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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250025i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm after Heart Transplantation: a rare complication associated with Endomyocardial Biopsy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Mollinari Veloso da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brum</surname>
						<given-names>Joana Carolina Junqueira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Diego Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Letti</surname>
						<given-names>Estevan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marcela Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lucchese</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Lucas Mollinari Veloso da Silveira</bold> • Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre - Av. Independencia, 75. Postal Code <postal-code>90020-090</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>lucasmolinari93@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Miguel Morita</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>20250025</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>False Aneurysm</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Biopsy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac pseudoaneurysms occur when a rupture in a blood vessel or myocardial wall is contained by surrounding structures such as the pericardium, thrombus, or adhesions. Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms are more susceptible to late, potentially fatal ruptures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These lesions most commonly develop as complications of myocardial infarction, typically involving the left ventricle.</p>
			<p>Less frequently, pseudoaneurysms can form in the right ventricle due to lipoma, postcardiac surgery, following device lead extraction, in the infectious setting, after remote myocardial infarction, as a complication of endomyocardial biopsy, and after penetrating chest wall trauma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The optimal management of right ventricular pseudoaneurysms is not well established, with current strategies focused on preventing rupture.</p>
			<p>This report details a case of right ventricular pseudoaneurysm that occurred as a complication of endomyocardial biopsy in a patient during the early postoperative period following heart transplantation.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>A 47-year-old patient with idiopathic heart failure and combined pulmonary hypertension, responsive to vasodilators, presented with decompensation and required inotropic support. The patient underwent a heart transplant, which was performed without complications, with a total ischemia time of 3 hours and 43 minutes. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient exhibited right ventricular dysfunction and required high doses of Milrinone. A postoperative transthoracic echocardiogram revealed right ventricular dysfunction (FAC 27%) and pulmonary hypertension (SPAP 57 mmHg), with no other significant findings. The recipient had no detectable donor-specific antibodies pre-transplant or during the early postoperative period. Initial rejection surveillance relied on clinical assessment, echocardiography, and laboratory markers, none of which suggested early rejection. The early right ventricular dysfunction was considered multifactorial. Pre-existing pulmonary hypertension likely contributed to increased right ventricle afterload. Donor-recipient mismatch was excluded based on an appropriate predicted heart mass ratio. The patient progressed favorably with a gradual weaning off inotropic support; however, stimulation with a pacemaker was needed due to sinus node dysfunction, delaying his discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). The first endomyocardial biopsy was performed on the 14<sup>th</sup> postoperative day using a rigid bioptome through the right internal jugular vein, and the patient was discharged from the ICU thereafter. Biopsy results demonstrated no acute cellular rejection (0R) and no antibody-mediated rejection (pAMR 0), according to the ISHLT classification. On the 16<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, a follow-up transthoracic echocardiogram showed a right ventricular pseudoaneurysm, located near the outflow tract, measuring 2.5 cm x 2.0 cm, with a rupture orifice of approximately 8 mm and bidirectional flow on color Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The exam also indicated systolic expansion of the pseudoaneurysm. Quantitative parameters of the echocardiogram were: LVEF 77%, FAC 24%, SPAP 63 mmHg. Laboratory markers showed mildly elevated troponin and normal CRP. By that time, immunosuppression of the patient included methylprednisolone followed by prednisone taper, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil, which may impair tissue healing and favor pseudoaneurysm formation. The patient was on the use of Warfarin, due to a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulation was stopped upon pseudoaneurysm detection.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Echocardiogram showing a right ventricular pseudoaneurysm, located near the outflow tract.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-20250025-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>After a multidisciplinary discussion, the decision was made to return the patient to the intensive care unit for hemodynamic monitoring, restart Milrinone, suspend the anticoagulation therapy, and proceed with conservative treatment, including serial echocardiograms. Subsequent examinations demonstrated progressive organization of the pseudoaneurysm, with thrombus formation in its lumen and reduction of the rupture orifice. Conservative management was guided by hemodynamic stability, absence of pericardial effusion, a small pseudoaneurysm neck, and elevated surgical risk in the early postoperative immunosuppressed period. ICU monitoring, discontinuation of anticoagulation, and serial echocardiogram every 48–72 hours were adopted as safety measures. An echocardiogram performed on the 56<sup>th</sup> postoperative day showed no rupture orifice or flow on Doppler in the pseudoaneurysm, indicating complete organization. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 60<sup>th</sup> postoperative day and is currently under outpatient follow-up, now 6 months post-surgery. The postoperative course has been favorable, with the patient asymptomatic from a cardiovascular perspective. An echocardiographic control conducted 4 months after surgery showed adequate biventricular function and an organized right ventricular pseudoaneurysm without flow.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Pseudoaneurysms of the heart arise from ventricular rupture, are contained by adherent pericardium and fibrotic tissue. They are characterized by the absence of myocardial tissue in their walls, with a narrow neck connecting the ventricle to the paraventricular chamber.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pseudoaneurysms of the right side of the heart are rare, and most cases are diagnosed incidentally, as the majority of patients remain asymptomatic. Pseudoaneurysm formation may result from either direct perforation during biopsy or microperforation with delayed leak. The absence of acute pericardial effusion and progressive pseudoaneurysm evolution supports the microperforation hypothesis, potentially worsened by corticosteroid immunosuppression in this case</p>
			<p>Endomyocardial biopsy is a routine procedure for monitoring patients who have undergone heart transplantation. Right ventricular perforation is a well-documented complication, often leading to spontaneous closure. However, a minority of patients may develop cardiac tamponade that requires surgical intervention. The formation of a pseudoaneurysm following endomyocardial biopsy is an even rarer complication, with only one other case reported to our knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Transplanted patients are typically under intense immunosuppression in the days following surgery. It is speculated that corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications may delay healing, potentially increasing the risk of pseudoaneurysm formation in this population.</p>
			<p>The optimal management of right ventricular pseudoaneurysms remains controversial, with no consensus on the best approach. Management strategies include conservative observation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> percutaneous closure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and surgical intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The primary goal of any intervention is to minimize the risk of cardiac rupture, as pseudoaneurysms are more prone to rupture than true aneurysms due to the absence of myocardial tissue. Surgical repair is recommended for large pseudoaneurysms or hemodynamic instability; percutaneous closure may be considered in selected anatomies. Conservative treatment is appropriate in small, stable pseudoaneurysms with clear monitoring capacity.</p>
			<p>Although this complication has not previously been reported on the right side of the heart, this absence may be attributed to the intrinsically lower intracavitary pressures when compared with the left ventricle, theoretically reducing the risk of rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation. Nonetheless, pulmonary hypertension is relatively common among heart transplant recipients and may elevate right-sided pressures, thereby challenging this rationale and potentially increasing susceptibility to such complications.</p>
			<p>No computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed due to adequate visualization with echocardiogram and the patient's stable condition. Literature suggests CT/MRI are useful for structural delineation, but the echocardiogram remains the primary follow-up modality in right ventricle pseudoaneurysms.</p>
			<p>Considering the high risk of surgical complications associated with the postoperative period and the use of immunosuppressants, we opted for a conservative management strategy involving intensive monitoring and continuous reassessment of the patient.</p>
			<p>Our case shares important parallels with the seminal report by Rodrigues et al. in 1995,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which first described a right ventricular pseudoaneurysm following endomyocardial biopsy after heart transplantation. As in that initial case, microperforation in the context of early postoperative immunosuppression likely contributed to delayed myocardial healing and subsequent pseudoaneurysm formation. However, the structured contemporary management employed here—featuring intensive hemodynamic monitoring, withdrawal of anticoagulation, optimization of right ventricular unloading, and systematic serial echocardiography—reflects significant advances in the clinical approach to this rare complication. The complete spontaneous organization of the pseudoaneurysm supports the notion that, in carefully selected and hemodynamically stable patients, conservative management remains a safe and effective strategy. This case thereby reinforces and updates the observations from the 1995 report, contributing to the modern context of an exceedingly uncommon postoperative event.</p>
			<p>In this report, we describe a rare complication following a routine procedure after heart transplantation that was successfully managed conservatively. Limitations include the absence of multimodality imaging and relatively short follow-up (6 months), preventing assessment of late progression. We hope that this case will contribute to the existing literature and provide guidance for future cases.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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							<surname>Esmat</surname>
							<given-names>HA</given-names>
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							<surname>Ceylan</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Demir</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Çinkooğlu</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm in a Young Adult Following Right Heart Catheterization: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature</article-title>
					<source>Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>30</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>4</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s43055-021-00413-4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Esmat HA, Ceylan N, Demir E, Çinkooğlu A. Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm in a Young Adult Following Right Heart Catheterization: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2021;52(30):1-4. doi: 10.1186/s43055-021-00413-4.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250025</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pseudoaneurisma do Ventrículo Direito após Transplante Cardíaco: uma complicação rara associada à biópsia endomiocárdica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silveira</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Mollinari Veloso da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brum</surname>
						<given-names>Joana Carolina Junqueira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Diego Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Letti</surname>
						<given-names>Estevan</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marcela Cunha</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lucchese</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Lucas Mollinari Veloso da Silveira</bold> • Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre - Av. Independencia, 75. CEP <postal-code>90020-090</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasmolinari93@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Miguel Morita</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Falso Aneurisma</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Biópsia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os pseudoaneurismas cardíacos ocorrem quando uma ruptura em um vaso sanguíneo ou na parede do miocárdio é contida por estruturas adjacentes, como o pericárdio, trombos ou aderências. Ao contrário dos aneurismas verdadeiros, os pseudoaneurismas são mais suscetíveis a rupturas tardias, potencialmente fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essas lesões geralmente se desenvolvem como complicações do infarto do miocárdio, tipicamente envolvendo o ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
				<p>Menos frequentemente, os pseudoaneurismas podem se formar no ventrículo direito devido a lipoma, cirurgia cardíaca pós-operatória, após extração de eletrodos de dispositivos, em contexto infeccioso, após infarto do miocárdio remoto, como complicação de biópsia endomiocárdica, e após trauma penetrante da parede torácica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O manejo ideal dos pseudoaneurismas do ventrículo direito não está bem estabelecido, com as estratégias atuais focadas na prevenção da ruptura.</p>
				<p>Este relato detalha um caso de pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo direito que ocorreu como complicação de biópsia endomiocárdica em um paciente no período pós-operatório imediato após transplante cardíaco.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de Caso</title>
				<p>Um paciente de 47 anos com insuficiência cardíaca idiopática e hipertensão pulmonar concomitante, responsivo a vasodilatadores, apresentou descompensação e necessitou de suporte inotrópico. O paciente foi submetido a transplante cardíaco, realizado sem complicações, com tempo total Lde isquemia de 3 horas e 43 minutos. No período pós-operatório imediato, o paciente apresentou disfunção ventricular direita e necessitou de altas doses de Milrinona. Um ecocardiograma transtorácico pós-operatório revelou disfunção ventricular direita (FAC 27%) e hipertensão pulmonar (PAPs 57 mmHg), sem outros achados significativos. O receptor não apresentava anticorpos específicos do doador detectáveis no pré-transplante ou durante o período pós-operatório imediato. A vigilância inicial de rejeição se baseou na avaliação clínica, ecocardiografia e marcadores laboratoriais, nenhum dos quais sugeriu rejeição precoce. A disfunção ventricular direita precoce foi considerada multifatorial. A hipertensão pulmonar preexistente provavelmente contribuiu para o aumento da pós-carga do ventrículo direito. A incompatibilidade doador-receptor foi descartada com base em uma relação de massa cardíaca prevista adequada. O paciente apresentou evolução favorável com a retirada gradual do suporte inotrópico; contudo, devido à disfunção do nó sinusal, foi necessária a estimulação com marca-passo, o que atrasou sua alta da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). A primeira biópsia endomiocárdica foi realizada no 14° dia pós-operatório, utilizando um biotomo rígido através da veia jugular interna direita, e o paciente recebeu alta da UTI em seguida. Os resultados da biópsia demonstraram ausência de rejeição celular aguda (0R) e ausência de rejeição mediada por anticorpos (pAMR 0), de acordo com a classificação da ISHLT. No 16° dia pós-operatório, um ecocardiograma transtorácico de acompanhamento mostrou um pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo direito, localizado próximo à via de saída, medindo 2,5 cm x 2,0 cm, com um orifício de ruptura de aproximadamente 8 mm e fluxo bidirecional ao Doppler colorido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). O exame também indicou expansão sistólica do pseudoaneurisma. Os parâmetros quantitativos do ecocardiograma foram: FEVE 77%, FAC 24%, PAPs 63 mmHg. Os marcadores laboratoriais mostraram troponina levemente elevada e PCR normal. Naquele momento, a imunossupressão do paciente incluía metilprednisolona seguida de redução gradual da prednisona, tacrolimus e micofenolato de mofetila, o que pode prejudicar a cicatrização tecidual e favorecer a formação de pseudoaneurismas. O paciente fazia uso de varfarina devido a um diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar. A anticoagulação foi suspensa após a detecção do pseudoaneurisma.</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ecocardiograma mostrando um pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo direito, localizado próximo ao trato de saída.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-4-20250025-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Após discussão multidisciplinar, se decidiu retornar o paciente à unidade de terapia intensiva para monitoramento hemodinâmico, reiniciar a Milrinona, suspender a terapia anticoagulante e prosseguir com tratamento conservador, incluindo ecocardiogramas seriados. Exames subsequentes demonstraram organização progressiva do pseudoaneurisma, com formação de trombo em seu lúmen e redução do orifício de ruptura. O manejo conservador foi guiado pela estabilidade hemodinâmica, ausência de derrame pericárdico, colo do pseudoaneurisma pequeno e elevado risco cirúrgico no período pós-operatório imediato de imunossupressão. Monitoramento na UTI, suspensão da anticoagulação e ecocardiogramas seriados a cada 48-72 horas foram adotados como medidas de segurança. Um ecocardiograma realizado no 56° dia pós-operatório não mostrou orifício de ruptura nem fluxo ao Doppler no pseudoaneurisma, indicando organização completa. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 60° dia pós-operatório e encontra-se atualmente em acompanhamento ambulatorial, 6 meses após a cirurgia. A evolução pós-operatória tem sido favorável, com o paciente assintomático do ponto de vista cardiovascular. Um ecocardiograma de controle realizado 4 meses após a cirurgia mostrou função biventricular adequada e um pseudoaneurisma organizado no ventrículo direito, sem fluxo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os pseudoaneurismas cardíacos surgem da ruptura ventricular e são contidos por pericárdio aderente e tecido fibrótico. Caracterizam-se pela ausência de tecido miocárdico em suas paredes, com um colo estreito conectando o ventrículo à câmara paraventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os pseudoaneurismas do lado direito do coração são raros e a maioria dos casos é diagnosticada incidentalmente, visto que a maioria dos pacientes permanece assintomática. A formação do pseudoaneurisma pode resultar tanto de perfuração direta durante a biópsia quanto de microperfuração com vazamento tardio. A ausência de derrame pericárdico agudo e a evolução progressiva do pseudoaneurisma corroboram a hipótese de microperfuração, potencialmente agravada pela imunossupressão com corticosteroides neste caso.</p>
				<p>A biópsia endomiocárdica é um procedimento de rotina para monitorar pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco. A perfuração do ventrículo direito é uma complicação bem documentada, que frequentemente leva ao fechamento espontâneo. No entanto, uma minoria de pacientes pode desenvolver tamponamento cardíaco, que requer intervenção cirúrgica. A formação de um pseudoaneurisma após biópsia endomiocárdica é uma complicação ainda mais rara, com apenas um outro caso relatado, até onde sabemos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pacientes transplantados geralmente ficam sob intensa imunossupressão nos dias seguintes à cirurgia. Especula-se que os corticosteroides e medicamentos imunossupressores possam retardar a cicatrização, aumentando potencialmente o risco de formação de pseudoaneurismas nessa população. O manejo ideal dos pseudoaneurismas do ventrículo direito permanece controverso, sem consenso sobre a melhor abordagem. As estratégias de tratamento incluem observação conservadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O tratamento conservador pode ser realizado por meio de fechamento percutâneo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e intervenção cirúrgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O objetivo principal de qualquer intervenção é minimizar o risco de ruptura cardíaca, visto que os pseudoaneurismas são mais propensos à ruptura do que os aneurismas verdadeiros devido à ausência de tecido miocárdico. A correção cirúrgica é recomendada para pseudoaneurismas grandes ou instabilidade hemodinâmica; o fechamento percutâneo pode ser considerado em anatomias selecionadas. O tratamento conservador é apropriado para pseudoaneurismas pequenos e estáveis com capacidade de monitoramento adequada.</p>
				<p>Embora essa complicação não tenha sido relatada anteriormente no lado direito do coração, essa ausência pode ser atribuída às pressões intracavitárias intrinsecamente mais baixas em comparação com o ventrículo esquerdo, reduzindo teoricamente o risco de ruptura e formação de pseudoaneurisma. No entanto, a hipertensão pulmonar é relativamente comum entre receptores de transplante cardíaco e pode elevar as pressões do lado direito, o que questiona essa hipótese e potencialmente aumenta a suscetibilidade a tais complicações.</p>
				<p>Não foram realizados exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) ou ressonância magnética (RM) devido à visualização adequada obtida por ecocardiograma e à condição estável do paciente. A literatura sugere que a TC/RM são úteis para a delimitação estrutural, mas o ecocardiograma permanece o principal método de acompanhamento em pseudoaneurismas do ventrículo direito.</p>
				<p>Considerando o alto risco de complicações cirúrgicas associadas ao período pós-operatório e ao uso de imunossupressores, optamos por uma estratégia de tratamento conservadora, envolvendo monitoramento intensivo e reavaliação contínua do paciente.</p>
				<p>Nosso caso apresenta paralelos importantes com o relato seminal de Rodrigues et al., de 1995,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que descreveu pela primeira vez um pseudoaneurisma do ventrículo direito após biópsia endomiocárdica em transplante cardíaco. Assim como naquele caso inicial, a microperfuração, no contexto da imunossupressão pós-operatória precoce, provavelmente contribuiu para o retardo na cicatrização miocárdica e a subsequente formação do pseudoaneurisma. Contudo, o manejo contemporâneo estruturado empregado aqui — com monitoramento hemodinâmico intensivo, suspensão da anticoagulação, otimização do descarregamento do ventrículo direito e ecocardiografia seriada sistemática — reflete avanços significativos na abordagem clínica dessa complicação rara. A organização espontânea completa do pseudoaneurisma reforça a noção de que, em pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados e hemodinamicamente estáveis, o manejo conservador permanece como uma estratégia segura e eficaz. Este caso, portanto, reforça e atualiza as observações do relato de 1995, contribuindo para o contexto moderno de um evento pós-operatório extremamente incomum.</p>
				<p>Neste relato, descrevemos uma complicação rara ocorrida após um procedimento de rotina em transplante cardíaco, que foi tratada com sucesso de forma conservadora. As limitações incluem a ausência de exames de imagem multimodal e o período de acompanhamento relativamente curto (6 meses), o que impossibilitou a avaliação da progressão tardia. Esperamos que este caso contribua para a literatura existente e forneça orientações para casos futuros.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>