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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250007i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efficacy of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation on Cardiorespiratory Function in Patients with Long COVID Syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5048-0474</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9415-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nugara</surname>
						<given-names>Cinzia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Voi</surname>
						<given-names>Annamaria Lo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zarcone</surname>
						<given-names>Antonino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8192-5175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Francesco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriele Di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bosco</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carollo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mazzara</surname>
						<given-names>Luigi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4119-9397</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Giallauria</surname>
						<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9288-1148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cappello</surname>
						<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2046-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Palermo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federico II University of Naples</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Translational Medical Science</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Naples</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federico II University of Naples, Department of Translational Medical Science, Naples – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Filippo Maria Sarullo • Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Via Messina Marine 197, 90123, Palermo – Italy E-mail: <email>sarullo.filippo@fbfpa.it</email>, <email>fsarullo@neomedia.it</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Lídia Moura</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250007</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Long COVID syndrome (LCS) refers to persistent sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and affects approximately 5%-20% of individuals.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> This study evaluated functional capacity limitations in patients with LCS using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and quantified the effects of a structured cardiorespiratory rehabilitation (CR) program.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> In this prospective observational study, 67 outpatients with LCS completed CPET before and after participation in a supervised CR program. At baseline, patients demonstrated reduced functional capacity, including decreased VO<sub>2</sub>peak (19.47 ± 7.86 mL/kg/min), lower O<sub>2</sub> pulse (10.65 ± 3.11 mL/beat), increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (31.26 ± 7.98), and impaired ventilation (VE = 57.83 ± 17.37%). Most participants either did not achieve the anaerobic threshold (AT) or reached it prematurely, although VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope values remained within normal limits.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> After a median 45-day CR intervention, significant improvements were observed in several parameters: resting heart rate decreased by 8.88% (p &lt; 0.0001), minute ventilation increased by 30.46% (p &lt; 0.0001), VO<sub>2</sub>peak rose by 18.85% (p &lt; 0.0001), and peak workload increased by 26.82% (p &lt; 0.0001). Additionally, 95% of patients achieved AT following CR, with a 16.21% delay in AT onset (p &lt; 0.0001). The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope showed a modest but significant reduction of 4.03% (p = 0.0443).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> Exercise-based CR substantially improved functional capacity in patients with LCS, demonstrated by increases in VO<sub>2</sub>peak, O<sub>2</sub> pulse, and ventilatory efficiency. Although these results support CR as a beneficial therapeutic strategy, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of LCS remain incompletely understood.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
				<kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
				<kwd>Exercise Capacity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efficacy of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation on Cardiorespiratory Function in Patients with Long COVID Syndrome</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-e20250007-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation (2020)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> emphasizes the essential role of multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This recommendation is consistent with evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks, including SARS-CoV-1 (2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), in which acute infections were frequently followed by multisystem sequelae. As with these earlier epidemics, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to long-term complications involving multiple organ systems, particularly the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, central and peripheral nervous, and endocrine systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>After 3 years of global health emergency, the heterogeneous clinical spectrum of COVID-19 has been extensively documented, ranging from critical manifestations (e.g., respiratory failure, septic shock, and multiorgan dysfunction requiring intensive care) to completely asymptomatic disease. This wide variability underscores the need for individualized rehabilitation strategies that address the specific pathophysiological consequences observed in each patient.</p>
			<p>Patients with long-COVID syndrome (LCS) are generally defined as individuals who have recovered from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection but continue to experience symptoms in the weeks that follow. Two related conditions are recognized: i) persistent symptomatic COVID-19, in which symptoms last 4-12 weeks after the acute event, and ii) LCS, in which full health has not been restored more than 12 weeks after the first negative antigen test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Approximately 5%-20% of patients report symptoms after the acute phase, most commonly asthenia, dyspnea, chronic fatigue, and a hyperkinetic heart-rate pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>These manifestations appear to arise, at least in part, from alterations in immune function that contribute to the cytokine storm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a process capable of generating systemic inflammation and autoimmune phenomena. Moderate-intensity physical exercise has been shown to modulate immune responses to pathogens, reducing the risk of autoimmune activity, largely through lowering serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Because of its capacity to adjust duration, intensity, and frequency of activity according to each patient’s functional status, cardiorespiratory rehabilitation (CR) represents an ideal nonpharmacological intervention in this context.</p>
			<p>The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exercise-based CR on functional capacity in outpatients with symptoms related to LCS, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) at baseline and after completion of one or more cycles of exercise therapy.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient selection and study design</title>
				<p>This prospective, observational, single-center study was conducted at the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit of Ospedale Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee. All enrolled patients were monitored clinically and therapeutically by their referring outpatient team. Participation was voluntary, and patients could withdraw from the study at any time. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and relevant national regulations.</p>
				<p>Patients were eligible for inclusion if they met all of the following criteria: i) symptomatic individuals at least 4 weeks after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as the first negative rapid or molecular antigen test; ii) age ≥ 18 years; iii) preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] &gt; 55%) on echocardiography; iv) absence of acute ongoing conditions (e.g., febrile states, viral or bacterial infections, acute respiratory failure, acute ischemic heart disease, acute heart failure, acute hepatic failure, or acute kidney failure).</p>
				<p>Patients were excluded if they met at least one of the following criteria: i) presence of ongoing acute conditions; ii) comorbidities likely to affect CPET performance (e.g., grade III obesity with body mass index [BMI] &gt; 40, rheumatic diseases, pulmonary fibrosis); iii) congenital cardiomyopathies (corrected or uncorrected); iv) reduced LVEF (&lt; 55%); v) inability to perform CPET, including poor adaptability to a cycle-ergometer test.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CPET protocol</title>
				<p>Cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic performance were assessed at baseline and upon completion of the CR program using a CPET conducted on a cycle ergometer at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm). A ramp protocol was used, consisting of a 2-minute warm-up at a fixed intensity of 10 Watts, followed by an incremental exercise phase in which workload increased every 60 seconds.</p>
				<p>Breath-by-breath analysis of exhaled O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and ventilation volumes was performed by using the Vyntus™ CPX (Vyaire Medical GmbH, UK). Simultaneously, cardiac electrical activity was monitored via 12-lead electrocardiography, humeral blood pressure via sphygmomanometer, and peripheral oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry. Patients were encouraged to continue exercising until muscle exhaustion or until discontinuation criteria were met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The test was considered maximal when the respiratory exchange ratio, defined as the VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio, exceeded 1.05-1.10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The anaerobic threshold (AT), corresponding to the onset of metabolic acidosis due to rising plasma lactate,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> was determined using the V-slope method based on VCO<sub>2</sub> production, VO<sub>2</sub> consumption, ventilatory equivalents, and end-expiratory gas pressures. The increase in VO<sub>2</sub> relative to workload (ΔVO<sub>2</sub>/work slope) from the first minute of exercise was calculated, as both ΔVO<sub>2</sub>/ΔWork slope and AT-VO<sub>2</sub> reflect muscular efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Additional parameters included the O<sub>2</sub> pulse (VO<sub>2</sub>/heart rate), an indirect marker of stroke volume,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, calculated from warm-up to peak exercise under isocapnic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Peak VO<sub>2</sub> and peak ventilation were obtained by averaging the final 30 seconds of exercise. Predicted VO<sub>2</sub> values were calculated according to sex, ethnicity, age, weight, and height and were expressed as percentages. The percentage of predicted VO<sub>2</sub> was derived using the Wasserman and Hansen equations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CR protocol</title>
				<p>Patients underwent an interval-based CR protocol composed of four phases: i) warm-up: 10 minutes of gradually increasing intensity up to approximately 60% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak; ii) intervals: 4 minutes at 85%-95% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak; iii) relief: 3 minutes at a stable intensity corresponding to 60% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak; phases 2 and 3 were repeated four times; iv) cool-down: 5 minutes at a stable intensity of 50% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak.</p>
				<p>Participants attended the program 5 days per week, totaling 300 minutes of exercise weekly.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or as median for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were reported as counts and percentages.</p>
				<p>Changes between baseline and the end of follow-up were evaluated using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Nominal logistic regression was used to examine associations among exercise tolerance, VO<sub>2</sub>, AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, resting heart rate, VE, and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. An increase in VO<sub>2</sub> ≥ 6% relative to baseline was considered a clinically meaningful improvement, in accordance with prior research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study population</title>
				<p>From December 2022 to December 2023, a total of 74 consecutive patients with LCS were enrolled. Baseline evaluation was performed no earlier than 1.5 months and no later than 6 months after the first negative rapid or molecular antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. Seven patients (9%) withdrew after the initial CPET assessment due to personal or work-related constraints that prevented continuation of the CR. The remaining 67 patients (91%) completed the CR protocol and underwent repeat CPET at a median follow-up of 45 days (range 45-90 days).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> summarize the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort. Men represented 52% of the sample (n = 35), and the mean age was 45.74 ± 14.26 years. Nine participants (13%) were active smokers. A total of 60 patients (89.55%) had received at least one dose of an anti–COVID-19 vaccine prior to infection with the wild-type virus.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Category</th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="7">Demographic Data</td>
									<td>Age, years (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">45.74 ± 14.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">35 (52)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Vaccinated against COVID-19, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">60 (89.55)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Smokers, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Active lifestyle, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (33)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sedentary lifestyle without comorbidities, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sedentary lifestyle with comorbidities, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (33)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">Anthropometric Features</td>
									<td>Height, cm (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">168.72 ± 9.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight, kg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">75.45 ± 16.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">26.46 ± 5.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BSA, m<sup>2</sup> (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">1.86 ± 0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5">Vital Parameters</td>
									<td>SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">115.17 ± 14.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">71.67 ± 9.74</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sinus rhythm, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">67 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sinus tachycardia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (22)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR, bpm (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">85.89 ± 16.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5">Comorbidities</td>
									<td>Overweight or class I-II obesity, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (27)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (28)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (28)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AF, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (3)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– COVID-19 infection clinical presentation and LCS-related symptoms in the study population (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Category</th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="6">COVID-19 infection clinical presentation and acute treatment</td>
									<td>Hospitalization, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Unilateral pneumonia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (10,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bilateral pneumonia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (45)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cortisone, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">41 (60)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Heparin, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (30)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Antibiotic, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">43 (64)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">LCS-related symptoms</td>
									<td>Dyspnea (Borg Scale), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">5 ± 3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Asthenia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">57 (85)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fatigue, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">53 (79)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Chest pain, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (45)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>LCS: long-COVID syndrome; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Before infection and its sequelae, 22 patients (33%) reported an active lifestyle (&gt; 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity or &gt; 75 minutes/week of high-intensity activity, according to the 2011 American College of Sports Medicine position statement).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A total of 23 patients (34%) reported a sedentary lifestyle without comorbidities (e.g., overweight or class I-II obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation), whereas 22 patients (33%) reported a sedentary lifestyle associated with at least one of such comorbidities.</p>
				<p>At baseline evaluation, asthenia was the most frequently reported residual symptom (n = 58; 85%), followed by fatigue (n = 53; 79%) and chest pain (n = 30; 45%). All patients were in sinus rhythm, although 3% were receiving antiarrhythmic therapy for a known history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Resting sinus tachycardia was documented in 15 patients (22%).</p>
				<p>Mean systolic-diastolic blood pressure values were within normal limits, and 19 patients (28%) were receiving treatment for hypertension. The cohort had a mean BMI of 26.46 ± 5.31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 18 patients (27%) were classified as overweight or had class I-II obesity. Nine patients (13%) were receiving therapy for impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus, and 19 (28%) were on treatment for dyslipidemia.</p>
				<p>During acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, 34% of patients required hospitalization, and 30% received anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin. Additionally, 64% received prophylactic azithromycin and 60% were treated with corticosteroids. At admission, high-resolution CT imaging showed unilateral pulmonary foci in seven patients (10.4%) and bilateral pulmonary foci in 30 patients (45%).</p>
				<p>Following the acute phase, all participants underwent spirometry. Small airway dysfunction, defined as FEF<sub>50</sub> and FEF<sub>75</sub> values &lt; 65% of predicted,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> was present in 22% of the cohort, although lung volumes remained within normal limits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Spirometry values of the study population at baseline evaluation (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Category</th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="7">Spirometry values</td>
									<td>FVC (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">96.53 ± 12.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEV<sub>1</sub> (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">93.55 ± 14.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">95.25 ± 12.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEF<sub>25</sub> (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">88.17 ± 23.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEF<sub>50</sub> (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">81.53 ± 25.98</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEF<sub>75</sub> (%), mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">66.76 ± 20.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SAD, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (22)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>FVC: forced vital capacity; SAD: small airway dysfunction; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CR and CPET evaluation</title>
				<p>All patients participated in a supervised outpatient CR program based on interval training and delivered by a multidisciplinary team including cardiologists, sports medicine physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, nutritionists, and psychologists. The program consisted of a minimum of three treatment cycles (total duration 1.5 months), which could be extended to six cycles (total duration 3 months) if vital parameters (e.g., blood pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation, heart rate, and cycle-ergometer tolerance) and follow-up CPET indicated insufficient improvement. After a median follow-up of 45 days (range 45-90 days), 37 patients (55%) had completed three cycles and 30 patients (45%) had completed six cycles.</p>
				<p>Baseline CPET showed moderately reduced functional capacity, reflected by decreased VO<sub>2</sub>peak and %VO<sub>2</sub>peak, reduced O<sub>2</sub> pulse, increased pulmonary vascular involvement (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 30), and reduced VE. In addition, 13% of patients with LCS did not achieve the anaerobic threshold, and 27% showed a premature metabolic shift (AT-VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 40%). VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope values remained within normal limits.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> summarizes CPET parameters at baseline and follow-up. At the end of the CR, we observed a reduction in resting heart rate (from 85.95 ± 15.67 to 78.31 ± 13.23 bpm; Δ% = –8.88%; p &lt; 0.0001) and an increase in ventilation (from 57.83 ± 17.37 to 75.45 ± 18.85 L/min; Δ% = +30.46%; p &lt; 0.0001). Peak VO<sub>2</sub> increased from 19.47 ± 7.86 to 23.14 ± 7.88 mL/kg/min (Δ% = +18.85%; p &lt; 0.0001), accompanied by greater exercise tolerance, as indicated by higher peak workload (from 91.62 ± 47.90 to 116.19 ± 45.80 Watts; Δ% = +26.82%; p &lt; 0.0001). O<sub>2</sub> pulse also increased (from 10.65 ± 3.11 to 12.12 ± 3.43 mL/beat; Δ% = +13.68%; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparison between case group before and after the cardiorespiratory rehabilitation program (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Baseline (mean ± SD)</th>
									<th>Follow-up (mean ± SD)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>VO<sub>2</sub>peak (mL/kg/min)</td>
									<td align="center">19.47 ± 7.86</td>
									<td align="center">23.14 ± 7.88</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VO<sub>2</sub>peak (%)</td>
									<td align="center">65.80 ± 16.02</td>
									<td align="center">80.22 ± 16.55</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peak load (W)</td>
									<td align="center">91.62 ± 47.90</td>
									<td align="center">116.19 ± 45.80</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>O<sub>2</sub> pulse (mL/beat)</td>
									<td align="center">10.65 ± 3.11</td>
									<td align="center">12.12 ± 3.43</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
									<td align="center">31.26 ± 7.98</td>
									<td align="center">30.00 ± 5.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.0443</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope</td>
									<td align="center">10.33 ± 2.26</td>
									<td align="center">10.63 ± 1.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.1129</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RER</td>
									<td align="center">1.14 ± 0.15</td>
									<td align="center">1.15 ± 0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.0002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR rest (bpm)</td>
									<td align="center">85.95 ± 15.67</td>
									<td align="center">78.31 ± 13.23</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR peak (bpm)</td>
									<td align="center">136.74 ± 29.43</td>
									<td align="center">145.88 ± 25.57</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AT-VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
									<td align="center">15.15 ± 6.49</td>
									<td align="center">16.91 ± 6.92</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AT-VO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
									<td align="center">51.98 ± 17.25</td>
									<td align="center">60.41 ± 19.33</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AT-VO<sub>2</sub> load (W)</td>
									<td align="center">61.08 ± 38.71</td>
									<td align="center">76.28 ± 38.16</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (5)</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Early AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (27)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VE<sub>max</sub> (%)</td>
									<td align="center">57.83 ± 17.37</td>
									<td align="center">75.45 ± 18.85</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>AT: anaerobic threshold; HR: heart rate; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; SD: standard deviation. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Moreover, 95% of patients achieved the anaerobic threshold after CR, with higher AT-VO<sub>2</sub> values (from 15.15 ± 6.49 to 16.91 ± 6.92 mL/kg/min; Δ% = +11.61%; p &lt; 0.0001) and a delayed onset of anaerobic threshold (from 51.98 ± 17.25% to 60.41 ± 19.33% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak; Δ% = +16.21%; p &lt; 0.0001). Changes in the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope were smaller, showing a modest but statistically significant reduction (from 31.26 ± 7.98 to 30.00 ± 5.50; Δ% = –4.03%; p = 0.0443).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CPET results in population subgroups stratified by lifestyle and comorbidities</title>
				<p>CPET findings differed significantly across subgroups defined by lifestyle and comorbidity status. Based on physical activity level and the presence or absence of comorbidities, the cohort was divided into three groups: Group A, active individuals who regularly performed &gt; 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or &gt; 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity exercise, without comorbidities; Group B, sedentary individuals whose activity levels were below the Group A thresholds, also without comorbidities; and Group C, sedentary patients with documented comorbidities. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> summarizes the clinical characteristics of such subgroups.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Features of the study population subgroups (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Category</th>
									<th>Group A (n = 22)</th>
									<th>Group B (n = 23)</th>
									<th>Group C (n = 22)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Demographic data</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Age, years (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">38.59 ± 12.25</td>
									<td align="center">42.13 ± 12.18</td>
									<td align="center">56.68 ± 11.86</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (55)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (43)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (59)</td>
									<td align="center">0.5695</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Smokers, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (18)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">0.6578</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Anthropometric features</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Height, cm (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">169.22 ± 9.47</td>
									<td align="center">170.00 ± 10.46</td>
									<td align="center">166.86 ± 7.64</td>
									<td align="center">0.5049</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight, kg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">67.04 ± 15.91</td>
									<td align="center">74.13 ± 12.70</td>
									<td align="center">85.22 ± 15.68</td>
									<td align="center">0.0006</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">23.21 ± 3.83</td>
									<td align="center">25.58 ± 3.80</td>
									<td align="center">30.60 ± 5.36</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BSA, m<sup>2</sup> (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">1.76 ± 0.22</td>
									<td align="center">1.88 ± 0.25</td>
									<td align="center">1.93 ± 0.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.0413</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Vital parameters</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">107.95 ± 10.65</td>
									<td align="center">115.08 ± 8.79</td>
									<td align="center">122.50 ± 17.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.0019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">66.81 ± 6.46</td>
									<td align="center">73.78 ± 9.54</td>
									<td align="center">74.31 ± 11.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.0147</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR, bpm (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td align="center">86.45 ± 24.40</td>
									<td align="center">87.47 ± 12.81</td>
									<td align="center">83.68 ± 11.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.7467</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><italic>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Comparing CPET values at baseline and follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>), all three population subgroups demonstrated increases in VO<sub>2</sub>peak, peak workload, O<sub>2</sub> pulse, anaerobic threshold, and ventilation, along with a reduction in resting heart rate. Notably, improvements in metabolic efficiency were most pronounced in Group C. VO<sub>2</sub>peak increased by Δ% = +29.10% in Group C (from 13.78 ± 3.48 to 17.79 ± 4.57 mL/kg/min; p &lt; 0.0001), compared with Δ% = +11.53% in Group A (from 26.45 ± 8.72 to 29.50 ± 8.92 mL/kg/min; p &lt; 0.0001) and Δ% = +21.57% in Group B (from 18.24 ± 4.30 to 22.17 ± 4.49 mL/kg/min; p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>, Panel A).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Variations at follow-up in population subgroups.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-e20250007-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparison among study population subgroups before and after the rehabilitation program (n = 67)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left">Group</th>
									<th>Baseline (mean ± SD)</th>
									<th>Follow-up (mean ± SD)</th>
									<th>Δ%</th>
									<th>p value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">VO<sub>2</sub>peak (mL/kg/min)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">26,45 ± 8,72</td>
									<td align="center">29.50 ± 8.92</td>
									<td align="center">+11.53%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">18,24 ± 4,30</td>
									<td align="center">22.17 ± 4.49</td>
									<td align="center">+21.57%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">13,78 ± 3,48</td>
									<td align="center">17.79 ± 4.57</td>
									<td align="center">+29.10%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">VO<sub>2</sub>peak (% predicted)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">76,82 ± 16,07</td>
									<td align="center">88.18 ± 17.86</td>
									<td align="center">+14.79%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">60,96 ± 13,60</td>
									<td align="center">75.52 ± 13.29</td>
									<td align="center">+23.88%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">59,86 ± 12,82</td>
									<td align="center">77.18 ± 16.02</td>
									<td align="center">+28.93%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Peak load (W)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">128,00 ± 53,92</td>
									<td align="center">149.20 ± 52.02</td>
									<td align="center">+16.56%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">85,74 ± 32,66</td>
									<td align="center">108.70 ± 27.00</td>
									<td align="center">+26.78%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">61,45 ± 28,50</td>
									<td align="center">91.05 ± 35.47</td>
									<td align="center">+48.17%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">O<sub>2</sub> pulse (mL/beat)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">11,58 ± 4,43</td>
									<td align="center">13.64 ± 3.90</td>
									<td align="center">+17.77%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">10,37 ± 2,74</td>
									<td align="center">11.28 ± 2.65</td>
									<td align="center">+8.77%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">10,04 ± 2,43</td>
									<td align="center">11.48 ± 2.53</td>
									<td align="center">+14.34%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">28,57 ± 7,04</td>
									<td align="center">29.41 ± 4.00</td>
									<td align="center">+2.94%</td>
									<td align="center">0.5202</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">34,13 ± 7,70</td>
									<td align="center">29.73 ± 5.34</td>
									<td align="center">−12.89%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0250</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">30,97 ± 8,48</td>
									<td align="center">30.81 ± 6.89</td>
									<td align="center">−0.50%</td>
									<td align="center">0.1833</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">10,20 ± 1,46</td>
									<td align="center">10.61 ± 1.98</td>
									<td align="center">+4.02%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">9,91 ± 2,07</td>
									<td align="center">10.66 ± 1.58</td>
									<td align="center">+7.57%</td>
									<td align="center">0.3155</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">10,92 ± 2,99</td>
									<td align="center">10.63 ± 2.06</td>
									<td align="center">−2.65%</td>
									<td align="center">0.3935</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">RQ (mean ± SD)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">1,18 ± 0,10</td>
									<td align="center">1.16 ± 0.07</td>
									<td align="center">−1.77%</td>
									<td align="center">0.1152</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">1,09 ± 0,11</td>
									<td align="center">1.14 ± 0.09</td>
									<td align="center">+4.29%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0118</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">1,13 ± 0,20</td>
									<td align="center">1.13 ± 0.12</td>
									<td align="center">+0.08%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0188</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">HR rest (bpm)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">83,68 ± 18,94</td>
									<td align="center">73.23 ± 9.85</td>
									<td align="center">−12.48%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">89,87 ± 16,05</td>
									<td align="center">84.78 ± 13.76</td>
									<td align="center">−5.66%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">84,14 ± 10,83</td>
									<td align="center">76.64 ± 13.36</td>
									<td align="center">−8.91%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0321</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">HR peak (bpm)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">153,60 ± 24,20</td>
									<td align="center">157.20 ± 20.67</td>
									<td align="center">+2.34%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">139,40 ± 29,19</td>
									<td align="center">151.40 ± 27.31</td>
									<td align="center">+8.60%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">117,00 ± 23,02</td>
									<td align="center">128.80 ± 19.27</td>
									<td align="center">+10.08%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">AT-VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">19,39 ± 7,81</td>
									<td align="center">22.39 ± 7.65</td>
									<td align="center">+15.47%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">11,76 ± 5,89</td>
									<td align="center">15.61 ± 4.12</td>
									<td align="center">+32.73%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0576</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">8,26 ± 5,86</td>
									<td align="center">12.88 ± 4.70</td>
									<td align="center">+55.88%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0354</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">AT-VO<sub>2</sub> (% of VO<sub>2</sub>peak)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">57,86 ± 18,33</td>
									<td align="center">68.82 ± 18.74</td>
									<td align="center">+18.94%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">42,61 ± 23,31</td>
									<td align="center">55.96 ± 16.57</td>
									<td align="center">+31.33%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0135</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">34,64 ± 24,76</td>
									<td align="center">56.68 ± 20.63</td>
									<td align="center">+63.65%</td>
									<td align="center">0.1339</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">AT-VO<sub>2</sub> load (W)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">85,18 ± 45,97</td>
									<td align="center">106.80 ± 39.92</td>
									<td align="center">+25.40%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">45,17 ± 28,18</td>
									<td align="center">67.01 ± 23.91</td>
									<td align="center">+48.35%</td>
									<td align="center">0.5027</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">28,64 ± 27,09</td>
									<td align="center">55.45 ± 29.33</td>
									<td align="center">+93.64%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0080</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">No AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center">0%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (13)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (4.5)</td>
									<td align="center">−67%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (27)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
									<td align="center">−67%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Early AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (23)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (4.5)</td>
									<td align="center">−80%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (30)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (17)</td>
									<td align="center">−42%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (27)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
									<td align="center">−67%</td>
									<td align="center">–</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">VE<sub>max</sub> (% predicted)</td>
									<td>Group A (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">70,49 ± 16,08</td>
									<td align="center">84.68 ± 18.89</td>
									<td align="center">+20.13%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group B (n = 23)</td>
									<td align="center">51,98 ± 15,85</td>
									<td align="center">70.34 ± 15.22</td>
									<td align="center">+35.32%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Group C (n = 22)</td>
									<td align="center">51,28 ± 13,24</td>
									<td align="center">71.57 ± 19.58</td>
									<td align="center">+39.56%</td>
									<td align="center">0.0968</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><italic>AT: anaerobic threshold; HR: heart rate; RQ: respiratory quotient; SD: standard deviation. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Peak workload also increased in all subgroups: by Δ% = +16.56% in Group A (from 128.00 ± 53.92 to 149.20 ± 52.02 W; p &lt; 0.0001), by Δ% = +26.78% in Group B (from 85.74 ± 32.66 to 108.70 ± 27.00 W; p &lt; 0.0001), and by Δ% = +48.17% in Group C (from 61.45 ± 28.50 to 91.05 ± 35.47 W; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
				<p>The increase in O<sub>2</sub> pulse was greatest in Group A (from 11.58 ± 4.43 to 13.64 ± 3.90 mL/beat; Δ% = +17.77%; p &lt; 0.0001), suggesting a superior peripheral oxygen extraction capacity in individuals who had a higher fitness level before infection. The increase was Δ% = +8.77% in Group B (from 10.37 ± 2.74 to 11.28 ± 2.65 mL/beat; p &lt; 0.0001) and Δ% = +14.34% in Group C (from 10.04 ± 2.43 to 11.48 ± 2.53 mL/beat; p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>, Panel B).</p>
				<p>Resting heart rate showed the most pronounced improvement in Group B (from 89.87 ± 16.05 to 84.78 ± 13.76 bpm; Δ% = −5.66%; p &lt; 0.0001), followed by Group A (from 83.68 ± 18.94 to 73.23 ± 9.85 bpm; Δ% = −12.48%; p = 0.0018), and then Group C, which exhibited smaller changes (from 84.14 ± 10.83 to 76.64 ± 13.36 bpm; Δ% = −8.91%; p = 0.0321).</p>
				<p>The largest increase in AT-VO<sub>2</sub> was observed in Group A (Δ% = +15.47%; from 19.39 ± 7.81 to 22.39 ± 7.65 mL/kg/min; p &lt; 0.0001), whereas Group C reached only borderline significance (Δ% = +55.88%; from 8.26 ± 5.86 to 12.88 ± 4.70 mL/kg/min; p = 0.0354). No statistically significant change was found in Group B (Δ% = +32.73%; from 11.76 ± 5.89 to 15.61 ± 4.12 mL/kg/min; p = 0.0576).</p>
				<p>Similarly, although ventilation increased most prominently in Group C (Δ% = +39.56%; from 51.28 ± 13.24 to 71.57 ± 19.58%), this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0968). In contrast, substantial and statistically significant increases were recorded in Group A (Δ% = +20.13%; from 70.49 ± 16.08 to 84.68 ± 18.89; p = 0.0001) and Group B (Δ% = +35.32%; from 51.98 ± 15.85 to 70.34 ± 15.22; p = 0.0014).</p>
				<p>Finally, modest but statistically significant changes in the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope were detected in Group B, with a reduction from 34.13 ± 7.70 to 29.73 ± 5.34 (Δ% = −12.89%; p = 0.0250). This contrasted with the other subgroups: Group A showed an increase of Δ% = +2.94% (from 28.57 ± 7.04 to 29.41 ± 4.00; p = 0.5202), whereas Group C showed a small reduction (Δ% = −0.50%; from 30.97 ± 8.48 to 30.81 ± 6.89; p = 0.1833) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>, Panel C).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This study demonstrated that exercise-based CR improved functional capacity in patients with reduced exercise tolerance due to late sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as reflected by increases in VO<sub>2</sub> peak, O<sub>2</sub> pulse, and ventilation.</p>
			<p>CPET is a well-established tool for diagnostic assessment, risk stratification, peri-operative and post-operative evaluation, and exercise prescription in both healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. CPET is therefore considered the gold standard for comprehensive evaluation of cardio-respiratory performance. In July 2020, the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society endorsed its use specifically to assess patients with LCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As proposed by Kukuc et al. (2020),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> SARS-CoV-2 may affect multiple organ systems, including the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle, through ACE2 receptor expression. Although the mechanism of muscle injury remains unclear, both direct cellular damage and transient ischemia have been hypothesized, potentially leading to impaired peripheral oxygen extraction and muscle pain resistant to analgesics. Rinaldo et al. (2021)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> supported this hypothesis in a cohort of 73 recently hospitalized patients with COVID-19 evaluated with CPET after discharge. Their findings of early AT-VO<sub>2</sub>, reduced workload, low O<sub>2</sub> pulse, and diminished VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope were consistent with physical deconditioning and post-hospitalization syndrome.</p>
			<p>Furthermore, Sørensen et al. (2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> reported that spontaneous recovery of functional capacity does not occur at 1-year follow-up in patients with LCS, which suggests persistent circulatory abnormalities and impaired peripheral oxygen extraction as key mechanisms. However, vascular pathophysiology alone may not fully explain the CPET patterns observed in our study population. Only 34% of patients required acute hospitalization, and the VO<sub>2</sub>/work slope, a marker of anaerobic efficiency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed non-significant improvement (Δ = +17.29%, p = 0.1129).</p>
			<p>Our working hypothesis was that LCS may be partially driven by autoimmune dysregulation and that moderate-intensity exercise could exert immunomodulatory effects. This is consistent with the Stanford Hall consensus statement on post-COVID rehabilitation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which recommends early, multidisciplinary rehabilitation within 30 days of the acute phase to optimize functional recovery.</p>
			<p>Our findings support these recommendations. CR substantially contributed to functional capacity restoration even in the absence of structural cardiac disease by reducing physical deconditioning and peripheral muscular dysfunction, both frequently implicated in LCS. CPET also proved essential for individualized exercise prescription.</p>
			<p>After a 45-day follow-up, significant improvements were observed in VO<sub>2</sub> peak (Δ = +18.85%, p &lt; 0.0001), workload (Δ = +26.82%, p &lt; 0.0001), O<sub>2</sub> pulse (Δ = +13.68%, p &lt; 0.0001), anaerobic threshold (Δ = +11.61%, p &lt; 0.0001), and resting heart rate (Δ = −8.88%, p &lt; 0.0001). Minute ventilation increased markedly as well (Δ = +30.46%, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
			<p>Although VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> typically follows an inverse hyperbolic pattern relative to workload in healthy individuals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> our cohort showed a modest yet statistically significant slope reduction (Δ = −4.03%, p = 0.0443). Current data do not allow definite distinction between increased pulmonary vascular resistance and respiratory muscle limitations as dominant contributors. Subgroup analysis suggests that the small VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> increase in Group A (Δ = +2.94%, p = 0.5202) may reflect improved workload adaptation, whereas the slight reduction in Group C (Δ = −0.5%, p = 0.1833) may reflect simultaneous influences of workload accommodation and persistent vascular abnormalities attributable to SARS-CoV-2-related microvascular injury.</p>
			<p>This interpretation is compatible with evidence from Bonaventura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> demonstrating endothelial dysfunction during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as post-mortem studies confirming widespread endothelial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Endothelial dysregulation appears central to both acute and post-acute SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, and pre-existing conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus may further exacerbate microvascular impairment and systemic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In patients with LCS, these comorbidities may attenuate the beneficial effects of exercise and slow symptom resolution and functional recovery.</p>
			<p>Future prospective studies in larger LCS cohorts, with extended follow-up intervals (≥ 6-12 months) and detailed inflammatory profiling, will be necessary to confirm these observations and further clarify the underlying mechanisms.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations of the study</title>
				<p>The principal limitation of this study is the absence of a control group, which ideally would have included SARS-CoV-2–naïve individuals voluntarily participating in a structured CR program. Several practical constraints prevented the establishment of such a comparator group: i) limited clinical capacity, which was prioritized for patients with LCS or other cardiorespiratory conditions; ii) the considerable time commitment required from participants (1 hour/day, 5 days/week for at least 6 weeks); and iii) the substantial personal financial costs associated with program participation.</p>
				<p>Additionally, a potential selection bias must be acknowledged. Because successful CPET completion was part of the inclusion criteria, individuals unable to finish the test were excluded from the study, which may have led to underrepresentation of patients with more severe functional limitations.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>This prospective observational study demonstrates that CR is an effective nonpharmacological intervention for LCS, a condition that may involve immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation. Because of the immunomodulatory properties of moderate-intensity exercise, CR not only alleviated persistent symptoms but also produced significant improvements in functional capacity across subgroups with differing baseline fitness levels.</p>
			<p>Meaningful enhancements were observed in VO<sub>2</sub>peak, anaerobic threshold, exercise tolerance (reflected by increased peak workload and more frequent attainment of anaerobic glycolytic transition), O<sub>2</sub> pulse, and ventilatory efficiency.</p>
			<p>Although these findings are encouraging, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving LCS remain incompletely understood. Additional studies with extended follow-up and more comprehensive biological characterization are warranted to further refine therapeutic strategies and support full functional recovery in this population.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
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				<mixed-citation>18. Barone R, Gammazza AM, Paladino L, Pitruzzella A, Spinoso G, Salerno M, et al. Morphological Alterations and Stress Protein Variations in Lung Biopsies Obtained from Autopsies of COVID-19 Subjects. Cells. 2021;10(11):3136. doi: 10.3390/cells10113136.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barone</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gammazza</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paladino</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pitruzzella</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spinoso</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salerno</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Morphological Alterations and Stress Protein Variations in Lung Biopsies Obtained from Autopsies of COVID-19 Subjects</article-title>
					<source>Cells</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<size units="pages">3136</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cells10113136</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Palermo 1 under the protocol number 150109. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Eficácia da Reabilitação Cardiopulmonar na Função Cardiorrespiratória de Pacientes com Síndrome Pós-Covid</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5048-0474</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9415-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nugara</surname>
						<given-names>Cinzia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Voi</surname>
						<given-names>Annamaria Lo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zarcone</surname>
						<given-names>Antonino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8192-5175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Francesco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriele Di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bosco</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carollo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mazzara</surname>
						<given-names>Luigi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4119-9397</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Giallauria</surname>
						<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9288-1148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cappello</surname>
						<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2046-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Palermo – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3 </label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST),Palermo – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federico II University of Naples, Department of Translational Medical Science, Naples – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Filippo Maria Sarullo • Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Via Messina Marine 197, 90123, Palermo – Itália E-mail: sarullo.filippo@fbfpa.it, fsarullo@neomedia.it </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Lídia Moura</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A síndrome pós-covid (SPC) corresponde a sequelas persistentes após a infecção aguda pelo SARS-CoV-2, afetando aproximadamente 5%-20% dos indivíduos acometidos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Avaliar limitações de capacidade funcional em pacientes com SPC por meio do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) e quantificar os efeitos de um programa estruturado de reabilitação cardiorrespiratória (RC).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Estudo observacional prospectivo envolvendo 67 pacientes ambulatoriais com SPC que realizaram TCPE antes e após participação em um programa supervisionado de RC. Na avaliação inicial, observaram-se reduções importantes na capacidade funcional: VO<sub>2</sub>pico diminuído (19,47 ± 7,86 mL/kg/min), pulso de O<sub>2</sub> reduzido (10,65 ± 3,11 mL/batimento), aumento da inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (31,26 ± 7,98) e ventilação prejudicada (VE = 57,83 ± 17,37%). A maioria dos participantes não atingiu o limiar anaeróbio (LA) ou o alcançou precocemente, embora a razão VO<sub>2</sub>/carga permanecesse dentro da normalidade.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Após intervenção em RC com duração mediana de 45 dias, foram observadas melhorias significativas: redução de 8,88% na frequência cardíaca de repouso (p &lt; 0,0001), aumento de 30,46% na ventilação-minuto (p &lt; 0,0001), elevação de 18,85% no VO<sub>2</sub>pico (p &lt; 0,0001) e incremento de 26,82% na carga de pico (p &lt; 0,0001). Além disso, 95% dos pacientes atingiram o LA após a RC, com atraso de 16,21% em seu aparecimento (p &lt; 0,0001). A inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou redução modesta, porém significativa, de 4,03% (p = 0.0443).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> A RC baseada em exercício promoveu melhora substancial da capacidade funcional em pacientes com SPC, evidenciada pelo aumento do VO<sub>2</sub>pico, do pulso de O<sub>2</sub> e da eficiência ventilatória. Apesar dos benefícios observados, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos subjacentes à SPC permanecem parcialmente compreendidos.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Síndrome de Pós-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
				<kwd>Reabilitação Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Teste de Esforço</kwd>
				<kwd>Estado Funcional</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Eficácia da Reabilitação Cardiopulmonar na Função Cardiorrespiratória de Pacientes com Síndrome Pós-Covid</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-e20250007-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib><italic>SPC: síndrome pós-covid; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exercício.</italic></attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A diretriz Stanford Hall para reabilitação pós-covid (2020)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> destaca o papel essencial da reabilitação multidisciplinar para indivíduos em recuperação após infecção aguda pelo SARS-CoV-2. Essa recomendação é consistente com evidências de surtos anteriores de coronavírus, como SARS-CoV-1 (2003) e MERS-CoV (2012), nos quais infecções agudas foram frequentemente seguidas por sequelas multissistêmicas. De modo semelhante, a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 pode gerar complicações persistentes que acometem diferentes sistemas orgânicos, especialmente os sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, gastrointestinal, musculoesquelético, nervoso central e periférico, e endócrino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Após 3 anos de emergência sanitária global, o espectro clínico heterogêneo da covid-19 foi amplamente documentado, variando desde manifestações críticas, como insuficiência respiratória, choque séptico e disfunção multiorgânica que demandam cuidados intensivos, até quadros totalmente assintomáticos. Essa diversidade clínica reforça a necessidade de estratégias de reabilitação individualizadas, capazes de abordar as consequências fisiopatológicas específicas de cada paciente.</p>
				<p>Pacientes com síndrome pós-covid (SPC) são definidos como indivíduos que se recuperaram da infecção aguda, mas continuam a apresentar sintomas nas semanas subsequentes. Duas condições relacionadas são reconhecidas: i) covid-19 sintomática persistente, caracterizada pela manutenção de sintomas entre 4 e 12 semanas após o evento agudo, e ii) SPC, caracterizada pela ausência de restabelecimento completo da saúde após mais de 12 semanas do primeiro teste antigênico negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 5%-20% dos pacientes relatam sintomas após a fase aguda, predominando astenia, dispneia, fadiga crônica e padrão hipercinético da frequência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Essas manifestações parecem decorrer, ao menos em parte, de alterações na função imune que contribuem para a tempestade de citocinas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> processo capaz de desencadear inflamação sistêmica e fenômenos autoimunes. Exercícios físicos de intensidade moderada demonstram modular a resposta imune a patógenos e reduzir o risco de atividade autoimune, principalmente pela diminuição das concentrações séricas de fator de necrose tumoral-α e interleucina-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a reabilitação cardiorrespiratória (RC) representa uma intervenção não farmacológica adequada, dada sua capacidade de ajustar duração, intensidade e frequência das atividades conforme o estado funcional de cada paciente.</p>
				<p>O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos da RC baseada em exercícios sobre a capacidade funcional de pacientes ambulatoriais com sintomas relacionados à SPC, utilizando o teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) na avaliação basal e após um ou mais ciclos de terapia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Seleção dos pacientes e delineamento do estudo</title>
					<p>Este estudo prospectivo, observacional e unicêntrico foi conduzido na Unidade de Reabilitação Cardiovascular do Hospital Ospedale Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética institucional. Todos os pacientes incluídos foram acompanhados clinicamente por suas equipes ambulatoriais de referência. A participação foi voluntária, e a retirada do estudo pôde ocorrer a qualquer momento. O estudo seguiu os princípios da Declaração de Helsinque (1964) e as regulamentações nacionais pertinentes.</p>
					<p>Foram considerados elegíveis os pacientes que atendessem aos seguintes critérios: i) presença de sintomas pelo menos 4 semanas após a recuperação da infecção por SARS-CoV-2, definida pelo primeiro teste antigênico rápido ou molecular negativo; ii) idade ≥ 18 anos; iii) fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo [FEVE] &gt; 55%) à ecocardiografia; iv) ausência de condições agudas em curso, como febre, infecções virais ou bacterianas, insuficiência respiratória aguda, doença isquêmica aguda, insuficiência cardíaca aguda, insuficiência hepática aguda ou insuficiência renal aguda.</p>
					<p>Foram excluídos os indivíduos que apresentassem: i) condições agudas ativas; ii) comorbidades capazes de comprometer o desempenho no TCPE, como obesidade grau III (índice de massa corporal [IMC] &gt; 40), doenças reumáticas ou fibrose pulmonar; iii) cardiomiopatias congênitas corrigidas ou não corrigidas; iv) FEVE reduzida (&lt; 55%); v) incapacidade de realizar o TCPE, incluindo dificuldade de adaptação ao cicloergômetro.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolo do TCPE</title>
					<p>O desempenho cardiovascular, respiratório e metabólico foi avaliado na linha de base e após a conclusão do programa de RC por meio de um TCPE realizado em cicloergômetro a 60 rotações por minuto. Utilizou-se protocolo em rampa, com 2 minutos de aquecimento a 10 Watts, seguidos de incrementos de carga a cada 60 segundos.</p>
					<p>A análise <italic>breath-by-breath</italic> dos volumes de O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> e ventilação foi realizada com o sistema Vyntus™ CPX (Vyaire Medical GmbH, Reino Unido). Monitoraram-se simultaneamente eletrocardiografia de 12 derivações, pressão arterial braquial por esfigmomanometria e saturação periférica de oxigênio por oximetria. Os pacientes foram encorajados a prosseguir até exaustão muscular ou até que critérios de interrupção fossem atendidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O teste foi considerado máximo quando a razão de troca respiratória (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>) superou 1,05-1,10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O limiar anaeróbio (LA), correspondente ao início da acidose metabólica decorrente do aumento do lactato plasmático,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> foi determinado pelo método do V-inclinação. A variação do VO<sub>2</sub> em relação à carga de trabalho (ΔVO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho) foi calculada desde o primeiro minuto de exercício, considerando que tanto ΔVO<sub>2</sub>/ΔWork quanto LA-VO<sub>2</sub> refletem eficiência muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Foram analisados também: pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>/frequência cardíaca), marcador indireto do volume sistólico;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> sob condições isocápnicas;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> VO<sub>2</sub> de pico e ventilação de pico, obtidos pela média dos últimos 30 segundos de exercício. Os valores previstos de VO<sub>2</sub> foram estimados conforme sexo, etnia, idade, peso e altura, expressos como percentuais e calculados pelas equações de Wasserman e Hansen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolo de RC</title>
					<p>O protocolo intervalado de RC consistiu em quatro fases: i) aquecimento: 10 minutos até aproximadamente 60% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico; ii) intervalos: 4 minutos a 85%-95% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico; iii) recuperação: 3 minutos a 60% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico, repetindo-se as fases ii e iii quatro vezes; iv) resfriamento: 5 minutos a 50% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico.</p>
					<p>As sessões ocorreram 5 dias por semana, totalizando 300 minutos semanais de exercício.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As análises foram realizadas no GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, EUA). Variáveis contínuas foram expressas como média ± desvio padrão (DP) ou mediana, conforme distribuição. Variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como frequências absolutas e percentuais.</p>
					<p>As diferenças entre a linha de base e o final do acompanhamento foram avaliadas por ANOVA de medidas repetidas em dois fatores, com significância definida como p &lt; 0,05. A regressão logística nominal investigou associações entre tolerância ao exercício, VO<sub>2</sub>, LA-VO<sub>2</sub>, frequência cardíaca de repouso, VE e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Um aumento ≥ 6% no VO<sub>2</sub> comparado ao basal foi considerado clinicamente relevante, conforme literatura prévia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População do estudo</title>
					<p>De dezembro de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, foram incluídos 74 pacientes consecutivos com SPC. A avaliação basal foi realizada entre 1,5 e 6 meses após o primeiro teste antigênico rápido ou molecular negativo para SARS-CoV-2. Sete pacientes (9%) desistiram após o TCPE inicial por motivos pessoais ou profissionais que impediram a continuidade da RC. Os 67 pacientes restantes (91%) concluíram o protocolo de RC e realizaram novo TCPE em seguimento mediano de 45 dias (intervalo 45-90 dias).</p>
					<p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref> apresentam as características demográficas e clínicas da amostra. Homens corresponderam a 52% da coorte (n = 35), com idade média de 45,74 ± 14,26 anos. Nove participantes (13%) eram tabagistas ativos. Um total de 60 pacientes (89,55%) havia recebido pelo menos uma dose de vacina contra covid-19 antes da infecção pelo vírus <italic>wild-type</italic>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características clínicas e demográficas basais da população do estudo (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Categoria</th>
										<th scope="col">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">Valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="7">Dados demográficos</td>
										<td>Idade, anos (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">45,74 ± 14,26</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">35 (52)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Vacinados contra covid-19, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">60 (89,55)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tabagistas, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Estilo de vida ativo, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">22 (33)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Estilo de vida sedentário sem comorbidades, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">23 (34)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Estilo de vida sedentário com comorbidades, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">22 (33)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4">Características antropométricas</td>
										<td>Altura, cm (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">168,72 ± 9,24</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Peso, kg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">75,45 ± 16,39</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">26,46 ± 5,31</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ASC, m<sup>2</sup> (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">1,86 ± 0,23</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="5">Parâmetros vitais</td>
										<td>PAS, mmHg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">115,17 ± 14,08</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAD, mmHg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">71,67 ± 9,74</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ritmo sinusal, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">67 (100)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Taquicardia sinusal, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">15 (22)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FC, bpm (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">85,89 ± 16,95</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="5">Comorbidades</td>
										<td>Sobrepeso ou obesidade classe I-II, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">18 (27)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão arterial, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">19 (28)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tolerância à glicose reduzida ou diabetes, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">19 (28)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FA, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (3)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p><italic>ASC: área de superfície corporal; DP: desvio-padrão; FA: fibrilação atrial; FC: frequência cardíaca; IMC: índice de massa corporal; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Apresentação clínica da infecção por covid-19 e sintomas relacionados à SPC na população do estudo (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Categoria</th>
										<th scope="col">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">Valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="6">Apresentação clínica da infecção por covid-19 e tratamento agudo</td>
										<td>Hospitalização, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">23 (34)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pneumonia unilateral, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">7 (10,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pneumonia bilateral, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">30 (45)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Corticoide, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">41 (60)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Heparina, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">20 (30)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Antibiótico, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">43 (64)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4">Sintomas relacionados à SPC</td>
										<td>Dispneia (Escala de Borg), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">5 ± 3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Astenia, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">57 (85)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fadiga, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">53 (79)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dor torácica, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">30 (45)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p><italic>DP: desvio-padrão; SPC: síndrome pós-covid.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Antes da infecção e de suas sequelas, 22 pacientes (33%) relatavam estilo de vida ativo (&gt; 150 minutos/semana de atividade moderada ou &gt; 75 minutos/semana de atividade intensa, conforme o posicionamento do American College of Sports Medicine de 2011).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Vinte e três pacientes (34%) referiam estilo de vida sedentário sem comorbidades (por exemplo, sobrepeso ou obesidade grau I-II, hipertensão, intolerância à glicose/diabetes melito tipo 2, dislipidemia, fibrilação atrial), enquanto 22 pacientes (33%) apresentavam sedentarismo associado a pelo menos uma dessas comorbidades.</p>
					<p>Na avaliação basal, a astenia foi o sintoma residual mais frequente (n = 58; 85%), seguida por fadiga (n = 53; 79%) e dor torácica (n = 30; 45%). Todos os pacientes encontravam-se em ritmo sinusal, embora 3% estivessem em uso de antiarrítmicos por história conhecida de fibrilação atrial paroxística. Taquicardia sinusal de repouso foi documentada em 15 pacientes (22%).</p>
					<p>Os valores médios de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica permaneceram dentro da normalidade, e 19 pacientes (28%) estavam em tratamento para hipertensão. O IMC médio da coorte foi de 26,46 ± 5,31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 18 pacientes (27%) apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade grau I-II. Nove pacientes (13%) estavam em tratamento para intolerância à glicose ou diabetes melito, e 19 (28%) faziam uso de terapia para dislipidemia.</p>
					<p>Durante a fase aguda da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, 34% dos pacientes necessitaram de hospitalização, e 30% receberam anticoagulação com heparina de baixo peso molecular. Além disso, 64% receberam azitromicina profilática e 60% foram tratados com corticosteroides. Na admissão, a tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução do tórax mostrou focos pulmonares unilaterais em sete pacientes (10,4%) e bilaterais em 30 pacientes (45%).</p>
					<p>Após a fase aguda, todos os participantes realizaram espirometria. Disfunção de pequenas vias aéreas, definida por valores de FEF<sub>50</sub> e FEF<sub>75</sub> &lt; 65% do previsto,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> foi identificada em 22% da amostra, embora os volumes pulmonares permanecessem dentro da normalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Valores espirométricos da população do estudo na avaliação basal (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Categoria</th>
										<th scope="col">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">Valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="7">Valores espirométricos</td>
										<td>FVC (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">96,53 ± 12,66</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEV<sub>1</sub> (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">93,55 ± 14,01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">95,25 ± 12,39</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEF<sub>25</sub> (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">88,17 ± 23,23</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEF<sub>50</sub> (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">81,53 ± 25,98</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEF<sub>75</sub> (%), média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">66,76 ± 20,71</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>SAD, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">15 (22)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<p><italic>DP: desvio-padrão; FVC: capacidade vital forçada; SAD: disfunção de pequenas vias aéreas.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>RC e avaliação pelo TCPE</title>
					<p>Todos os pacientes participaram de um programa ambulatorial supervisionado de RC baseada em treinamento intervalado, conduzido por equipe multidisciplinar composta por cardiologistas, médicos do esporte, fisioterapeutas, enfermeiros, nutricionistas e psicólogos. O programa incluía no mínimo três ciclos de tratamento (duração total de 1,5 mês), podendo ser estendido até seis ciclos (3 meses) quando parâmetros vitais (pressão arterial, saturação de oxi-hemoglobina, frequência cardíaca e tolerância ao cicloergômetro) e o TCPE de seguimento indicavam melhora insuficiente. Ao final de um seguimento mediano de 45 dias (intervalo 45-90 dias), 37 pacientes (55%) haviam concluído três ciclos e 30 pacientes (45%) haviam completado seis ciclos de RC.</p>
					<p>O TCPE basal evidenciou capacidade funcional moderadamente reduzida, com diminuição de VO<sub>2</sub>pico e %VO<sub>2</sub>pico, redução do pulso de O<sub>2</sub>, maior envolvimento vascular pulmonar (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 30) e VE reduzida. Além disso, 13% dos pacientes com SPC não atingiram o limiar anaeróbio, e 27% apresentaram mudança metabólica precoce (AT-VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 40%). Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho mantiveram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os parâmetros do TCPE na fase basal e no seguimento. Ao término da RC, observou-se redução da frequência cardíaca de repouso (de 85,95 ± 15,67 para 78,31 ± 13,23 bpm; Δ% = –8,88%; p &lt; 0,0001) e aumento da ventilação (de 57,83 ± 17,37 para 75,45 ± 18,85 l/min; Δ% = +30,46%; p &lt; 0,0001). O VO<sub>2</sub>pico elevou-se de 19,47 ± 7,86 para 23,14 ± 7,88 ml/kg/min (Δ% = +18,85%; p &lt; 0,0001), acompanhado de maior tolerância ao esforço, refletida pelo aumento da carga de pico (de 91,62 ± 47,90 para 116,19 ± 45,80 Watts; Δ% = +26,82%; p &lt; 0,0001). O pulso de O<sub>2</sub> também se elevou (de 10,65 ± 3,11 para 12,12 ± 3,43 ml/batimento; Δ% = +13,68%; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Comparação dos parâmetros de TCPE antes e após o programa de reabilitação cardiorrespiratória (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">Basal (média ± DP)</th>
										<th scope="col">Seguimento (média ± DP)</th>
										<th scope="col">p-valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>VO<sub>2</sub>pico (ml/kg/min)</td>
										<td align="center">19,47 ± 7,86</td>
										<td align="center">23,14 ± 7,88</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VO<sub>2</sub>pico (%)</td>
										<td align="center">65,80 ± 16,02</td>
										<td align="center">80,22 ± 16,55</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Carga máxima (W)</td>
										<td align="center">91,62 ± 47,90</td>
										<td align="center">116,19 ± 45,80</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (ml/batimento)</td>
										<td align="center">10,65 ± 3,11</td>
										<td align="center">12,12 ± 3,43</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
										<td align="center">31,26 ± 7,98</td>
										<td align="center">30,00 ± 5,50</td>
										<td align="center">0,0443</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inclinação VO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho</td>
										<td align="center">10,33 ± 2,26</td>
										<td align="center">10,63 ± 1,85</td>
										<td align="center">0,1129</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RER</td>
										<td align="center">1,14 ± 0,15</td>
										<td align="center">1,15 ± 0,10</td>
										<td align="center">0,0002</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FC de repouso (bpm)</td>
										<td align="center">85,95 ± 15,67</td>
										<td align="center">78,31 ± 13,23</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FC de pico (bpm)</td>
										<td align="center">136,74 ± 29,43</td>
										<td align="center">145,88 ± 25,57</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min)</td>
										<td align="center">15,15 ± 6,49</td>
										<td align="center">16,91 ± 6,92</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
										<td align="center">51,98 ± 17,25</td>
										<td align="center">60,41 ± 19,33</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Carga no LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (W)</td>
										<td align="center">61,08 ± 38,71</td>
										<td align="center">76,28 ± 38,16</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausência de LA-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">9 (13)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (5)</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LA-VO<sub>2</sub> precoce, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">18 (27)</td>
										<td align="center">7 (10)</td>
										<td align="center">—</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VE<sub>máx</sub> (%)</td>
										<td align="center">57,83 ± 17,37</td>
										<td align="center">75,45 ± 18,85</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p><italic>DP: desvio-padrão; FC: frequência cardíaca; LA: limiar anaeróbio; RER: respiratory exchange ratio. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Além disso, 95% dos pacientes atingiram o limiar anaeróbio após a RC, com valores mais altos de AT-VO<sub>2</sub> (de 15,15 ± 6,49 para 16,91 ± 6,92 ml/kg/min; Δ% = +11,61%; p &lt; 0,0001) e atraso no aparecimento do limiar anaeróbio (de 51,98 ± 17,25% para 60,41 ± 19,33% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico; Δ% = +16,21%; p &lt; 0,0001). As mudanças na inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foram menores, porém estatisticamente significativas, com redução de 31,26 ± 7,98 para 30,00 ± 5,50 (Δ% = –4,03%; p = 0,0443).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados do TCPE em subgrupos estratificados por estilo de vida e comorbidades</title>
					<p>Os achados do TCPE apresentaram diferenças relevantes entre os subgrupos definidos pelo nível de atividade física e pela presença de comorbidades. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos: Grupo A, composto por indivíduos ativos que realizavam &gt; 150 minutos/semana de atividade física moderada ou &gt; 75 minutos/semana de exercício vigoroso, sem comorbidades; Grupo B, formado por indivíduos sedentários abaixo desses limiares, também sem comorbidades; e Grupo C, composto por participantes sedentários com comorbidades documentadas. As características clínicas de cada subgrupo estão apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características dos subgrupos da população do estudo (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Categoria</th>
										<th scope="col">Grupo A (n = 22)</th>
										<th scope="col">Grupo B (n = 23)</th>
										<th scope="col">Grupo C (n = 22)</th>
										<th scope="col">p-valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="5"><bold>Dados demográficos</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Idade, anos (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">38,59 ± 12,25</td>
										<td align="center">42,13 ± 12,18</td>
										<td align="center">56,68 ± 11,86</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">12 (55)</td>
										<td align="center">10 (43)</td>
										<td align="center">13 (59)</td>
										<td align="center">0,5695</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tabagistas, n (%)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (18)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (13)</td>
										<td align="center">0,6578</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="5"><bold>Características antropométricas</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Altura, cm (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">169,22 ± 9,47</td>
										<td align="center">170,00 ± 10,46</td>
										<td align="center">166,86 ± 7,64</td>
										<td align="center">0,5049</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Peso, kg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">67,04 ± 15,91</td>
										<td align="center">74,13 ± 12,70</td>
										<td align="center">85,22 ± 15,68</td>
										<td align="center">0,0006</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">23,21 ± 3,83</td>
										<td align="center">25,58 ± 3,80</td>
										<td align="center">30,60 ± 5,36</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ASC, m<sup>2</sup> (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">1,76 ± 0,22</td>
										<td align="center">1,88 ± 0,25</td>
										<td align="center">1,93 ± 0,18</td>
										<td align="center">0,0413</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="5"><bold>Parâmetros vitais</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAS, mmHg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">107,95 ± 10,65</td>
										<td align="center">115,08 ± 8,79</td>
										<td align="center">122,50 ± 17,84</td>
										<td align="center">0,0019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAD, mmHg (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">66,81 ± 6,46</td>
										<td align="center">73,78 ± 9,54</td>
										<td align="center">74,31 ± 11,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,0147</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FC, bpm (média ± DP)</td>
										<td align="center">86,45 ± 24,40</td>
										<td align="center">87,47 ± 12,81</td>
										<td align="center">83,68 ± 11,26</td>
										<td align="center">0,7467</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN11">
									<p><italic>ASC: área de superfície corporal; DP: desvio-padrão; FC: frequência cardíaca; IMC: índice de massa corporal; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A comparação entre os valores basais e de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref>) mostrou que todos os subgrupos apresentaram aumento de VO<sub>2</sub>pico, carga máxima, pulso de O<sub>2</sub>, limiar anaeróbio e ventilação, além de redução da frequência cardíaca de repouso. A melhora da eficiência metabólica foi mais evidente no Grupo C. O VO<sub>2</sub>pico aumentou em Δ% = +29,10% nesse grupo (de 13,78 ± 3,48 para 17,79 ± 4,57 ml/kg/min; p &lt; 0,0001), em comparação com } Δ% = +11,53% no Grupo A (de 26,45 ± 8,72 para 29,50 ± 8,92 ml/kg/min; p &lt; 0,0001) e Δ% = +21,57% no Grupo B (de 18,24 ± 4,30 para 22,17 ± 4,49 ml/kg/min; p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>, Painel A).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6002">
							<label>Tabela 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Comparação entre os subgrupos da população do estudo antes e após o programa de reabilitação (n = 67)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">Variável</th>
										<th scope="col">Grupo</th>
										<th scope="col">Basal (média ± DP)</th>
										<th scope="col">Seguimento (média ± DP)</th>
										<th scope="col">Δ%</th>
										<th scope="col">p-valor</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">VO<sub>2</sub>pico (ml/kg/min)</td>
										<td>Grupo A (n = 22)</td>
										<td align="center">26,45 ± 8,72</td>
										<td align="center">29,50 ± 8,92</td>
										<td align="center">+11,53%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B (n = 23)</td>
										<td align="center">18,24 ± 4,30</td>
										<td align="center">22,17 ± 4,49</td>
										<td align="center">+21,57%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C (n = 22)</td>
										<td align="center">13,78 ± 3,48</td>
										<td align="center">17,79 ± 4,57</td>
										<td align="center">+29,10%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">VO<sub>2</sub>pico (% previsto)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">76,82 ± 16,07</td>
										<td align="center">88,18 ± 17,86</td>
										<td align="center">+14,79%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">60,96 ± 13,60</td>
										<td align="center">75,52 ± 13,29</td>
										<td align="center">+23,88%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">59,86 ± 12,82</td>
										<td align="center">77,18 ± 16,02</td>
										<td align="center">+28,93%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Carga máxima (W)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">128,00 ± 53,92</td>
										<td align="center">149,20 ± 52,02</td>
										<td align="center">+16,56%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">85,74 ± 32,66</td>
										<td align="center">108,70 ± 27,00</td>
										<td align="center">+26,78%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">61,45 ± 28,50</td>
										<td align="center">91,05 ± 35,47</td>
										<td align="center">+48,17%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (ml/batimento)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">11,58 ± 4,43</td>
										<td align="center">13,64 ± 3,90</td>
										<td align="center">+17,77%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">10,37 ± 2,74</td>
										<td align="center">11,28 ± 2,65</td>
										<td align="center">+8,77%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">10,04 ± 2,43</td>
										<td align="center">11,48 ± 2,53</td>
										<td align="center">+14,34%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">28,57 ± 7,04</td>
										<td align="center">29,41 ± 4,00</td>
										<td align="center">+2,94%</td>
										<td align="center">0,5202</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">34,13 ± 7,70</td>
										<td align="center">29,73 ± 5,34</td>
										<td align="center">−12,89%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0250</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">30,97 ± 8,48</td>
										<td align="center">30,81 ± 6,89</td>
										<td align="center">−0,50%</td>
										<td align="center">0,1833</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Inclinação VO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">10,20 ± 1,46</td>
										<td align="center">10,61 ± 1,98</td>
										<td align="center">+4,02%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0002</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">9,91 ± 2,07</td>
										<td align="center">10,66 ± 1,58</td>
										<td align="center">+7,57%</td>
										<td align="center">0,3155</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">10,92 ± 2,99</td>
										<td align="center">10,63 ± 2,06</td>
										<td align="center">−2,65%</td>
										<td align="center">0,3935</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">RQ (média ± DP)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">1,18 ± 0,10</td>
										<td align="center">1,16 ± 0,07</td>
										<td align="center">−1,77%</td>
										<td align="center">0,1152</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">1,09 ± 0,11</td>
										<td align="center">1,14 ± 0,09</td>
										<td align="center">+4,29%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0118</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">1,13 ± 0,20</td>
										<td align="center">1,13 ± 0,12</td>
										<td align="center">+0,08%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0188</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">FC de repouso (bpm)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">83,68 ± 18,94</td>
										<td align="center">73,23 ± 9,85</td>
										<td align="center">−12,48%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0018</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">89,87 ± 16,05</td>
										<td align="center">84,78 ± 13,76</td>
										<td align="center">−5,66%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">84,14 ± 10,83</td>
										<td align="center">76,64 ± 13,36</td>
										<td align="center">−8,91%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0321</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">FC de pico (bpm)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">153,60 ± 24,20</td>
										<td align="center">157,20 ± 20,67</td>
										<td align="center">+2,34%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">139,40 ± 29,19</td>
										<td align="center">151,40 ± 27,31</td>
										<td align="center">+8,60%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">117,00 ± 23,02</td>
										<td align="center">128,80 ± 19,27</td>
										<td align="center">+10,08%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0200</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">19,39 ± 7,81</td>
										<td align="center">22,39 ± 7,65</td>
										<td align="center">+15,47%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">11,76 ± 5,89</td>
										<td align="center">15,61 ± 4,12</td>
										<td align="center">+32,73%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0576</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">8,26 ± 5,86</td>
										<td align="center">12,88 ± 4,70</td>
										<td align="center">+55,88%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0354</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (% do VO<sub>2</sub>pico)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">57,86 ± 18,33</td>
										<td align="center">68,82 ± 18,74</td>
										<td align="center">+18,94%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">42,61 ± 23,31</td>
										<td align="center">55,96 ± 16,57</td>
										<td align="center">+31,33%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0135</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">34,64 ± 24,76</td>
										<td align="center">56,68 ± 20,63</td>
										<td align="center">+63,65%</td>
										<td align="center">0,1339</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Carga no LA-VO<sub>2</sub> (W)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">85,18 ± 45,97</td>
										<td align="center">106,80 ± 39,92</td>
										<td align="center">+25,40%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">45,17 ± 28,18</td>
										<td align="center">67,01 ± 23,91</td>
										<td align="center">+48,35%</td>
										<td align="center">0,5027</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">28,64 ± 27,09</td>
										<td align="center">55,45 ± 29,33</td>
										<td align="center">+93,64%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0080</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Ausência de LA-VO<sub>2</sub>, n (%)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
										<td align="center">0%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">3 (13)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (4,5)</td>
										<td align="center">−67%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">6 (27)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
										<td align="center">−67%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">LA-VO<sub>2</sub> precoce, n (%)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">5 (23)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (4,5)</td>
										<td align="center">−80%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">7 (30)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (17)</td>
										<td align="center">−42%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">6 (27)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (9)</td>
										<td align="center">−67%</td>
										<td align="center">–</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">VE<sub>máx</sub> (% previsto)</td>
										<td>Grupo A</td>
										<td align="center">70,49 ± 16,08</td>
										<td align="center">84,68 ± 18,89</td>
										<td align="center">+20,13%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo B</td>
										<td align="center">51,98 ± 15,85</td>
										<td align="center">70,34 ± 15,22</td>
										<td align="center">+35,32%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0014</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grupo C</td>
										<td align="center">51,28 ± 13,24</td>
										<td align="center">71,57 ± 19,58</td>
										<td align="center">+39,56%</td>
										<td align="center">0,0968</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN12">
									<p><italic>DP: desvio-padrão; FC: frequência cardíaca; LA: limiar anaeróbio; RQ: respiratory quotient. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Variações no seguimento entre os subgrupos populacionais.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-e20250007-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A carga máxima também aumentou nos três grupos: Δ% = +16,56% no Grupo A (de 128,00 ± 53,92 para 149,20 ± 52,02 W; p &lt; 0,0001), Δ% = +26,78% no Grupo B (de 85,74 ± 32,66 para 108,70 ± 27,00 W; p &lt; 0,0001) e Δ% = +48,17% no Grupo C (de 61,45 ± 28,50 para 91,05 ± 35,47 W; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
					<p>O aumento do pulso de O<sub>2</sub> foi mais significativo no Grupo A (de 11,58 ± 4,43 para 13,64 ± 3,90 ml/batimento; Δ% = +17,77%; p &lt; 0,0001), indicando maior capacidade de extração periférica de oxigênio entre indivíduos com melhor condicionamento prévio. Esse aumento foi de Δ% = +8,77% no Grupo B (de 10,37 ± 2,74 para 11,28 ± 2,65 ml/batimento; p &lt; 0,0001) e de Δ% = +14,34% no Grupo C (de 10,04 ± 2,43 para 11,48 ± 2,53 ml/batimento; p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>, Painel B).</p>
					<p>A frequência cardíaca de repouso apresentou redução mais expressiva no Grupo B (de 89,87 ± 16,05 para 84,78 ± 13,76 bpm; Δ% = –5,66%; p &lt; 0,0001), seguida pelo Grupo A (de 83,68 ± 18,94 para 73,23 ± 9,85 bpm; Δ% = –12,48%; p = 0,0018) e pelo Grupo C (de 84,14 ± 10,83 para 76,64 ± 13,36 bpm; Δ% = –8,91%; p = 0,0321).</p>
					<p>O maior aumento do consumo de oxigênio no limiar anaeróbio (AT-VO<sub>2</sub>) foi observado no Grupo A (Δ% = +15,47%; de 19,39 ± 7,81 para 22,39 ± 7,65 ml/kg/min; p &lt; 0,0001). No Grupo C, a melhora atingiu significância limítrofe (Δ% = +55,88%; de 8,26 ± 5,86 para 12,88 ± 4,70 ml/kg/min; p = 0,0354). No Grupo B, a variação não alcançou significância estatística (Δ% = +32,73%; de 11,76 ± 5,89 para 15,61 ± 4,12 ml/kg/min; p = 0,0576).</p>
					<p>A ventilação também apresentou maior incremento no Grupo C (Δ% = +39,56%; de 51,28 ± 13,24 para 71,57 ± 19,58), porém sem significância estatística (p = 0,0968). Já os aumentos observados nos Grupos A (Δ% = +20,13%; de 70,49 ± 16,08 para 84,68 ± 18,89; p = 0,0001) e B (Δ% = +35,32%; de 51,98 ± 15,85 para 70,34 ± 15,22; p = 0,0014) foram significativos.</p>
					<p>Mudanças discretas, porém significativas, foram observadas na inclinação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> no Grupo B, com redução de 34,13 ± 7,70 para 29,73 ± 5,34 (Δ% = –12,89%; p = 0,0250). Nos demais subgrupos, não houve diferença significativa: no Grupo A foi registrado aumento de Δ% = +2,94% (de 28,57 ± 7,04 para 29,41 ± 4,00; p = 0,5202), enquanto o Grupo C apresentou pequena redução (Δ% = –0,50%; de 30,97 ± 8,48 para 30,81 ± 6,89; p = 0,1833) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>, Painel C).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Este estudo demonstrou que a RC baseada em exercício melhorou a capacidade funcional de pacientes com tolerância reduzida ao esforço em decorrência de sequela tardia da infecção por SARS-CoV-2, evidenciada pelos aumentos de VO<sub>2</sub>pico, pulso de O<sub>2</sub> e ventilação.</p>
				<p>O TCPE é uma ferramenta bem estabelecida para avaliação diagnóstica, estratificação de risco, avaliação pré e pós-operatória e prescrição de exercício, tanto em indivíduos saudáveis quanto em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares ou respiratórias. Por esse motivo, o TCPE é considerado o padrão-ouro para avaliação abrangente do desempenho cardiorrespiratório. Em julho de 2020, a American Thoracic Society e a European Respiratory Society passaram a recomendar especificamente seu uso para avaliação de pacientes com SPC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Conforme proposto por Kucuk et al. (2020),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> o SARS-CoV-2 pode afetar múltiplos sistemas orgânicos – coração, cérebro, pulmões, rins, musculatura lisa vascular e musculatura esquelética – por meio da expressão do receptor ACE2. Embora o mecanismo de lesão muscular não esteja completamente elucidado, hipotetiza-se a ocorrência tanto de dano celular direto quanto de isquemia transitória, o que poderia levar à redução da extração periférica de oxigênio e à dor muscular resistente a analgésicos. Rinaldo et al. (2021)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reforçaram essa hipótese em uma coorte de 73 pacientes recentemente hospitalizados por covid-19, avaliados com TCPE após a alta. Nessa população, a presença de limiar anaeróbio (AT-VO<sub>2</sub>) precoce, sobrecarga reduzida, pulso de O<sub>2</sub> baixo e menor inclinação VO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho foi compatível com descondicionamento físico e síndrome pós-hospitalização.</p>
				<p>Além disso, Sørensen et al. (2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> observaram que não há recuperação espontânea da capacidade funcional em 1 ano de seguimento em pacientes com SPC, o que sugere anormalidades circulatórias persistentes e prejuízo da extração periférica de oxigênio como mecanismos centrais. No entanto, a fisiopatologia exclusivamente vascular não parece explicar integralmente os padrões de TCPE observados na nossa amostra. Apenas 34% dos pacientes necessitaram de hospitalização aguda, e a inclinação VO<sub>2</sub>/trabalho, marcador de eficiência anaeróbia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> apresentou melhora não significativa (Δ = +17,29%; p = 0,1129).</p>
				<p>Nossa hipótese de trabalho foi que a SPC pode ser parcialmente mediada por desregulação autoimune e que o exercício de intensidade moderada teria efeito imunomodulador. Essa premissa é compatível com o consenso de Stanford Hall sobre reabilitação pós-covid,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que recomenda a implementação precoce de programa multiprofissional, dentro de 30 dias após a fase aguda, para otimizar a recuperação funcional.</p>
				<p>Os achados deste estudo sustentam essas recomendações. A RC contribuiu de forma importante para restaurar a capacidade funcional mesmo na ausência de doença cardíaca estrutural, ao reduzir o descondicionamento físico e a disfunção muscular periférica, frequentemente implicados na SPC. O TCPE também se mostrou fundamental para a prescrição individualizada do exercício.</p>
				<p>Após 45 dias de seguimento, foram observadas melhoras significativas em VO<sub>2</sub>pico (Δ = +18,85%; p &lt; 0,0001), sobrecarga (Δ = +26,82%; p &lt; 0,0001), pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (Δ = +13,68%; p &lt; 0,0001), limiar anaeróbio (Δ = +11,61%; p &lt; 0,0001) e frequência cardíaca de repouso (Δ = −8,88%; p &lt; 0,0001). A ventilação minuto também aumentou de forma expressiva (Δ = +30,46%; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
				<p>Embora, em indivíduos saudáveis, a relação VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresente padrão hiperbólico inverso em função da carga de trabalho,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> nossa coorte apresentou redução modesta, porém estatisticamente significativa, da inclinação (Δ = −4,03%; p = 0,0443). Os dados disponíveis não permitem distinguir com precisão se a principal contribuição decorre de aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar ou de limitação da musculatura respiratória. A análise de subgrupos sugere que o discreto aumento de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> no Grupo A (Δ = +2,94%; p = 0,5202) pode estar relacionado à melhor adaptação à carga de trabalho, enquanto a leve redução observada no Grupo C (Δ = −0,5%; p = 0,1833) pode refletir a combinação entre acomodação da carga e persistência de alterações vasculares atribuíveis à microangiopatia relacionada ao SARS-CoV-2.</p>
				<p>Essa interpretação é compatível com as evidências de Bonaventura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> sobre disfunção endotelial na fase aguda da infecção por SARS-CoV-2, bem como com estudos de necropsia que demonstram lesão endotelial disseminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A desregulação endotelial parece ter papel central tanto na fase aguda quanto na fase pós-aguda da doença, e comorbidades pré-existentes, como hipertensão arterial e diabetes melito, podem agravar o comprometimento microvascular e a inflamação sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em pacientes com SPC, essas condições podem atenuar os benefícios do exercício e retardar a resolução dos sintomas e a recuperação funcional.</p>
				<p>Estudos prospectivos futuros, com amostras maiores de pacientes com SPC, seguimento prolongado (≥ 6-12 meses) e caracterização detalhada do perfil inflamatório, serão necessários para confirmar essas observações e esclarecer de forma mais abrangente os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>A principal limitação deste estudo é a ausência de um grupo controle, que idealmente incluiria indivíduos sem exposição prévia ao SARS-CoV-2, participantes de forma voluntária em um programa estruturado de RC. Diversos fatores práticos impediram a formação desse grupo comparador: i) capacidade assistencial limitada, priorizada para pacientes com SPC ou outras condições cardiorrespiratórias; ii) o elevado tempo de dedicação exigido dos participantes (1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana, por pelo menos 6 semanas); e iii) os custos financeiros pessoais associados à participação no programa.</p>
					<p>Adicionalmente, deve-se reconhecer o possível viés de seleção. Como a conclusão bem-sucedida do TCPE foi um dos critérios de inclusão, indivíduos incapazes de finalizar o teste foram excluídos, o que pode ter levado à sub-representação de pacientes com limitações funcionais mais graves.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Este estudo observacional prospectivo demonstra que a RC é uma intervenção não farmacológica eficaz para SPC, condição que pode envolver desregulação imune e inflamação sistêmica. Em virtude das propriedades imunomoduladoras do exercício de intensidade moderada, a RC não apenas reduziu sintomas persistentes, como também promoveu melhora significativa da capacidade funcional em subgrupos com diferentes níveis de condicionamento prévio.</p>
				<p>Foram observadas melhoras relevantes em VO<sub>2</sub>pico, limiar anaeróbio, tolerância ao exercício (expressa pelo aumento da carga máxima e pela maior frequência de transição para a glicólise anaeróbia), pulso de O<sub>2</sub> e eficiência ventilatória.</p>
				<p>Apesar desses resultados encorajadores, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que sustentam a SPC permanecem parcialmente compreendidos. Estudos adicionais, com seguimento prolongado e caracterização biológica mais abrangente, são necessários para refinar as estratégias terapêuticas e favorecer a recuperação funcional plena dessa população.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética de Palermo 1 sob o número de protocolo 150109. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
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	</sub-article>
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