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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250032i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abchf.20250032i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Furosemide Dose Progression after Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5172-2597</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bolfe</surname><given-names>Isabelle</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and ritical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4120-3510</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>Rafaela Kaucz Mendez</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and ritical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5043-9992</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prager</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and ritical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6814-2251</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bolfe</surname><given-names>João Vitor</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and ritical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0262-6635</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and ritical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Cruz Vermelha Brasileira</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cruz Vermelha Brasileira – Clínica Médica, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Positivo</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Isabelle Bolfe</bold> • Cruz Vermelha Brasileira – Clínica Médica – Capitão Souza Franco, 50. Postal Code <postal-code>81560-130</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>isa.bolfe@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250032</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>12</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>01</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>11</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Studies on Sodium–Glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in the treatment of heart failure (HF) investigate their potential as a therapeutic alternative for managing congestion and their influence on diuretic efficacy in acute decompensated HF.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To analyze the impact of introducing SGLT2i in patients with HF, with emphasis on the hypothesis of a potential reduction in outpatient furosemide use over time, as well as concomitant changes in renal function and clinical signs of congestion.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Retrospective study of 85 patients with advanced HF under outpatient follow-up between January 2022 and July 2025, including those on furosemide at the time of SGLT2i prescription and excluding those without follow-up visits. Comparative analysis was performed on furosemide doses, signs of congestion, and changes in renal function across four subsequent visits.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The sample was predominantly male (56.5%), with a high prevalence of HF with reduced ejection fraction (82.4%). After the introduction of SGLT2i, results showed a reduction in jugular venous distension and lower-limb edema, accompanied by increased creatinine levels and a rise in mean furosemide dose from 59.66 ± 4.87 mg to 79.05 ± 7.28 mg (p = 0.003).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Following the introduction of SGLT2i, an increase in the mean furosemide dose was observed. This finding was associated with elevated creatinine levels, despite modest improvement in clinical signs of congestion, highlighting the dynamic scenario analyzed and the need for prospective studies with follow-up across different stages of HF.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
<kwd>Furosemide</kwd>
<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="13"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Sodium-Glucose cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a therapeutic class in the treatment of heart failure (HF), initially for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Currently, they demonstrate broad cardiovascular benefits, as evidenced in clinical trials such as DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> SGLT2i act on the renal proximal tubule, promoting glucosuria, natriuresis, and diuresis, with the potential to relieve volume overload frequently present in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition to these hemodynamic effects, SGLT2i are associated with blood pressure reduction, improved endothelial function, weight loss, and favorable effects on cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The natriuretic and hemodynamic effects of SGLT2i are being investigated in the context of congestion relief through studies exploring their potential to enhance diuretic efficacy in patients with acute decompensated HF. Thus, beyond the documented benefits in reducing cardiovascular events and hospitalizations, SGLT2i emerge as possible therapeutic alternatives for the management of congestion. Given these findings, the hypothesis arises that SGLT2 inhibitors could help relieve volume overload and contribute to reducing the dose of diuretics used in patients with HF, thereby favoring a more individualized management approach and identifying patients who would benefit from their early introduction, expanding therapeutic options and improving quality of life.</p>
<p>This study aimed to analyze the impact of introducing SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of HF, with emphasis on the hypothesis of a potential reduction in outpatient furosemide use over time. In addition, it sought to longitudinally monitor clinical changes in congestion signs and laboratory alterations in renal function.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<caption>
<title>Furosemide dose progression after the introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in advanced heart failure.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study design</title>
<p>This is a retrospective study, with data collected from electronic medical records of patients treated at the advanced HF outpatient clinic between January 2022 and July 2025.</p>
<p>Advanced HF was defined in patients followed at the specific outpatient clinic analyzed, who met criteria such as: persistent symptoms (NYHA class III or IV); severe ventricular dysfunction, such as Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) ≤ 30% and isolated right HF; episodes of pulmonary or systemic congestion requiring high doses of intravenous diuretics, or episodes of low output requiring inotropes or vasoactive drugs, or malignant arrhythmias requiring emergency care within the past 12 months; severely reduced exercise capacity, with inability to exercise or poor performance on the six-minute walk test.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Inclusion criteria</title>
<p>Patients with a diagnosis of HF who attended outpatient consultations and were on furosemide at the time of initiating SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or empagliflozin 10 mg/day) between January 2022 and July 2025 were included.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Exclusion criteria</title>
<p>Patients who did not have a follow-up visit after initiating SGLT2 inhibitors, those whose follow-up occurred at intervals shorter than 30 days between visits, or those without sufficient medical record data for study analysis were excluded.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Data collection</title>
<p>Data collection began after approval of the project by the Research Ethics Committee on September 17, 2024, under opinion number 7,081,707. Data were collected sequentially by consultation date and time within the study period, using a specific Google Forms instrument and subsequently stored in an Excel spreadsheet. Information included the prescribed furosemide dose at the time of SGLT2 initiation and during the first three follow-up visits. Clinical data were also collected, such as left ventricular ejection fraction, renal function, epidemiological characteristics, HF etiology, hospitalization history, physical examination signs of congestion (e.g., jugular venous distension, lower limb edema, pulmonary crackles on auscultation), and reported symptoms stratified according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Data analysis</title>
<p>The collected data were stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, version 29.0.2.0). The significance level adopted for all analyses was p &lt; 0.05. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The normality distribution of these variables was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, chosen for its sensitivity in small to moderate samples. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies (%).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Comparison of continuous variables</title>
<p>The progression of total furosemide dose and creatinine levels across visits was analyzed using non-parametric tests for paired data, since both variables did not present a normal distribution.</p>
<p>Initially, the Friedman test was used to assess differences across the four evaluated time points (initial prescription, first visit, second visit, and third visit). When a global effect was identified, paired comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.</p>
<p>In addition, specific comparisons between consecutive time points were analyzed using the unadjusted paired Wilcoxon test, with the aim of describing early trends throughout follow-up.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Comparison of categorical variables</title>
<sec>
<title>Binary variables</title>
<p>The analysis of binary categorical variables, such as the presence of jugular venous distension, lower limb edema, and pulmonary crackles, between two time points was performed using the McNemar test. This test was applied to assess proportional changes in paired data.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Variables with more than two categories</title>
<p>HF functional class, based on NYHA criteria and categorized as I, II, III, and IV, was analyzed between the prescription and first visit using the Marginal Homogeneity test, which is appropriate for paired ordinal categorical variables.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Interval between visits</title>
<p>The mean interval between visits was calculated as mean ± SD and included to contextualize the clinical and laboratory changes observed throughout the follow-up period.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>Medical records of patients treated at a cardiology outpatient clinic were analyzed over a period of one and a half years. Of the 150 records initially evaluated, 65 were excluded due to intervals between visits shorter than 30 days. Thus, 85 records of patients with advanced HF who were using furosemide at the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription were included in the analysis.</p>
<p>Most patients were male (56.6%), predominantly White (88.2%), with a mean age of 68.9 ± 1.4 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> provides a detailed description of the clinical characteristics, main comorbidities, and chronic medications of these patients at the time of SGLT2 initiation. Notably, the prevalence of HFrEF was 82.4%, with a mean LVEF (Teichholz method) of 32.9 ± 1.5%. It is worth emphasizing that LVEF was obtained using the Teichholz method, as it was the most readily available in the medical records.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Characteristics of the sample (n=85)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Variables</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68.94 ± 1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Male sex - %</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56.5% (48)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Race</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">White</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Black</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pardo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Others</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Not informed</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>School attainment</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Incomplete primary education</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Primary education</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Incomplete higher education</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Higher education</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Illiterate</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Not informed</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Etiology of HF</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ischemic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47.1% (40)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Valvar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.2% (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myocarditis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.9% (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chagas disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Alcoholic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chemotherapy-induced toxicity</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.2% (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Others</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.9% (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idiopathic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20% (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Comorbidities</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">SAH</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80% (68)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DM</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48.2% (41)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CAD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44.7% (38)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DSLP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23.5% (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CKD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3.5% (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">AF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29.4% (25)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">COPD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.6% (9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.2% (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Alcohol consumption</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4.7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>NYHA (pre-iSGLT2)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Not informed</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.9% (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18.8% (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42.4% (36)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23.5% (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Medications (pre iSGLT2)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ARB</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36.5% (31)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">INRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18.8% (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEI</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29.4% (25)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blocker</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30.6% (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">71.8% (61)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Finerenone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2.4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Furosemide (mean dose, mg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">59.66 ± 4.87</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Others</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%Teichholz)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32.9 ± 1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.17 ± 0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">SPB (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">122.7 ± 2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DPB (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">78.29 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HR (bpm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72.7 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Classification of HF</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HFrEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">82.4% (70)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HFmrEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.6% (9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HFpEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7.1% (6)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>HAS: Systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CAD: Coronary artery disease; DLP: Dyslipidemia; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; AF: Atrial fibrillation; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: Functional classification by the New York Heart Association; SGLT2i: Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI: Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; HF: Heart failure; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved ejection fraction. Source: study data.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>In the comparative analysis of furosemide doses across visits, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, a progressive trend of increasing absolute dose was observed throughout follow-up. At the time of SGLT2 inhibitor initiation, all patients were using furosemide, with a mean dose of 59.66 ± 4.87 mg. In the initial paired analysis using the Wilcoxon test, a statistically significant difference was found between the prescription time point and the first evaluation, when the mean dose reached 70.97 ± 5.70 mg (p = 0.001). However, this difference did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. Consistently, in the global analysis across the four evaluated time points, despite a progressive increase in mean dose, reaching 79.05 ± 7.28 mg at the last visit, no statistically significant differences were observed in the adjusted paired comparisons.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Furosemide dose progression between the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription and subsequent visits; illustrative figure of mean furosemide dose values over time: at the time of SGLT2 prescription (59.66 ± 4.87 mg), at the first follow-up visit (70.97 ± 5.70 mg), at the second visit (67.14 ± 6.52 mg), and at the third visit (79.05 ± 7.28 mg), with p = 0.003; SGLT2i: Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Source: study data.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Regarding renal function, a progressive increase in serum creatinine levels was observed throughout the follow-up visits, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> (p = 0.002). This increase was statistically significant between the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription and the first follow-up visit (p = 0.023), as well as between the first and second visits (p = 0.007).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Evolution of creatinine values between the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription and subsequent visits; illustrative figure of mean creatinine values over time: at the time of SGLT2 prescription (1.17 ± 0.04 mg/dL), at the first follow-up visit (1.20 ± 0.05 mg/dL), at the second visit (1.29 ± 0.05 mg/dL), and at the third visit (1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL), with p = 0.002; SGLT2i: Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; source: study data.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The Friedman test demonstrated a significant difference among the four time points evaluated (p = 0.002). In the paired comparisons adjusted by the Bonferroni method, a trend was observed between the first and third visits (adjusted p = 0.069), without statistical significance after correction.</p>
<p>Regarding clinical signs, the progression of findings was assessed between the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription and the first, second, and third subsequent visits. The mean interval between these visits was 111.96 ± 8.7 days from prescription to the first visit, and 125.58 ± 11.15 days between the first and second visits.</p>
<p>The presence of jugular venous distension was observed in 32.9% of patients at the time of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription, decreasing to 24.7% at the first visit and 27.1% at the second. Lower-limb edema showed a lower incidence throughout follow-up, being present in 35.3% of patients initially, followed by 23.5% and 22.4%. On pulmonary auscultation, crackles were found in 10.9% of patients and remained unchanged during the entire follow-up period.</p>
<p>The NYHA functional classification showed a trend toward improvement: the proportion of patients in functional class I increased from 25.7% to 31.4%, while in class IV it remained at 2.9% between the time of prescription and the first visit.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The use of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF has been extensively studied, with consistent benefits in reducing cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations, as demonstrated in clinical trials such as DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPULSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition to cardiovascular outcomes, these agents have shown potential nephroprotective effects, as studies reported a slower decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in treated groups compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Trials such as EMPAG-HF and EMPA-RESPONSE-AHF also demonstrated that early use of SGLT2 inhibitors may promote a modest increase in diuresis, raising the hypothesis that these drugs could allow for the gradual reduction of traditional diuretic doses, such as furosemide, during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the present study, we sought to analyze renal function and diuretic therapy in patients with HF after the introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors, focusing on the hypothesis of an influence on furosemide titration, based on reports in the literature of favorable natriuretic and hemodynamic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and the hypothesis of a progressive reduction in the dose of this medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the results showed the need for an increased furosemide dose associated with mild worsening of renal function, as represented in the central figure. This pattern may be related to mild and progressive impairment of renal function, which possibly interfered with the expected natriuretic effect and contributed to the need for maintenance or increase of furosemide dose over time. This finding may be associated with specific characteristics of the studied population, which was typically more severe with advanced HF, or with limitations of outpatient follow-up that may have influenced the observed outcomes.</p>
<p>Moreover, although large clinical trials have consistently demonstrated benefits, none were designed to evaluate the reduction of furosemide dose as a primary endpoint, and the effects on decongestion or diuretic burden in the outpatient setting remain heterogeneous.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Our results, therefore, illustrate the gap between the efficacy observed in randomized clinical trials and the real-world effectiveness for this specific outcome.</p>
<sec>
<title>Population factors justifying the increase in furosemide dose</title>
<sec>
<title>Clinical profile of the sample</title>
<p>Most of the patients evaluated presented characteristics consistent HFrEF. This profile is similar to that observed in major studies focusing on HFrEF, such as EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, unlike these studies, which included predominantly patients in NYHA functional class II, the present study comprised a significantly higher proportion of individuals in more advanced functional classes (III and IV) at the time of SGLT2i prescription. This more severe clinical profile may have required higher diuretic doses and hindered the reduction of furosemide during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Persistent congestion signs</title>
<p>Congestion is the main determinant for the indication and adjustment of diuretic doses in HF. Despite a slight clinical improvement observed during follow-up visits, signs of volume overload, such as edema and jugular venous distension, remained in a significant portion of the sample, indicating residual congestion. This persistence may have limited the possibility of reducing the furosemide dose and contributed to the maintenance or increase of diuretic therapy. Zannad et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> emphasize that the benefits of decongestive interventions are more pronounced when applied early, before the establishment of significant congestion, which may explain the less favorable clinical response observed.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progression of renal dysfunction</title>
<p>During follow-up, a mild but progressive decline in renal function was observed, expressed by the increase in creatinine levels across visits, which may suggest the presence of cardiorenal syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In the outpatient setting, patients may develop this syndrome mainly due to persistent venous congestion, reduced cardiac output, and chronic neurohormonal activation. Renal venous congestion leads to decreased renal perfusion and activation of compensatory mechanisms that perpetuate sodium and water retention, which may worsen volume overload and renal function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this context, the increase in furosemide dosage may have occurred as an attempt to compensate for volume accumulation secondary to renal dysfunction, differing from the results of studies such as DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced, which demonstrated consistent nephroprotective effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>It is important to acknowledge that, in the present study, serial assessments of GFR were not performed, which represents a limitation in the interpretation of renal function throughout follow-up. In the EMPAG-HF study, an initial transient decline in GFR was observed, followed by recovery, suggesting that the shorter follow-up period in the present study may not have been sufficient to identify stabilization and the full manifestation of the nephroprotective effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, the results may reflect an early phase of hemodynamic adaptation, aggravated by clinical factors such as persistent congestion and greater disease severity, which may have negatively impacted the renal response to treatment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mean follow-up time</title>
<p>The interval between visits was relatively short, consistent with quarterly outpatient follow-up. Compared with the observation period of large clinical trials, this reduced timeframe may have been insufficient to demonstrate sustained clinical stabilization or reversal of transient renal dysfunctions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, the limited follow-up period, combined with the greater clinical severity of the studied population, may have contributed to the absence of diuretic therapy reduction and to the divergent results in relation to the literature.</p>
<p>An interval shorter than 30 days was considered inadequate, as it does not represent sufficient time for definitive clinical changes in furosemide dose or renal function secondary to the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. Moreover, in cases of recent decompensation, very early follow-up visits coincide with the most critical phase of the vulnerable period, characterized by marked clinical variability, so that the fluctuations observed tend to reflect transient instability capable of distorting longitudinal assessment. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that the definition of this cutoff point is arbitrary, since there is no robust evidence establishing the ideal period for such analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Implications</title>
<p>In advanced HF outpatient clinics, SGLT2 inhibitors did not lead to an automatic reduction in furosemide dose in the short term. The decision to adjust diuretic therapy remains individualized, depending on symptoms, clinical signs, and renal function, consistent with real-world practice. This reinforces the observational and hypothesis-generating nature of the present study. The findings, therefore, highlight the need for prospective and controlled studies, with standardized targets for euvolemia and diuretic equivalents, to estimate the specific impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on diuretic burden.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limitations</title>
<p>The present study has important limitations that must be considered when interpreting the findings. The retrospective design (i), the absence of a control group (ii), and the possibility of selection bias resulting from the exclusion of follow-up visits with intervals shorter than 30 days (iii) limit causal inferences. In addition, the assessment of congestion was extracted from medical record entries (iv), with the possibility of recording bias, heterogeneity in therapeutic management, and lack of standardization of diuretic equivalents (v).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These limitations restrict the generalizability of the results and reinforce the exploratory nature of the analysis.</p>
<p>The exclusion of follow-up visits with intervals shorter than 30 days, adopted to avoid transient fluctuations that could distort longitudinal assessment, may have introduced selection bias by removing potentially more unstable patients. Although necessary for temporal consistency of the study, this criterion limits the extrapolation of results to populations monitored more frequently. Inherent to its retrospective design, this study also presents limitations regarding relevant clinical information – such as functional class, blood pressure, objective markers of congestion, NT-proBNP, and detailed parameters of therapeutic optimization – which were not uniformly available across all visits. The absence of these data precluded robust multivariate adjustments or stratified subanalyses without substantial loss of statistical power. Thus, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory, although consistent with the advanced HF phenotype observed in outpatient practice.</p>
<p>Overall, the results suggest that the clinical response to SGLT2 inhibitors may vary according to the profile and severity of patients with HF, as well as the duration of follow-up. Although randomized trials consistently demonstrate benefits in reducing volume overload and in renal protection, the findings of the present study indicate that such effects may not fully manifest in short-term outpatient settings or in populations with persistent congestion and pre-existing renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This pattern likely reflects real-world clinical practice, in which diuretic titration is guided by symptoms, clinical signs, and renal function – factors not controlled in our retrospective design. The modest improvement in edema/jugular distension, despite the increased dose, suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors did not eliminate the need for diuretic adjustments in the short term in this predominantly symptomatic HFrEF population.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Positivo under the protocol number 7.081.707. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250032</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evolução da Dose de Furosemida após Introdução de Inibidores do Cotransportador de Sódio-Glicose Tipo 2 na Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5172-2597</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bolfe</surname><given-names>Isabelle</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-4120-3510</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>Rafaela Kaucz Mendez</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-5043-9992</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prager</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6814-2251</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bolfe</surname><given-names>João Vitor</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0262-6635</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Cruz Vermelha Brasileira – Clínica Médica, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Isabelle Bolfe</bold> • Cruz Vermelha Brasileira – Clínica Médica – Capitão Souza Franco, 50. CEP <postal-code>81560-130</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>isa.bolfe@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>Estudos sobre os inibidores do cotransportador de Sódio-Glicose tipo 2 (iSGLT2) no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) investigam seu potencial como alternativa terapêutica para o manejo da congestão e sua influência na eficácia diurética na IC aguda descompensada.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Analisar o impacto da introdução de iSGLT2 em pacientes com IC com ênfase na hipótese de potencial redução do uso ambulatorial de furosemida ao longo do tempo, bem como as alterações concomitantes da função renal e dos sinais clínicos de congestão.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Estudo retrospectivo de 85 pacientes com IC avançada em acompanhamento ambulatorial entre janeiro de 2022 e julho de 2025, que incluiu aqueles que estavam em uso de furosemida no momento da prescrição do iSGLT2 e excluiu os que não apresentavam consultas de seguimento. Realizada análise comparativa de doses de furosemida, sinais de congestão e alteração na função renal em 4 atendimentos subsequentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Amostra predominantemente masculina (56,5), com alta prevalência de IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (82,4%). Após a introdução de iSGLT2 o resultado evidenciou redução do ingurgitamento jugular e do edema de membros inferiores às custas de elevação dos valores de creatinina e da dose média de furosemida, de 59,66 ± 4,87 mg para 79,05 ± 7,28mg (p=0,003).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>Após a introdução dos iSGLT2, observou-se aumento da dose média de furosemida. Esse achado foi associado a elevação da creatinina, apesar de discreta melhora dos sinais clínicos de congestão, o que destaca o cenário dinâmico analisado com necessidade de estudos prospectivos com seguimento em diferentes estágios da IC.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Diuréticos</kwd>
<kwd>Furosemida</kwd>
<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f6">
<caption>
<title>Evolução da dose de furosemida após introdução de inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose tipo 2 na insuficiência cardíaca avançada.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Os Inibidores do Cotransportador de Sódio-Glicose tipo 2 (iSGLT2) destacam-se como classe terapêutica no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC), para controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Atualmente, demonstram benefícios cardiovasculares amplos, evidenciados em ensaios clínicos como o DAPA-HF e o EMPEROR-Reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os iSGLT2 atuam no túbulo proximal renal, promovendo glicosúria, natriurese e diurese, com potencial de aliviar a sobrecarga volêmica frequentemente presente em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Além desses efeitos hemodinâmicos, os iSGLT2 estão associados à redução da pressão arterial, melhora da função endotelial, perda de peso e efeitos favoráveis sobre o remodelamento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os efeitos natriuréticos e hemodinâmicos dos iSGLT2 vêm sendo investigados no contexto do alívio da congestão por meio de estudos que exploram seu potencial em aumentar a eficácia diurética em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada. Assim, além dos benefícios já documentados na redução de eventos cardiovasculares e hospitalizações, os iSGLT2 despontam como possíveis alternativas terapêuticas para o manejo da congestão. Diante desses achados, levanta-se a hipótese de que os iSGLT2 poderiam contribuir para o alívio da sobrecarga de volume e auxiliar na redução das doses de diuréticos em pacientes com IC, favorecendo um manejo mais individualizado e permitindo identificar aqueles que se beneficiariam de sua introdução precoce, ampliando as opções terapêuticas e melhorando a qualidade de vida.</p>
<p>Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o impacto da introdução dos iSGLT2 no manejo da IC, com ênfase na hipótese de potencial redução do uso ambulatorial de furosemida ao longo do tempo. Além disso, buscou acompanhar longitudinalmente alterações clínicas relacionadas aos sinais de congestão e mudanças laboratoriais da função renal.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>Tipo de estudo</title>
<p>Este é um estudo retrospectivo, com coleta de dados a partir de prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de IC avançada, no período de janeiro de 2022 a julho de 2025.</p>
<p>A IC considerada avançada estava presente nos paciente acompanhados do ambulatório específico analisado, os quais preenchiam critérios como: sintomas persistentes (NYHA III ou IV); disfunção ventricular grave, como fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤ 30% e IC direita isolada; episódios de congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica que requerem altas doses de diuréticos endovenosos ou episódios de baixo débito que requerem uso de inotrópicos ou fármacos vasoativos ou arritmias malignas com atendimento em emergência nos últimos 12 meses; capacidade para o exercício físico gravemente reduzida, com inabilidade para o exercício ou baixa capacidade no teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Critérios de inclusão</title>
<p>Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de IC que passaram por consulta ambulatorial e estavam em uso de furosemida ao iniciar uso de iSGLT2 (dapagliflozina 10mg/dia ou empagliflozina 10 mg/dia) no período de janeiro de 2022 a julho de 2025.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Critérios de exclusão</title>
<p>Foram excluídos pacientes que não tiveram consulta de retorno após início de iSGLT2 ou que tiveram retorno com intervalo menor que 30 dias entre consultas ou que não apresentavam dados no prontuário suficientes para análise do estudo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Coleta de dados</title>
<p>A coleta de dados foi iniciada após aprovação do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa em 17 de setembro de 2024 com o número de parecer 7.081.707. Dados foram coletados de forma sequencial por data e horário de consulta dentro do período do estudo, através de um instrumento específico do Google Forms com posterior armazenamento em tabela do Excel, incluindo informações sobre a dosagem de furosemida prescrita no momento da introdução do iSGLT2 e nas 3 primeiras consultas de seguimento após. Também foram coletados dados clínicos, como FEVE, função renal, características epidemiológicas, etiologia da IC, histórico de internamentos, sinais de congestão presentes no exame físico (como ingurgitamento jugular, edema de membros inferiores, crepitantes pulmonares na ausculta) e sintomas relatados estratificados conforme classificação funcional pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise de dados</title>
<p>Os dados coletados foram armazenados em uma planilha do Microsoft Excel. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando o software SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 29.0.2.0). O nível de significância adotado para todas as análises foi de p &lt; 0,05. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas como média ± desvio padrão (DP). A distribuição de normalidade dessas variáveis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, utilizado por sua sensibilidade em amostras pequenas a moderadas. As variáveis categóricas foram descritas em frequências absolutas e relativas (%).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Comparações de variáveis contínuas</title>
<p>A evolução da dose total de furosemida e dos níveis de creatinina ao longo das consultas foi analisada por meio de testes não paramétricos para dados pareados, uma vez que ambas as variáveis não apresentaram distribuição normal.</p>
<p>Inicialmente, foi utilizado o teste de Friedman para avaliar diferenças entre os quatro momentos avaliados (prescrição inicial, 1ª consulta, 2ª consulta e 3ª consulta). Quando identificado um efeito global, foram realizadas comparações pareadas por meio do teste de Wilcoxon, com correção de Bonferroni para múltiplas comparações.</p>
<p>Além disso, comparações específicas entre momentos consecutivos foram analisadas por meio do teste de Wilcoxon pareado não ajustado, com o objetivo de descrever tendências iniciais ao longo do seguimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Comparações de variáveis categóricas</title>
<sec>
<title>Variáveis binárias</title>
<p>A análise de variáveis categóricas binárias, como a presença de ingurgitamento jugular, edema de membros inferiores e crepitantes pulmonares, entre os dois momentos, foi realizada pelo teste de McNemar. Esse teste foi utilizado para avaliar alterações proporcionais em dados pareados.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Variáveis com mais de duas categorias</title>
<p>A classe funcional da IC, baseada nos critérios da NYHA, categorizada em I, II, III e IV, foi analisada entre os momentos de prescrição e primeira consulta utilizando o teste de Homogeneidade Marginal, que é apropriado para variáveis categóricas ordinais pareadas.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intervalo entre consultas</title>
<p>O tempo médio entre as consultas foi calculado como média ± DP, sendo incluído para contextualizar as alterações clínicas e laboratoriais ao longo do período de acompanhamento.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de cardiologia ao longo de um período de um ano e meio. Dos 150 prontuários inicialmente avaliados, 65 foram excluídos por apresentarem intervalo entre as consultas inferior a 30 dias. Assim, 85 prontuários de pacientes com IC avançada em uso de furosemida no momento da prescrição dos iSGLT2 foram incluídos na análise.</p>
<p>A maioria dos pacientes eram homens (56,6%), predominantemente da raça branca (88,2%), com idade média de 68,9 ± 1,4 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> descreve de forma detalhada as características clínicas, principais comorbidades e medicações de uso contínuo desses pacientes no momento da introdução do iSGLT2. Destaca-se a prevalência de ICFER (82,4%) com média de FEVE (Teichholz) 32,9 ± 1,5 %. Vale ressaltar que a FEVE foi obtida pelo método de Teichholz por ser o mais disponível nos prontuários.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracterização da amostra (n=85)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Variáveis</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Idade (anos)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68,94 ± 1,4</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Sexo masc - %</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56,5% (48)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Raça</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Branco</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88,2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Negro</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pardo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Outra</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Não informado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,5%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Escolaridade</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1° grau incompleto</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,8%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">1° grau completo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18,8%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">2° grau incompleto</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,5%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">2° grau completo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15,3%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Analfabeto</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,2%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Não informado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">49,4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Etiologia da IC</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isquêmica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47,1% (40)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensiva</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Valvar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,2% (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Miocardite</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,9% (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chagas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Alcoólica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Toxicidade por quimioterapia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,2% (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Outras</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5,9% (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Idiopática</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20% (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Comorbidades</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">80% (68)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DM</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">48,2% (41)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DAC</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44,7% (38)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DSLP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23,5% (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DRC</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3,5% (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29,4% (25)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DPOC</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,6% (9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,2% (7)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Etilismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4,7% (4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>NYHA (pré iSGLT2)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Não informado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,9% (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18,8% (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">42,4% (36)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">III</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23,5% (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Medicamentos (pré iSGLT2)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">BRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">36,5% (31)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">INRA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18,8% (16)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IECA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">29,4% (25)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueador</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30,6% (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">71,8% (61)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Finerenona</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2,4% (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Furosemida (dose média em mg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">59,66 ± 4,87</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Outros dados</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%Teichholz)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">32,9 ± 1,5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,17 ± 0,04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">122,7 ± 2,6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">78,29 ± 1,7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FC (bpm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72,7 ± 1,7</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3"><bold>Classificação da IC</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ICFER</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">82,4% (70)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ICFELR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,6% (9)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ICFEP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7,1% (6)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>Caracterização da amostra. HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DSLP: dislipidemia; DRC: doença renal crônica; FA: fibrilação atrial; DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; NYHA: Classificação funcional pela New York Heart Association; iSGLT2: Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose tipo 2; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; FC: frequência cardíaca; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFER: IC com fração de ejeção reduzida; ICFELR: IC com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida; ICFEP: IC com fração de ejeção preservada. Fonte: dados da pesquisa.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Na análise comparativa das doses de furosemida entre as consultas, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, observou-se uma tendência de aumento progressivo da dose absoluta ao longo do seguimento. No momento da introdução do iSGLT2, todos os pacientes faziam uso de furosemida, com dose média de 59,66 ± 4,87 mg. Na análise pareada inicial pelo teste de Wilcoxon, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o momento da prescrição e a primeira avaliação, quando a dose média atingiu 70,97 ± 5,70 mg (p = 0,001). No entanto, essa diferença não se manteve estatisticamente significativa após correção para múltiplas comparações pelo método de Bonferroni. De forma consistente, na análise global entre os quatro momentos avaliados, apesar de incremento progressivo da dose média, atingindo 79,05 ± 7,28 mg na última consulta, não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas comparações pareadas ajustadas.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Evolução da dose de furosemida entre o momento da prescrição de iSGLT2 e as consultas subsequentes. Figura ilustrativa dos valores da dose média de furosemida ao longo do tempo – no momento da prescrição de iSGLT2 (59,66 ± 4,87mg), na 1ª consulta após prescrição (70,97 ± 5,70mg), na 2ª consulta após (67,14 ± 6,52mg) e na 3ª consulta após (79,05 ± 7,28mg) com valor de p = 0,003. iSGLT2: Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose tipo 2.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: dados da pesquisa.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Quanto à função renal, observou-se elevação progressiva dos níveis séricos de creatinina ao longo das consultas, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> (p = 0,002). Essa elevação foi estatisticamente significativa entre o momento da prescrição do iSGLT2 e a primeira consulta de seguimento (p = 0,023), bem como entre a primeira e a segunda consulta (p = 0,007).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Evolução dos valores de creatinina entre o momento da prescrição do iSGLT2 e as consultas subsequentes; figura ilustrativa dos valores médios de creatinina ao longo do tempo: no momento da prescrição do iSGLT2 (1,17 ± 0,04 mg/dL), na 1ª consulta após a prescrição (1,20 ± 0,05 mg/dL), na 2ª consulta (1,29 ± 0,05 mg/dL) e na 3ª consulta (1,32 ± 0,07 mg/dL), com p = 0,002; iSGLT2: Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose tipo 2.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250032-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: dados da pesquisa.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>O teste de Friedman demonstrou diferença significativa entre os quatro momentos avaliados (p = 0,002). Nas comparações pareadas ajustadas pelo método de Bonferroni, observou-se uma tendência entre a primeira e a terceira consulta (p-ajustado = 0,069), sem significância estatística após a correção.</p>
<p>Em relação aos sinais clínicos, verificou-se a evolução dos achados entre o momento da prescrição do iSGLT2 e a primeira, a segunda e a terceira consulta subsequentes. O tempo médio entre essas consultas foi de 111,96 ± 8,7 dias entre a prescrição e a 1ª consulta, e de 125,58 ± 11,15 dias entre a primeira e a segunda consulta.</p>
<p>A presença de ingurgitamento jugular foi observada em 32,9% dos pacientes no momento da prescrição do iSGLT2, com redução para 24,7% na primeira consulta e 27,1% na segunda. O edema de membros inferiores apresentou menor incidência ao longo do acompanhamento, estando presente em 35,3% dos pacientes inicialmente, seguido de 23,5% e 22,4%. Na ausculta pulmonar, o achado de crepitantes manteve-se em 10,9% dos pacientes durante todo o período de acompanhamento.</p>
<p>A classificação funcional pela NYHA mostrou tendência de melhora: a proporção de pacientes em classe funcional I aumentou de 25,7% para 31,4%, enquanto na classe IV permaneceu em 2,9% entre o momento da prescrição e a primeira consulta.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>O uso de iSGLT2 na IC tem sido amplamente estudado, com benefícios consistentes na redução da mortalidade cardiovascular e das hospitalizações, conforme demonstrado em ensaios clínicos como DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced e EMPULSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além dos desfechos cardiovasculares, esses agentes apresentaram potencial nefroprotetor, uma vez que os estudos evidenciaram menor declínio da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) nos grupos tratados em comparação ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ensaios como EMPAG-HF e EMPA-RESPONSE-AHF também mostraram que o uso precoce dos iSGLT2 pode promover discreto aumento da diurese, levantando a hipótese de que esses fármacos poderiam permitir a redução gradual da dose de diuréticos tradicionais, como a furosemida, ao longo do seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>No presente estudo, buscou-se analisar o comportamento da função renal e da diureticoterapia em pacientes com IC após a introdução dos iSGLT2, com foco na hipótese de influência na titulação da furosemida, baseado em relatos na literatura de efeitos natriuréticos e hemodinâmicos favoráveis dos iSGLT2 e a hipótese de redução progressiva da dose deste medicamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, os resultados mostraram necessidade de aumento da dose de furosemida associada à piora leve da função renal, como representado na figura central. Esse padrão pode estar relacionado ao comprometimento leve e progressivo da função renal, que possivelmente interferiu no efeito natriurético esperado e contribuiu para a necessidade de manutenção ou aumento da dose de furosemida ao longo do tempo. Esse fato relacionado a fatores específicos da população estudada, caracteristicamente mais grave com IC avançada ou limitações do seguimento ambulatorial que podem ter influenciado os desfechos observados.</p>
<p>Ademais, embora grandes ensaios clínicos demonstrem benefícios consistentes, nenhum deles foi desenhado para avaliar a redução da dose de furosemida como desfecho primário, e os efeitos sobre descongestão ou carga de diurético em contexto ambulatorial permanecem heterogêneos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nossos resultados, portanto, ilustram o hiato entre a eficácia observada nos ensaios clínicos randomizados e a efetividade no mundo real para esse desfecho específico.</p>
<sec>
<title>Fatores da população que justificam o aumento da dose de furosemida</title>
<sec>
<title>Perfil clínico da amostra</title>
<p>A maioria dos pacientes avaliados apresentou características compatíveis com ICFER. Esse perfil se assemelha ao observado nos grandes estudos com foco em ICFER, como o EMPEROR-Reduced e o DAPA-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, diferentemente desses estudos, que incluíram majoritariamente pacientes em classe funcional II da NYHA, o presente estudo contou com uma proporção significativamente maior de indivíduos em classes funcionais mais avançadas (III e IV) no momento da prescrição dos iSGLT2. Esse perfil clínico mais grave pode ter exigido doses mais elevadas de diuréticos e dificultado a redução da furosemida ao longo do acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Sinais de congestão persistente</title>
<p>A congestão é o principal determinante da indicação e ajuste da dose de diuréticos na IC. Apesar de uma discreta melhora clínica observada ao longo das consultas, sinais de sobrecarga volêmica, como edema e ingurgitamento jugular, permaneceram em parte significativa da amostra, indicando congestão residual. Essa persistência pode ter limitado a possibilidade de reduzir a dose de furosemida e contribuído para a manutenção ou aumento da diureticoterapia. Zannad et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ressaltam que os benefícios das intervenções descongestionantes são mais expressivos quando aplicados precocemente, antes do estabelecimento de congestão significativa, o que pode justificar a resposta clínica menos favorável observada.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progressão da disfunção renal</title>
<p>Durante o acompanhamento, foi observado declínio leve, porém progressivo, da função renal, expressa pelo aumento dos níveis de creatinina ao longo das consultas, o que pode sugerir a presença de síndrome cardiorrenal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No contexto ambulatorial, pacientes podem desenvolver essa síndrome principalmente devido à congestão venosa persistente, redução do débito cardíaco e ativação neuro-hormonal crônica. A congestão venosa renal, leva à diminuição da perfusão renal e à ativação de mecanismos compensatórios que perpetuam a retenção de sódio e água, o que pode agravar a sobrecarga volêmica e a função renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, é possível que o aumento da furosemida tenha ocorrido como tentativa de compensar o acúmulo volêmico secundário à disfunção renal, o que difere dos resultados de estudos como DAPA-HF e EMPEROR-Reduced, que demonstraram efeito renoprotetor consistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>É importante reconhecer que, no presente estudo, não foram realizadas avaliações seriadas da TFG, o que representa uma limitação na interpretação da função renal ao longo do seguimento. No estudo EMPAG-HF, observou-se uma queda transitória inicial da TFG seguida de recuperação, o que sugere que o tempo de acompanhamento mais curto do presente estudo pode não ter sido suficiente para identificar a estabilização e a manifestação plena do efeito renoprotetor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dessa forma, os resultados podem refletir uma fase inicial de adaptação hemodinâmica, agravada por fatores clínicos como congestão persistente e maior gravidade da doença, que podem ter impactado negativamente a resposta renal ao tratamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Tempo médio de acompanhamento</title>
<p>O intervalo entre as consultas foi relativamente curto, condizente com seguimento ambulatorial trimestral. Comparado ao tempo de observação dos grandes ensaios clínicos, esse período reduzido pode ter sido insuficiente para demonstrar estabilização clínica sustentada ou reversão de disfunções renais transitórias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim, o tempo limitado de acompanhamento, associado à maior gravidade clínica da população estudada, pode ter contribuído para a ausência de redução da terapia diurética e para os resultados divergentes em relação à literatura.</p>
<p>O intervalo inferior a 30 dias foi considerado inadequado por não representar tempo suficiente para que ocorram mudanças clínicas significativas definitivas na dose de furosemida ou na função renal secundárias ao efeito dos iSGLT2. Além disso, em casos de descompensação recente, os retornos muito precoces coincidem com a fase mais crítica do período vulnerável, marcada por acentuada variabilidade clínica, de modo que as oscilações observadas tendem a refletir instabilidade transitória capaz de distorcer a avaliação longitudinal. Ainda assim, reconhece-se que a definição desse ponto de corte é arbitrária, uma vez que não há evidências robustas que definam qual seria o período ideal para essa análise.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Implicações</title>
<p>Em ambulatório de IC avançada, os iSGLT2 não implicaram em redução automática da dose de furosemida em curto prazo. A decisão de ajuste diurético permanece individualizada, dependente de sintomas, sinais clínicos e função renal, compatível com a prática no mundo real, o que reforça caráter observacional e gerador de hipóteses do presente estudo. Os achados, portanto, suscitam a necessidade de estudos prospectivos e controlados, com padronização de metas de euvolemia e equivalentes de diurético, para estimar o impacto específico dos iSGLT2 na carga de diuréticos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limitações</title>
<p>O presente estudo apresenta limitações importantes que devem ser consideradas na interpretação dos achados. O desenho retrospectivo (i), a ausência de grupo controle (ii) e a possibilidade de viés de seleção decorrente da exclusão de retornos com intervalo inferior a 30 dias (iii) limitam as inferências causais. Além disso, a avaliação da congestão foi extraída de registros clínicos de prontuário (iv), com possibilidade de viés de registro, heterogeneidade na conduta terapêutica e ausência de padronização dos equivalentes de diuréticos (v).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essas limitações restringem a generalização dos resultados e reforçam o caráter exploratório da análise.</p>
<p>A exclusão de retornos com intervalo inferior a 30 dias, adotada para evitar que oscilações transitórias distorcessem a avaliação longitudinal, pode ter introduzido viés de seleção ao retirar pacientes potencialmente mais instáveis. Esse critério, embora necessário para a coerência temporal do estudo, limita a extrapolação dos resultados para populações acompanhadas com maior frequência. Inerente ao seu delineamento retrospectivo, este estudo apresenta limitações em relação as informações clínicas relevantes – como classe funcional, pressão arterial, marcadores objetivos de congestão, NT-proBNP e parâmetros detalhados de otimização terapêutica – que não estavam disponíveis de forma uniforme em todas as consultas. A ausência desses dados inviabilizou a realização de ajustes multivariados robustos ou de subanálises estratificadas sem perda substancial de poder estatístico. Assim, os achados devem ser interpretados como exploratórios, ainda que coerentes com o fenótipo de IC avançada observado na prática ambulatorial.</p>
<p>De forma geral, os resultados sugerem que a resposta clínica aos iSGLT2 pode variar conforme o perfil e a gravidade dos pacientes com IC, bem como em função do tempo de acompanhamento. Embora os estudos randomizados demonstrem benefícios consistentes na redução da sobrecarga volêmica na proteção renal, os achados do presente trabalho indicam que tais efeitos podem não se manifestar plenamente em contextos ambulatoriais de curto prazo ou em populações com congestão persistente e disfunção renal prévia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esse padrão provavelmente reflete a prática clínica real, na qual a titulação de diuréticos é guiada por sintomas, sinais e função renal — fatores não controlados em nosso desenho retrospectivo. A melhora modesta de edema/ingurgitamento, apesar do aumento de dose, sugere que os iSGLT2 não eliminaram a necessidade de ajustes de diurético em curto prazo nessa população com ICFER predominantemente sintomática.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>Encontramos, no seguimento ambulatorial, aumento da dose média de furosemida após a introdução dos iSGLT2, acompanhado de elevação progressiva da creatinina; em paralelo, houve melhora discreta dos sinais clínicos de congestão. No mundo real, a titulação de diuréticos depende de sintomas, exame físico, pressão arterial e função renal — fatores não controlados neste estudo retrospectivo sem grupo comparador. Assim, nossos dados levantam a hipótese que, em curto prazo, os iSGLT2 não reduzem automaticamente a necessidade de diurético. A introdução dos iSGLT2 deve ser interpretada dentro de um cenário clínico dinâmico, portanto, o que suscita a necessidade de estudos futuros com amostras maiores e seguimento prolongado para esclarecer sua influência no ajuste de medicamentos diuréticos e na preservação da função renal em diferentes estágios da IC.</p>
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<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Positivo sob o número de protocolo 7.081.707. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>