, embora estejam intimamente relacionadas, diferem substancialmente uma da outra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Enquanto a desnutrição na IC é resultado da má-absorção secundária ao edema da parede do trato gastrointestinal e das limitações para a alimentação e preparo da comida devido ao cansaço e dispneia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> a caquexia está relacionada ao processo inflamatório comum às doenças crônicas, que ativam diversas cascatas hormonais, especialmente a ativação simpática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Essa ativação causa aumento do consumo energético, miotoxicidade e aumento da resistência insulínica, resultando em perda de células musculares e perda de peso, caracterizando a caquexia cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Uma vez que a caquexia está relacionada a ativação do sistema simpático, é esperado que os betabloqueadores tenham efeito benéfico na sua prevenção e alguns estudos já mostraram esse benefício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Entretanto, dados que correlacionem a desnutrição com menor tolerância de betabloqueadores são escassos, sendo nosso trabalho um dos poucos a documentar essa correlação.</p>
				<p>Com relação ao seguimento dos pacientes, nossos dados mostraram uma tendência a maior mortalidade entre os desnutridos, ou seja, como já apresentado em outros estudos na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a desnutrição pode representar um fator de risco prognóstico na IC. Embora a análise multivariada exploratória sugira associação independente entre alguns fatores clínicos e desnutrição, esses achados devem ser interpretados com cautela, considerando o tamanho amostral e a perda significativa no seguimento por falha na comunicação com os pacientes do estudo via meios de comunicação previamente estabelecidos.</p>
				<p>Há uma alta prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes ICFEr, e este estudo evidencia possível associação com piores desfechos clínicos. A identificação do correto estado nutricional pode ser desafiadora, e um correto <italic>screening</italic> nutricional envolvendo equipe multidisciplinar se torna essencial.</p>
				<p>De forma sintetizada, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref> integra a relação entre a prevalência de desnutrição, os fatores clínicos associados e o impacto prognóstico observado.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>O estudo realizado apresentou limitações importantes. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de coorte prospectiva, no qual a avaliação nutricional foi realizada no momento basal e os pacientes foram acompanhados por 6 meses para avaliação de desfechos clínicos. Esse desenho permite avaliar associações e explorar o impacto prognostico da desnutrição, embora não permita estabelecer causalidade. A população definida para este estudo foi limitada a um único centro, e absorveu uma amostra pequena de pacientes (n=118), fator limitante para ampliação de seus resultados a outras regiões. Além disso, durante a coleta de dados, não foram mencionados possíveis fatores confundidores como controle dietético, aderência terapêutica ou atividade física, que influenciam diretamente no estado nutricional dos pacientes.</p>
					<p>Ressalta-se também que pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial tendem a ter maior aderência medicamentosa quando comparados à população geral, sendo um possível viés de seleção.</p>
					<p>Em relação ao seguimento, o período de apenas 6 meses é curto para identificar possíveis desfechos no acompanhamento destes pacientes. Além disso, houve uma perda amostral de 18% dos pacientes inicialmente inclusos no estudo, fator limitante para maiores conclusões de desfecho prognóstico. Este motivo se deve tanto a não terem uma nova consulta em 6 meses ou pela dificuldade em contato via telefone.</p>
					<p>Por fim, a análise multivariada teve caráter exploratório e não foi submetida a validação formal de modelo ou análise de calibração, o que limita inferências causais e a robustez das estimativas ajustadas.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A prevalência de desnutrição entre os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca é alta, apesar de subdiagnosticada. Assim, reconhecer o subgrupo de maior risco bem como os fatores associados a essa condição, se torna essencial.</p>
				<p>Fatores como idade avançada, pior classe funcional e presença de fibrilação atrial podem estar associados a um pior desfecho clínico, incluindo uma menor tolerância à terapia padronizada e principalmente a maior tendência a mortalidade em 6 meses nos pacientes desnutridos.</p>
				<p>O diagnóstico precoce e manejo correto são imprescindíveis para otimização clínica e prevenção de desfechos desfavoráveis. Dado a relevância do tema, futuros estudos que ampliem a população, suas comorbidades e estado nutricional, bem como o <italic>follow-up</italic> destes pacientes, são de extrema importância.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná sob o número de protocolo 3.043.474. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>