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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250026i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Reverse Remodeling and Genetics: A Review Based on a Clinical Case Description that Challenges Current Evidence and Logic</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6787-814X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardi</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Garcia Betinardi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Furquim</surname>
						<given-names>Silas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hames</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Lopes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Koroishi</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Henrique Yoschimoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
						<given-names>Jairo Alves</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4492-9714</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Stevan Krieger</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label>Helena Garcia Betinardi Bernardi Hospital do Coração (Hcor) – Associação Beneficente Síria. Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147. Postal Code 04004-030, Paraíso, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>helenagbbernardi@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250026</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Cardiac remodeling, present in heart failure (HF), is a compensatory biological process following an initial myocardial injury that gradually becomes maladaptive, leading to clinical deterioration and chronic HF. Reverse remodeling (RR), which has been increasingly addressed, occurs when the geometry and/or function of the left ventricle recover in response to treatment, approaching normal cardiac structure. RR is associated with a better prognosis. Factors associated with RR include female sex, non-ischemic etiology, mild to moderate HF, lower fibrotic burden, elevated blood pressure permitting medical optimization, shorter disease duration, and preserved renal function. However, growing knowledge of genetic factors in HF etiology has provided important insights into their role in treatment response and prognosis. To illustrate and discuss these emerging topics, we report a case of advanced HF involving RR and a genetic variant, reviewing current recommendations for management.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Reverse Remodeling</kwd>
				<kwd>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Genetics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reverse Remodeling and Genetics: A Review Based on a Clinical Case Description that Challenges Current Evidence and Logic</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Reverse remodeling and genetics. ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BB: beta-blocker; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; EF: ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i: sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac remodeling is an adaptive, compensatory biological process, defined as any change in the geometry and function of the cardiac chamber, which may occur in response to an initial myocardial insult with sustained physiological or pathophysiological stimuli, such as cardiac injury, hemodynamic changes, and inflammation or neurohormonal activation. Gradually, cardiac remodeling becomes maladaptive, causing clinical deterioration and chronic heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Guideline-recommended pharmacological treatment aims to interrupt this deleterious chain caused by the initial event, with the purpose of clinical improvement and patient survival, and may occasionally result in recovery of ventricular function.</p>
			<p>For many years, HF was treated as an incurable and immutable chronic disease. However, years of observation and studies provided evidence that both outcomes and ventricular function could improve, prompting the European guideline to introduce the term “heart failure with recovered ejection fraction” in 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Studies of explants from heart transplant recipients after a period of mechanical circulatory support with left ventricular assist devices showed, for the first time, that the end-diastolic pressure-to-volume ratio of end-stage human hearts can substantially return to normal values. However, it is still unclear whether this reversal of the remodeling process truly represents restoration of detailed aspects of cardiac chamber structure, as well as permanent chemical and cellular normalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Still defined as a chronic disease, HF is currently recognized as a dynamic and recoverable condition. To this end, the Brazilian, American, and European guidelines have recommended early optimization of pharmacological treatment, as reinforced by Mebazaa et al. in the STRONG-HF study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In parallel, growing knowledge has highlighted the genetic substrate of HF. The influence of the genetic substrate on response to standard HF treatment, reverse remodeling (RR), and clinical management recommendations represents an important field for further research and new evidence.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>We report the case of a 48-year-old male patient with no known prior comorbidities. He was admitted to the emergency room on June 1, 2024, complaining of dyspnea on minimal exertion for 4 days, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and malaise. He denied chest pain and syncope. During anamnesis, he reported a mild viral respiratory infection approximately 4 weeks prior, without other memorable symptoms. He had a history of active smoking with a smoking load of approximately 10 pack-years, denied alcoholism or use of other drugs, and was sedentary.</p>
			<p>Physical examination revealed a heart rate of 58 bpm, blood pressure of 137/100 mmHg, oxygen saturation of 95%, signs of congestion characterized by jugular vein distension and hepatojugular reflux, and bibasilar crackles. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm, signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, and slow R wave progression in precordial leads (V1 to V3). Laboratory test results included NT-proBNP 13,000 pg/mL and creatinine 1.38 mg/dL.</p>
			<p>Management for acute HF was initiated in the emergency room, with a satisfactory response to diuretics, and concomitant etiological investigation was performed. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed biventricular dysfunction with thrombus in the left ventricle (LV), enlarged left chambers, eccentric hypertrophy, and diffuse hypokinesia that was predominant in the apical and inferior wall of the LV. The patient was started on dapagliflozin 10 mg/day, sacubitril/valsartan 50 mg every 12 hours (which was not tolerated due to hypotension), and spironolactone 25 mg.</p>
			<p>The patient was admitted to the coronary care unit, with continued diuretic therapy, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, and the need for low-flow nasal oxygen. Due to signs of low cardiac output, dobutamine 2.5 mcg/kg/min was started, with dose titration. On the second day of hospitalization, the patient developed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, controlled with amiodarone (intravenous loading dose of 150 mg, followed by continuous infusion of 900 mg/24 hours), achieving rate and rhythm control.</p>
			<p>Regarding etiological investigation, coronary computed tomography angiography was initially scheduled. However, due to high heart rate, cardiac catheterization was chosen, which did not show significant obstructive coronary lesions. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) showed late mid-wall enhancement in the septal, inferior, and mid-basal lateral segments, consistent with non-ischemic myocardial fibrosis, absence of edema, no abnormalities on tissue mapping, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 8%, and a fractional area change of 19%. CMR also revealed a thrombus measuring 1.5 × 1.2 × 0.5 cm adhering to the medial anteroseptal segment of the LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing late mid-wall enhancement in the septal, inferior, and mid-basal lateral segments, consistent with non-ischemic myocardial fibrosis. Source: Patient data.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The etiological diagnosis was defined as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). During hospitalization, the patient’s condition progressed; he became dependent on inotropic agents and experienced 3 failed weaning attempts. He was listed for heart transplantation, remaining in INTERMACS 3 on metoprolol succinate 50 mg every 12 hours, losartan 50 mg every 12 hours, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide (with transition from intravenous to oral form), and dobutamine 7.5 mcg/kg/min.</p>
			<p>His clinical progression was favorable, without secondary organ dysfunction, undergoing daily physiotherapy and cardiac rehabilitation twice a week.</p>
			<p>A progressive reduction in cardiac area was observed on chest radiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). Repeat TTE was performed 3 months later, while still on dobutamine 7.5 mcg/kg/min, with LV diameters of 56 × 46 mm and LVEF of 38%. Medications for HF were optimized to maximum tolerance, and complete weaning from dobutamine occurred after 90 days of hospitalization.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Serial chest X-ray findings. A: Admission (June 1, 2024); B: During hospitalization, on dobutamine (September 4, 2025); C: Outpatient follow-up (February 12, 2025). Source: Patient data.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A new TTE, 1 month later, off inotropic support, showed LV diastolic diameter of 59 mm and LVEF of 27%. The patient was asymptomatic and clinically stable, achieving 105% of predicted 6-minute walk test distance. He was discharged from the hospital on October 15, 2024, using metoprolol succinate 50 mg every 12 hours, dapagliflozin 10 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, captopril 25 mg every 8 hours, atorvastatin 20 mg, lipidil 160 mg, and warfarin 2.5 mg 5 times a week.</p>
			<p>The patient returned for an outpatient consultation 15 days later, and captopril was switched to sacubitril/valsartan after a washout. The patient continues with cardiac rehabilitation twice a week, in New York Heart Association functional class I, without complications. The patient was using metoprolol succinate 50 mg every 12 hours, sacubitril/valsartan 100 mg every 12 hours (started on an outpatient basis in October 2024), spironolactone 25 mg/day, and dapagliflozin 10 mg/day. CMR, performed on November 18, 2025, showed normal chamber sizes, LVEF of 48%, and no evidence of edema, fibrosis, or LV thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>). The anticoagulant was discontinued, and the patient was delisted from the transplant waiting list.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing normal-sized chambers and absence of fibrosis. Source: Patient data.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The last TTE performed in May 2025 showed fully recovered biventricular function and normal chamber diameters. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> displays the patient’s echocardiographic progress.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Serial echocardiography findings during patient treatment and follow-up</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="7">Echocardiography findings</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>June 2024</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">September 9, 2024 (with dobutamine 7.5 mcg/kg/min)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">September 23, 2024 (with dobutamine 5 mcg/kg/min)</th>
								<th>September 24, 2024</th>
								<th>October 2, 2024</th>
								<th>February 2025</th>
								<th>May 2025</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF (%)</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">38</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV function</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
								<td align="center">Mild dysfunction</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
								<td align="center">Preserved</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">56</td>
								<td align="center">56</td>
								<td align="center">57</td>
								<td align="center">59</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
								<td align="center">46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LA (mm)</td>
								<td align="center">46</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">38</td>
								<td align="center">36</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">35</td>
								<td align="center">34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LAVi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">27.6</td>
								<td align="center">26.3</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
								<td align="center">31.8</td>
								<td align="center">26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">166</td>
								<td align="center">121.1</td>
								<td align="center">104.6</td>
								<td align="center">116</td>
								<td align="center">98.4</td>
								<td align="center">94.6</td>
								<td align="center">74.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MR</td>
								<td align="center">Mild</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
								<td align="center">Minimal</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>LA: left atrial diameter; LAVi: left atrial volume indexed by body surface area; LVEDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MR: mitral regurgitation; RV: right ventricle. Source: Patient data.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>During etiological investigation, a genetic panel was collected for DCM, showing a variant in the <italic>TTN</italic> gene, NM_133378.4:c.98465C&gt;Gip.(Ser32822*), classified as probably pathogenic by the American College of Medical Genetics. Genetic counseling and family screening were performed.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Definition</title>
				<p>Recognizing that LVEF can improve substantially in a subgroup of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with medical therapies or devices has led to intense interest in their outcomes and clinical management, as well as in understanding how these patients differ from those with more modest responses or little impact on LVEF (non-responders).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ventricular remodeling, although initially compensatory, is related to the progression of cardiac dysfunction if left untreated. RR, with normalization of geometry and function, is associated with better prognosis and can be considered a surrogate endpoint in clinical studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Imaging tools, circulating biomarkers (NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity troponin), and clinical criteria should be integrated into HF monitoring, aiming for early and personalized intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The definition of RR, however, is not yet uniform. Terms such as HF with “recovered” or “improved” ejection fraction (EF) are used, but there is no consensus on the minimum EF increase required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The 2021 international consensus (AHA/ESC/JHFS) proposed the term “HF with improved EF” for patients with baseline EF ≤ 40%, an increase ≥ 10 percentage points, and a subsequent EF &gt; 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A similar definition was published by JACC in 2020, including the distinction between partial recovery (EF 40% to 50%) and complete recovery (&gt; 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The 2022 ACC/AHA guideline adopts only initial EF ≤ 40% and final EF &gt; 40%, whereas the 2021 European guideline uses final EF ≥ 50%, without establishing a minimum interval between examinations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The prevalence of RR is related to the etiology of cardiomyopathy and the diagnostic criteria adopted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In HFrEF studies, it varies between 26% and 46%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Metabolic, toxic, and inflammatory insults are among the main triggers, especially tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, takotsubo syndrome, and thyrotoxicosis, in which complete recovery may reach 60% to 100% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Relevant RR rates have also been observed in peripartum cardiomyopathy and acute lymphocytic myocarditis. Another favorable scenario for RR is when cardiotoxic agents, such as alcohol and certain chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies), are discontinued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Predictors</title>
				<p>LVEF generally increases in response to medical treatment and, in some cases, to device therapy, according to established guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although studies use varying definitions of RR, the following factors consistently appear as predictors associated with greater likelihood of LVEF recovery: non-ischemic etiology, shorter duration of HF, absence of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR, lower degree of initial remodeling, female sex, elevated blood pressure permitting medical optimization, preserved renal function, and reduced BNP levels during pharmacological therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The Heart Failure Optimization Study (HF-OPT), conducted with patients with HFrEF and LVEF ≤ 35% between 2017 and 2022, showed that 68% experienced functional recovery in less than 6 months, and 77% achieved LVEF &gt; 35% within 1 year. The use of recommended therapies was high: 97% with beta-blockers, 94% with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors, and 62% with mineralocorticoid antagonists. However, only 9% achieved the target dose for all three classes, which was significantly associated with improved LVEF (p = 0.048).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetics</title>
				<p>Clinical assessment identifies 30% to 50% of patients with DCM as having an affected or likely affected relative, implying a genetic cause. Nonetheless, pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants have been found in only 20% to 30% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A complete 3-generation family history is always recommended for patients with non-ischemic DCM, regardless of LVEF or clinical trajectory, as there are implications for the patient’s prognosis and recovery, as well as for descendants and other first-degree relatives. It is advisable for physicians to apply a low threshold for performing genetic testing, even among those with recovered DCM, because the results can provide information on prognosis, recovery durability, risk of HF recurrence or sudden death, atrial arrhythmias, and familial HF risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Prognosis in genetic DCM varies according to the genetic group affected. Truncating variants in the titin gene (<italic>TTN</italic>tv) are more likely to respond favorably to guideline-directed medical therapy and achieve heart failure with improved ejection fraction (HFiEF), whereas mutations in the <italic>LMNA</italic> gene are less likely to respond and confer a high risk of sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In 2012, Herman et al. reported that 15% to 25% of DCM cases were associated with rare <italic>TTN</italic>tvs. Titin is the largest protein in the heart, spanning the entire length of the sarcomere, from the Z-disc to the M-band, and it functions as a molecular spring that regulates contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In contrast to other known genetic etiologies of DCM, <italic>TTN</italic>tvs have been associated with recovery after exposure to optimized medical treatment and left ventricular assist device decompression; however, it is worth emphasizing that the sustainability of these improvements has not been completely characterized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prognosis</title>
				<p>Although RR is generally associated with favorable prognosis, it is not considered a cure, and patients remain at risk of relapse. Therefore, some authors have adopted terms such as remission and myocardial recovery to differentiate cases where the insult is permanent, with a risk of decreased LVEF, from cases where sustained recovery is expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Clinical assessment of symptoms and ECG can identify patients with HFiEF at higher risk of relapse, patients who require persistent diuretic therapy, and those with left bundle branch block, representing higher-risk subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The absence of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR is a strong predictor of recovery and is associated with a better prognosis. Elevated extracellular volume values (suggestive of edema or fibrosis) can also improve the diagnostic assessment of specific cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Higher absolute global longitudinal strain values (e.g., &gt; 16%) have been associated with stable LVEF in short-term follow-up, and even among dilated hearts, higher global longitudinal strain has been associated with achieving HFiEF status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the case reported, the initial CMR showed mid-wall late enhancement in the septal, inferior, and mid-basal lateral segments, which represents a negative predictor of RR; nonetheless, the patient’s genetic factors combined with optimized medical therapy may have prevailed. CMR after remodeling, showing recovered LVEF and absence of fibrosis, confirmed the clinical improvement. However, the reversal of late enhancement is not the typical behavior of true myocardial scarring, and this observation suggests that the substrate could be predominantly inflammatory or functional, rather than necessarily fibrotic. Furthermore, it highlights an important area of uncertainty in the prognostic interpretation of fibrosis, since its presence and subsequent disappearance challenge the traditional notion that late enhancement always represents irreversible damage.</p>
				<p>Ultimately, this finding emphasizes that late enhancement should be interpreted in the clinical, temporal, and therapeutic context and that myocardial tissue may, in certain scenarios, have a greater capacity for recovery than previously supposed.</p>
				<p>A recent Brazilian study identified predictors of long-term RR maintenance, both clinical (fewer symptoms, higher systolic blood pressure, and non-use of furosemide) and echocardiographic (greater LVEF gain, greater reduction in left ventricular systolic diameter, and larger septum), which may contribute to understanding and managing this situation. However, few cohorts have addressed genetic assessment as a predictor in RR maintenance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Greater reductions in NT-proBNP with neurohormonal therapy for HF are associated with improvements in LV structure and function, as well as better clinical outcomes. An increase in NT-proBNP in patients with HFrEF may precede HF relapse. There are still gaps in early cohort studies aimed at better understanding the natural history of HFrEF, and additional clinical trials are needed to define which clinical treatment elements are important to maintain clinical remission, as well as basic studies to better define its biology in order to develop new therapeutic targets.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Over the past two decades, we have made significant progress in understanding the biology, epidemiology, clinical predictors, and outcomes associated with RR in HF. However, knowledge about the natural history and long-term outcomes of patients with HFiEF remains limited, particularly considering the genetic component and the wide phenotypic heterogeneity involved.</p>
			<p>The case reported in this manuscript strikingly demonstrates how clinical behavior can diverge from trajectories predicted in the literature. This dissociation between genotype and phenotype, although rare, broadens the discussion regarding the influence of genetic variants on therapeutic response, stimulating critical reflection on our approaches to risk stratification, follow-up, and interpretation of treatment responses.</p>
			<p>Future research will be strengthened by more refined phenotyping of patients, deepened genomic studies, and improved understanding of the mechanisms that modulate structural recovery. Advances in this direction will allow us not only to better understand the natural history of HFiEF, but also to identify which components of treatment are essential to induce and maintain clinical remission and to define subgroups of patients with the potential for unexpected recovery.</p>
			<p>In summary, the reported case illustrates the increasing complexity of contemporary cardiomyopathy management, challenges established paradigms, and demonstrates the extent to which we still need to evolve in order to integrate genetics, phenotype, and therapeutic response accurately in clinical practice.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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							<surname>Bocchi</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lira</surname>
							<given-names>MTSS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wanderley</surname>
							<given-names>MRB</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marchi</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maciel</surname>
							<given-names>PC</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Predictors of Sustained Reverse Remodelling in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2025</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>2190</fpage>
					<lpage>2199</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.15241</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250026</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Remodelamento Reverso e Genética: Uma Revisão Baseada na Descrição de um Caso Clínico que Foge à Lógica e Vai de Encontro às Evidências</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6787-814X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardi</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Garcia Betinardi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Furquim</surname>
						<given-names>Silas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hames</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Lopes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Koroishi</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Henrique Yoschimoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
						<given-names>Jairo Alves</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4492-9714</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Stevan Krieger</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label>Helena Garcia Betinardi Bernardi Hospital do Coração (Hcor) – Associação Beneficente Síria. Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147. CEP 04004-030, Paraíso, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: helenagbbernardi@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Germano Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O remodelamento cardíaco, presente na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), é um processo biológico compensatório após uma agressão inicial ao miocárdio que gradualmente se torna desadaptativo, gerando deterioração clínica e a IC crônica. Cada vez mais abordado, o remodelamento reverso (RR) ocorre quando há recuperação da geometria e/ou função do ventrículo esquerdo em resposta ao tratamento empregado, aproximando-se da estrutura cardíaca normal e sendo associado a melhor prognóstico. Sexo feminino, etiologia não isquêmica, IC leve a moderada, menor carga fibrótica, pressão arterial elevada tolerando otimização de medicamentos, menor duração da doença e função renal preservada são fatores associados ao RR. No entanto, o crescente conhecimento do aspecto genético na etiologia da IC traz <italic>insights</italic> importantes sobre o comportamento desse componente na resposta ao tratamento e ao prognóstico. Para ilustrar e discutir estes temas de emergente relevância, relata-se um caso de IC avançada envolvendo conceitos de RR, variante genética e o manejo atualmente recomendado.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante Cardíaco</kwd>
				<kwd>Remodelamento Reverso</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
				<kwd>Genética</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Remodelamento Reverso e Genética: Uma Revisão Baseada na Descrição de um Caso Clínico que Foge à Lógica e Vai de Encontro às Evidências</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Remodelamento reverso e genética. ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide; BB: betabloqueador; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina II; iSGLT2: inibidores do co-transportador de sódio-glicose 2.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O remodelamento cardíaco é um processo biológico adaptativo e compensatório, definido como quaisquer alterações na geometria e função da câmara cardíaca, podendo ocorrer em resposta a uma agressão inicial ao miocárdio com estímulos fisiológicos ou fisiopatológicos sustentados, como lesão cardíaca, alterações hemodinâmicas e inflamação ou ativação neuro-hormonal. Gradualmente, o remodelamento cardíaco torna-se desadaptativo, causando deterioração clínica e insuficiência cardíaca (IC) crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O tratamento farmacológico preconizado pelas diretrizes visa interromper essa cadeia deletéria causada pelo evento inicial, com a finalidade de melhora clínica e de sobrevida do paciente, além de, por vezes, gerar a recuperação da função ventricular.</p>
				<p>Por muito tempo, a IC foi tratada como doença crônica incurável e imutável. No entanto, após anos de observação e estudos, evidenciou-se a possibilidade de melhora não só de desfechos, como da função ventricular, fazendo com que em 2021 a diretriz europeia introduzisse o termo “insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção recuperada”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudos de explantes de receptores de transplante cardíaco após um período de suporte circulatório mecânico com dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda mostraram, pela primeira vez, que a relação pressão-volume diastólica final de corações humanos em estágio terminal pode retornar substancialmente aos valores normais. Entretanto, ainda não está claro se essa reversão do processo de remodelamento realmente representa a restauração de aspectos detalhados da estrutura da câmara cardíaca e normalização química e celular, bem como a permanência da normalização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Hoje, ainda definida como doença crônica, a IC é vista como uma condição dinâmica e passível de recuperação. Com esse objetivo, é preconizado pelas diretrizes brasileira, americana e europeia, a otimização precoce do tratamento farmacológico, como reforçado por Mebazaa et al. no estudo STRONG-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em paralelo a este cenário, temos o crescente conhecimento do substrato genético na IC. Sua relação e resposta ao tratamento padrão da IC e com o remodelamento reverso (RR), além das recomendações do manejo clínico, são um campo para aprendizado e encontro de novas evidências.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de Caso</title>
				<p>Trata-se de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 48 anos, sem comorbidades prévias conhecidas. Deu entrada no pronto socorro dia 1º de junho de 2024 com queixa de dispneia aos mínimos esforços havia 4 dias, dispneia paroxística noturna e mal-estar. Negou dor torácica e síncope. Durante a anamnese, referiu infecção viral respiratória leve há cerca de 4 semanas, sem outros comemorativos. Tinha histórico de tabagismo ativo com carga tabágica aproximadamente 10 anos-maços, negou uso de outras drogas ou etilismo e era sedentário.</p>
				<p>Ao exame físico, apresentava frequência cardíaca de 58 bpm, pressão arterial de 137/100 mmHg, saturação de oxigênio de 95%, sinais de congestão caracterizados por turgência jugular e refluxo hepatojugular, além de estertores bibasais. Eletrocardiograma (ECG) evidenciou ritmo atrial, sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e progressão lenta de onda R em derivações precordiais (V1 a V3). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram NT-proBNP 13.000 pg/mL e creatinina 1,38 mg/dL.</p>
				<p>Foi iniciado manejo para IC aguda no pronto socorro, com resposta satisfatória ao diurético, e realizada investigação etiológica concomitante. Ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) evidenciou disfunção biventricular com trombo no ventrículo esquerdo (VE), cavidades esquerdas aumentadas, hipertrofia excêntrica, hipocinesia difusa com predomínio da parede apical e inferior do VE. Foram iniciadas dapagliflozina 10 mg/dia, sacubitril/valsartana 50 mg 12/12h (que não foi tolerada devido à hipotensão) e espironolactona 25 mg.</p>
				<p>O paciente foi admitido na unidade coronariana, com manutenção da diureticoterapia, ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva e necessidade de cateter nasal de oxigênio baixo fluxo. Devido a sinais de baixo débito, foi iniciada dobutamina 2,5 mcg/kg/min, com titulação de dose. No segundo dia de internação hospitalar, evoluiu com fibrilação atrial de alta resposta, controlada com amiodarona (dose de ataque 150 mg endovenoso e mantida infusão contínua 900 mg/24 h), com controle de ritmo e frequência.</p>
				<p>Para investigação etiológica, foi programada inicialmente angiotomografia de coronárias, porém devido a FC elevada, optou-se por cateterismo cardíaco, o qual não mostrou lesões coronarianas obstrutivas significativas. Ressonância magnética do coração (RMC) evidenciou presença de realce tardio mesocárdico nos segmentos septal, inferior e lateral mediobasais, compatível com fibrose miocárdica de padrão não isquêmico, ausência edema, sem alteração no mapa tecidual, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) de 8% e variação da área fracionada de 19%. A RMC também evidenciou um trombo medindo 1,5 × 1,2 × 0,5 cm aderido ao segmento anterosseptal medial do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca evidenciando realce tardio mesocárdico nos segmentos septal, inferior e lateral mediobasais, compatível com fibrose miocárdica de padrão não isquêmico. Fonte: Dados do paciente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O diagnóstico etiológico foi definido como cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD). O paciente evoluiu com progressão da doença durante internação, dependente de inotrópico e falha de desmame por 3 vezes. Foi listado para transplante cardíaco, permanecendo em INTERMACS 3 em uso de succinato de metoprolol 50 mg 12/12h, losartana 50 mg 12/12h, espironolactona 25 mg, furosemida com transição da forma endovenosa para oral e dobutamina 7,5 mcg/kg/min.</p>
				<p>O paciente evoluiu clinicamente bem, sem disfunção secundária de órgãos, realizando fisioterapia diária e reabilitação cardíaca 2 vezes por semana.</p>
				<p>Observou-se redução progressiva de área cardíaca em radiografia do tórax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). Foi repetido ECOTT 3 meses após, ainda em uso de dobutamina 7,5 mcg/kg/min com diâmetros do VE 56 × 46mm e FEVE de 38%. Foram otimizadas as medicações para IC até a máxima tolerância, e o desmame completo de dobutamina ocorreu após 90 dias de internação.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Evolução da radiografia torácica. A: Admissão, 1º de junho de 2024; B: Internação em uso de dobutamina, 4 de setembro de 2025; C: Ambulatorial, 12 de fevereiro de 2025. Fonte: Dados do paciente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Novo ECOTT, 1 mês após, sem inotrópico, mostrou diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo de 59 mm e FEVE de 27%. O paciente estava assintomático e clinicamente estável, atingindo 105% da distância prevista no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. Recebeu alta hospitalar em 15 de outubro de 2024 em uso de succinato de metoprolol 50 mg 12/12h, dapagliflozina 10 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, captopril 25 mg 8/8h, atorvastatina 20 mg, lipidil 160 mg e marevan 2,5 mg 5 vezes/semana.</p>
				<p>O paciente retornou em consulta ambulatorial 15 dias após, sendo realizada a troca de captopril por sacubitril/valsartana após <italic>washout</italic>. O paciente segue em reabilitação cardíaca 2 vezes por semana, com classe funcional I da New York Heart Association, sem intercorrências. Em uso de succinato de metoprolol 50 mg 12/12h, sacubitril/valsartana 100 mg 12/12h (iniciado ambulatoriamente em outubro de 2024), espironolactona 25 mg/dia e dapagliflozina 10 mg/dia. Foi realizado RMC em 18 de novembro de 2025 com cavidades normais e FEVE de 48%, sem edema ou fibrose e não evidenciado trombo no VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>). Foi suspenso o anticoagulante, e o paciente foi inativado na fila de transplante.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca evidenciando cavidades de tamanho normal e ausência de fibrose. Fonte: Dados do paciente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-e20250026-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O último ECOTT realizado em maio de 2025 evidenciou função biventricular totalmente recuperada e diâmetro de cavidades normais. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a evolução ecocardiográfica do paciente.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Evolução ecocardiográfica do paciente ao longo do tratamento e acompanhamento</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="7">Evolução ecocardiográfica</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Junho 2024</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">9 setembro 2024 (com dobutamina 7,5 mcg/kg/min)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">23 setembro 2024 (com dobutamina 5 mcg/kg/ min)</th>
									<th>24 setembro 2024</th>
									<th>2 outubro 2024</th>
									<th>Fevereiro 2025</th>
									<th>Maio 2025</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">38</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Função do VD</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
									<td align="center">Disfunção discreta</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
									<td align="center">Preservada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DDVE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">57</td>
									<td align="center">59</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center">46</td>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">38</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AEI (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">27,6</td>
									<td align="center">26,3</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">31.8</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IMVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">166</td>
									<td align="center">121,1</td>
									<td align="center">104,6</td>
									<td align="center">116</td>
									<td align="center">98,4</td>
									<td align="center">94,6</td>
									<td align="center">74,6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IM</td>
									<td align="center">Discreta</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
									<td align="center">Mínima</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>AE: diâmetro do átrio esquerdo; AEI: volume do átrio esquerdo indexado pela superfície corporal; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IM: insuficiência mitral; IMVE: índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito. Fonte: Dados do paciente.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Durante investigação etiológica, foi coletado painel genético para CMD com presença de variante no gene <italic>TTN</italic>, NM_133378.4:c.98465C&gt;Gip.(Ser32822*), classificada como provavelmente patogênica pelo Colégio Americano de Genética Médica. Foram realizados aconselhamento genético e rastreamento familiar.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Definição</title>
					<p>O reconhecimento de que a FEVE melhora substancialmente em um subgrupo de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) tratados com terapias medicamentosas ou dispositivos levou a um intenso interesse em seus resultados e manejo clínico, assim como em compreender como esses pacientes diferem daqueles com respostas mais modestas ou com pouco impacto na FEVE (não respondedores).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O remodelamento ventricular, embora inicialmente compensatório, está relacionado à progressão da disfunção cardíaca se não tratado. Já o RR, com normalização da geometria e função, associa-se a melhor prognóstico e pode ser considerado um desfecho substituto em estudos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ferramentas de imagem, biomarcadores circulantes (NT-proBNP e troponina de alta sensibilidade) e critérios clínicos devem ser integrados ao monitoramento da IC, visando intervenções precoces e personalizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A definição de RR, entretanto, ainda não é uniforme. Termos como IC com fração de ejeção (FE) “recuperada” ou “melhorada” são utilizados, mas não há consenso quanto ao incremento mínimo da FE necessário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O consenso internacional de 2021 (AHA/ESC/JHFS) propôs o termo “IC com FE melhorada” para pacientes com FE basal ≤ 40%, aumento ≥ 10 pontos percentuais e FE subsequente &gt; 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Definição semelhante foi publicada pelo JACC em 2020, incluindo a distinção entre recuperação parcial (FE 40% a 50%) e completa (&gt; 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Já a diretriz ACC/AHA de 2022 adota apenas FE inicial ≤ 40% e final &gt; 40%, enquanto a europeia de 2021 utiliza FE final ≥ 50%, sem estabelecer intervalo mínimo entre exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A prevalência de RR está relacionada à etiologia da cardiomiopatia e do critério diagnóstico adotado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em estudos de ICFEr, varia entre 26% e 46%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Insultos metabólicos, tóxicos e inflamatórios estão entre os principais gatilhos, com destaque para taquicardiomiopatia, síndrome de takotsubo e tireotoxicose, em que a recuperação completa pode atingir 60% a 100% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Também observam-se taxas relevantes de RR em cardiomiopatia periparto e miocardite aguda linfocítica. Outro cenário favorável para o RR é quando há suspensão de agentes cardiotóxicos, como álcool e determinados quimioterápicos (antracíclicos, inibidores de tirosina-quinase e anticorpos monoclonais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preditores</title>
					<p>O aumento na FEVE geralmente ocorre em resposta ao tratamento medicamentoso e, por vezes, a dispositivos, seguindo as diretrizes estabelecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora haja variações na definição de RR entre os estudos, alguns fatores aparecem de forma consistente como preditores de maior chance de recuperação da FE: etiologia não isquêmica, menor tempo de evolução da IC, ausência de realce tardio na RMC, menor grau de remodelamento inicial, sexo feminino, pressão arterial elevada tolerando otimização de medicamentos, função renal preservada e redução dos níveis de BNP durante a terapia farmacológica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O Heart Failure Optimization Study (HF-OPT), conduzido com pacientes com ICFEr e FEVE ≤ 35% entre 2017 e 2022, evidenciou que 68% apresentaram recuperação funcional (&lt; 6 meses) e 77% atingiram FEVE &gt; 35% até 1 ano. O uso das terapias recomendadas foi elevado: 97% com betabloqueadores, 94% com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina/inibidores da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina e 62% com antagonistas de mineralocorticoides. No entanto, apenas 9% alcançaram a dose-alvo de todas as três classes, o que se associou significativamente à melhora da FEVE (p = 0,048).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Genética</title>
					<p>A avaliação clínica identifica 30% a 50% dos pacientes com CMD como tendo um parente afetado ou com probabilidade de ser afetado, o que implica uma causa genética. No entanto, variantes patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas foram encontradas em apenas 20% a 30% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um histórico familiar completo de 3 gerações é sempre recomendado para pacientes com CMD não isquêmica, independentemente da FEVE ou trajetória clínica, na medida em que haja implicações para o prognóstico e a recuperação do paciente, bem como para os descendentes e outros parentes de primeiro grau. É aconselhável que os médicos tenham um baixo limiar para realizar testes genéticos, mesmo entre aqueles com CMD recuperada, pois os resultados podem trazer informações sobre prognósticos, durabilidade da recuperação, risco de recidiva da IC ou morte súbita, risco de arritmias atriais, além de informar o risco de IC para os familiares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O prognóstico na CMD genética varia conforme o grupo genético acometido, com variantes truncadas no gene da titina (<italic>TTN</italic>tv) sendo mais propensas a responder favoravelmente à terapia médica orientada por diretrizes e a atingir o status de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção melhorada (ICFEm), enquanto mutações no gene da <italic>LMNA</italic> são menos propensas a responder e conferem alto risco de morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Herman et al. publicaram em 2012 que 15% a 25% dos casos de CMD estavam associados a variantes raras de truncamento na <italic>TTN</italic>. A titina é a maior proteína do coração, abrangendo toda a extensão do sarcômero, do disco Z à banda M, e funciona como uma mola molecular que regula a contração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em contraste com outras etiologias genéticas conhecidas de CMD, as variantes truncadas em <italic>TTN</italic> são compatíveis com a recuperação após exposição ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado e à descompressão do dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda; no entanto, deve-se enfatizar que a sustentabilidade dessas melhorias não está bem caracterizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Prognóstico</title>
					<p>Apesar de seu bom prognóstico, não se considera o RR como uma cura, estando o paciente ainda sob risco de recidiva. Por isso, alguns autores têm adotado termos como remissão e recuperação miocárdica para diferenciar os casos onde o insulto é permanente, com risco de queda da FEVE, daqueles onde se espera uma recuperação sustentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A avaliação clínica dos sintomas e o ECG podem identificar pacientes com ICFEm com maior risco de recidiva, com a necessidade de terapia diurética persistente e presença de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo representando subgrupos de maior risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A ausência de realce tardio com gadolínio na RMC é um forte preditor de recuperação e está associada a um melhor prognóstico. Valores elevados de volume extracelular (sugestivos de edema ou fibrose) também podem melhorar a compreensão diagnóstica de cardiomiopatias específicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um strain longitudinal global absoluto mais elevado (por exemplo &gt; 16%) está associado à estabilidade da FEVE em curto prazo de acompanhamento, e um strain longitudinal global mais elevado, mesmo entre corações dilatados, está associado ao estado de ICFEm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No caso relatado acima, a RMC inicial apresentava um realce tardio mesocárdico nos segmentos septal, inferior e lateral mediobasais, marcando um preditor negativo para o RR, sobre o qual talvez o fator genético associado ao tratamento medicamento otimizado tenha se sobressaído. A ressonância após o remodelamento, já sem fibrose e com FEVE recuperada, confirma a melhora clínica. Entretanto a reversão do realce tardio não é o comportamento típico de cicatriz miocárdica verdadeira, e sua observação traz a hipótese de que o substrato poderia ser predominantemente inflamatório ou funcional, e não necessariamente fibrótico. Além disso, evidencia uma zona de incerteza importante na interpretação prognóstica da fibrose, já que sua presença e posterior desaparecimento desafiam a noção tradicional de que o realce tardio representa sempre dano irreversível.</p>
					<p>Em última análise, esse achado ressalta que o realce tardio deve ser interpretado à luz do contexto clínico, temporal e terapêutico, e de que, em determinados cenários, o tecido miocárdico pode apresentar uma capacidade de recuperação maior do que se supunha.</p>
					<p>Um recente estudo brasileiro identificou preditores de manutenção de longo prazo do RR, sendo eles clínicos (menos sintomas, pressão arterial sistólica mais elevada e não uso de furosemida) e ecocardiográficos (maior ganho de FEVE, maior redução do diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo e maior septo) e que podem contribuir para a compreensão e manejo dessa situação. No entanto, poucas coortes abordam a avaliação genética como preditor na manutenção do RR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Maiores reduções no NT-proBNP com a terapia neuro-hormonal para IC estão associadas a melhorias na estrutura e função do VE, bem como a melhores resultados clínicos. Um aumento de NT-proBNP em pacientes com ICFEr pode preceder a recidiva da IC. Ainda existem lacunas em relação ao desenvolvimento de coortes iniciais para melhor compreender a história natural da ICFEr, e ensaios clínicos adicionais são necessários para definir quais elementos do tratamento clínico são importantes para manter a remissão clínica, bem como estudos básicos para melhor definir a sua biologia, a fim de desenvolver novos alvos terapêuticos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Nas últimas duas décadas, avançamos significativamente na compreensão da biologia, epidemiologia, preditores clínicos e desfechos associados ao RR na IC. Ainda assim, permanece limitado o conhecimento sobre a história natural e os desfechos a longo prazo de pacientes com ICFEm, especialmente quando se considera o componente genético e a grande heterogeneidade fenotípica envolvida.</p>
				<p>O caso apresentado neste manuscrito evidencia de forma marcante como o comportamento clínico pode divergir das trajetórias previstas pela literatura. Essa dissociação entre genótipo e fenótipo, embora rara, amplia a discussão sobre a influência das variantes genéticas na resposta terapêutica, estimulando uma reflexão crítica sobre como estratificamos risco, conduzimos o seguimento e interpretamos as respostas ao tratamento.</p>
				<p>Pesquisas futuras serão fortalecidas pela fenotipagem mais refinada de pacientes, pelo aprofundamento em estudos genômicos e pelo entendimento dos mecanismos que modulam a recuperação estrutural. Avançar nessa direção permitirá não apenas compreender melhor a história natural da ICFEm, mas também identificar quais componentes do tratamento são essenciais para induzir e manter a remissão clínica, assim como definir subgrupos de pacientes com potencial de recuperação inesperada.</p>
				<p>Em síntese, o caso relatado ilustra a complexidade crescente do manejo contemporâneo das cardiomiopatias, desafia paradigmas estabelecidos e demonstra o quanto ainda precisamos evoluir para integrar, de maneira precisa, genética, fenótipo e resposta terapêutica na prática clínica.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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