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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250049i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">abchf.20250049i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Use of Digitalis: A Reflection of Medicine as the Science of Provisional Truths</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wolf</surname>
						<given-names>Plinio J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Casadei dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>João</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5565-4085</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Finger</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Aurelio A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7061-0238</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattos</surname>
						<given-names>Victor B. M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7023-8481</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Edileide Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-9466</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bruscky</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdigem</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8517-7061</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assad</surname>
						<given-names>Haissa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fortuna</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Plinio J. Wolf</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>pjwwolf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Germano Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>20250049</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
				<kwd>Digitoxin</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The Use of Digitalis: A Reflection of Medicine as the Science of Provisional Truths</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-20250049-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Prevalence of digitalis in large heart failure studies in parallel with digitalis studies. Prior to 2010: high prevalence of digitalis (red). After 2010: lower prevalence of digitalis (blue).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>According to current guidelines (class I recommendation), the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) – defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% – should be based on the quadruple therapy scheme aimed at reducing cardiovascular outcomes. This regimen consists of beta-blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEIs], Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers [ARBs], or Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitors [ARNIs]), and Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In recent decades, with the therapeutic evolution of HFrEF, some medications such as digitalis,¹ once widely recommended, have been relegated to the role of adjuvants for refractory patients. These drugs lost prominence due to their adverse effects and the unequivocal benefits of the &quot;Fantastic Four,&quot; especially from the late 1990s onward (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>). However, in light of recent evidence,³ digitalis appear to be regaining relevance as an additional treatment option for Heart Failure (HF), reflecting that, given the constant nuances in the use of digitalis over the years, medicine is indeed the science of provisional truths.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Digitalis and mechanism of action</title>
				<p>Digitalis exert positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects. Their mechanisms are primarily based on inhibition of the intrinsic membrane protein Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase (enhancing myocardial contractility). In parallel, they exert sympatholytic effects, increasing vagal tone (inhibiting efferent sympathetic nerve activity, reducing epinephrine and renin concentrations), and reducing heart rate (HR), including in the context of atrial fibrillation (AF), thereby contributing to improvement in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>However, the boundary between therapeutic effects and adverse effects is narrow. Notable adverse events include arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias), gastrointestinal symptoms, and visual disturbances (xanthopsia and blurred vision), particularly in the presence of risk factors for intoxication such as advanced age, female sex, chronic kidney disease, electrolyte disorders, and drug interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The oral representatives of digitalis are digoxin and digitoxin. The former has lower plasma protein binding (10-40%), a shorter half-life (36-48 hours), greater renal excretion, and an earlier and faster peak of action. In contrast, digitoxin exhibits higher serum protein binding (&gt;90%), a longer half-life (4-6 days), predominantly hepatic excretion, and a slower, more sustained effect. Therefore, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease, digitoxin presents a safer profile and more gradual action, with a lower incidence of rapid peaks of activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>History of digitalis use</title>
				<p>From the 18th to the 20th century, digitalis was one of the few therapeutic options available for HF. In the 1980s and 1990s, these drugs were still widely recommended, as demonstrated in landmark studies with ACE inhibitors in patients with HFrEF: CONSENSUS (1987) and SOLVD (1991), in which 93% and 66.5% of participants, respectively, were using digitalis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The first robust study evaluating digoxin in HF was the DIG trial (1997),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. It assessed the efficacy of digoxin in symptomatic patients with LVEF &lt;45% in sinus rhythm. A total of 6,800 patients were included, followed for a mean period of 37 months, and evaluated for the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality. The sample consisted of severe patients, with a mean LVEF of 28%; 32% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV, optimized with contemporary therapy (94% on ACE inhibitors, 80% on diuretics, and 42% on nitrates). The study concluded that digoxin did not provide benefit in reducing all-cause mortality. Although it reduced HF hospitalizations by 28% (secondary endpoint), the DIG trial removed digitalis from its former central role in HF therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Moreover, there is evidence of a lack of benefit from digitalis in other scenarios, such as in patients with LVEF &gt;45%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and in AF control when compared with BB.¹¹ A progressive decline in its use has also been observed in contemporary trials with new therapies for HFrEF, such as ARNI (PARADIGM-HF, 2014, 30% of patients using digitalis)¹² and SGLT2 inhibitors (DAPA-HF, 2019, 18.7% using digitalis).¹³</p>
				<p>Currently, guidelines assign a low level of recommendation for digitalis (class IIb) in symptomatic HFrEF, despite optimized quadruple therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In patients with AF who are refractory or have contraindications to BB, its use remains a possibility (class IIa), albeit with caution.²</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>In light of new evidence</title>
				<p>In 2025, an important study on the use of digitalis in HFrEF (in this case, digitoxin), the DIGIT-HF trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> was published, reigniting the relevance of these drugs in the management of HF. This was also a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study, including symptomatic HFrEF patients (LVEF &lt;40% with NYHA ≥III or LVEF &lt;30% with NYHA ≥II) under optimized therapy for at least six months. A total of 1,212 patients were randomized, with a mean age of 66 years, 20% of whom were women. Over 36 months, the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization was reduced by 18% (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.82; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.69–0.98; p = 0.03), corresponding to a number needed to treat of 22. Despite a trend, there was no statistically significant reduction in the individual components of the endpoint.³</p>
				<p>Compared with the DIG trial, DIGIT-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> had a smaller sample size (17.8% of DIG), included 30% of patients with atrial fibrillation (versus none in DIG), and recruited more symptomatic patients under contemporary, better-optimized therapy. Evidently, the study presented important limitations. The most significant was the sample size, which was smaller than the target (2,190 patients), requiring extensions and amendments, with a consequent loss of statistical power. It is possible that the reduced sample size limited the ability to detect differences in the individual endpoints (mortality/hospitalization). There were also instances of unblinding (82 patients), loss to follow-up (25 patients), and low use of SGLT2 inhibitors (20%).</p>
				<p>Nevertheless, DIGIT-HF highlighted relevant aspects.³ First, the reduction in the composite endpoint of death/HF hospitalization occurred in more severely ill patients (mean LVEF of 28% and nearly 70% in NYHA class ≥III/IV) compared with other studies, such as PARADIGM-HF (approximately 25% in NYHA class ≥III/IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Second, the positive impact occurred in a setting of optimized therapy (use of beta-blockers, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers, and MRAs in approximately 96%, 94%, and 75% of patients, respectively). In other words, these were patients refractory to the initial recommended treatment. Such a situation is common and difficult to manage in practice, and in this context, a reduction in outcomes was observed in addition to standard HF therapy (and not as a replacement). Thus, considering the high residual risk in HF – on the order of 15.8 events (cardiovascular death/HF hospitalization) per 100 patients per year in optimized patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> – digitalis emerge as a therapeutic alternative.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Randomized studies evaluating the benefit of digitalis in heart failure and/or atrial fibrillation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="14%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Year of publication</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Inclusion criteria</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Assessment</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Sample/follow-up</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Primary outcome: RR or HR (95%CI)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Secondary outcomes: RR or HR 95% CI)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DIG</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1997</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF&lt;45% + sinus + symptomatic HF</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxin x placebo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6,800/mean 37 months</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Overall mortality: 0.99 (0.91-1.7); p=0.80</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalization for worsening HF: 0.72 (0.66-0.79); p&lt;0.001; hospitalization for CV causes:0.87 (0,81-0.93); p&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="center" valign="middle">DIG-Ancillary study</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2006</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF&gt;45% + sinus + chronic HF</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxin x placebo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">988/mean 37 months</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Death from HF/hospitalization for HF: 0.82 .63-1.07); p=0.136</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Overall mortality: 0.99 (0.76-1.28); p=0.925; Death from HF/hospitalization for HF 2 years): 0.71 (0.52-0.98); p=0.034</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">RATE-AF</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2020</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Permanent AF + NYHA≥II + age≥60 years</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxin x bisoprolol</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">160/mean 12 months</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Quality of life (PCS score): 1.03 (-1.2 – 3.9)/p=0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Less adverse events with dogoxin (25%) x bisoprolol (64%); p=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DIGIT-HF</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2025</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF&lt;40% + NYHA≥II or LVEF&lt;30% and NYHA≥II + therapy optimization &gt; 6 months</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxin x placebo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1212 /mean at 36 months</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Overall mortality/ hospitalization for HF: 0.82 (0.69-0.98); p=0.03</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Overall mortality: 0.860.69-1.07); first hospitalization for HF: 0.85 (0.69-1.05)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>Mean adjusted difference; HF: heart failure; CI: confidence interval; AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: cardiovascular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCS: Physical Component Summary; RR: risk ratio.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Furthermore, the study suggests greater benefit in patients with lower Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP ≤120 mmHg, HR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.48–0.79) and higher HR (HR ≥75 bpm, HR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.48–0.83),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> that is, in patients who were more severely ill and more difficult to optimize pharmacologically.</p>
				<p>Finally, the safety observed with digitoxin use in DIGIT-HF is of utmost relevance, considering the toxicity and potential adverse events associated with elevated serum levels of digitalis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No significant differences in adverse effects or discontinuation were found between digitoxin and placebo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> demonstrating the drug's safety when appropriately monitored. Notably, 43% of the sample had an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Even in this subgroup, the benefit was present (HR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.94),³ precisely among patients with chronic kidney disease, a comorbidity affecting 45% of individuals with HFrEF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> who are at increased risk of digoxin intoxication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>These findings add to previous evidence that, when serum levels of digitalis are monitored, safety is maintained alongside outcome reduction, such as attenuation of mortality with digoxinemia between 0.5–0.8 ng/mL, in contrast to increased mortality at serum digoxin levels above 1.2 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Thus, the DIGIT-HF study³ reopened discussions regarding the use of digitalis. In light of the nuances in HF treatment over the years, digitalis has proven to be an excellent example of medicine as the science of transient truths, reaffirming – after centuries of use – the statement of the renowned Dutch physician K. F. Wenckebach: &quot;A long life is too short to learn enough about this wonderful drug.&quot;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>For all these reasons, digitalis remain as an additional treatment option for HF – maintaining the same indication as in current guidelines – and never as a substitute for the initial standard quadruple therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, it is expected that the current apprehension, and even stigma, surrounding the use of digitalis will be progressively attenuated, with recognition of their true therapeutic indication, provided that careful monitoring of toxicity is ensured.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
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					<lpage>1614</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.821</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>16 Löfman I, Szummer K, Dahlström U, Jernberg T, Lund LH. Associations with and Prognostic Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease in Heart Failure with Preserved, Mid-Range, and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(12):1606-14. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.821.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250049</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Uso dos Digitálicos: Reflexo da Medicina como a Ciência das Verdades Transitórias</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wolf</surname>
						<given-names>Plinio J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Casadei dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>João</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5565-4085</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Finger</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Aurelio A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7061-0238</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattos</surname>
						<given-names>Victor B. M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7023-8481</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rossi</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Edileide Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-9466</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bruscky</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdigem</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8517-7061</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assad</surname>
						<given-names>Haissa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fortuna</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Plinio J. Wolf</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>pjwwolf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Germano Souza</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Digoxina</kwd>
				<kwd>Digitoxina</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>O Uso dos Digitálicos: Reflexo da Medicina como a Ciência das Verdades Transitórias.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-3-20250049-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Prevalência dos digitálicos em grandes estudos de insuficiência cardíaca em paralelo a estudos dos digitálicos. Previamente a 2010: alta prevalência dos digitálicos (vermelho). Após 2010: menor prevalência dos digitálicos (azul).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Segundo diretrizes atuais (recomendação I), o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) – caracterizada por fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤40% – deve-se basear no esquema quádruplo para redução de desfechos cardiovasculares. O esquema consiste em betabloqueadores (BB), antagonistas de mineralocorticoides (ARM); bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (incluindo inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II (BRAII) ou inibidores da neprilisina e receptor da angiotensina – INRA); e Inibidores do cotransportador de Sódio e Glicose 2 (iSGLT2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nas últimas décadas, com a evolução terapêutica da ICFEr, alguns medicamentos, como os digitálicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> antes amplamente recomendados, foram reduzidos ao papel de adjuvantes para pacientes refratários. Esses medicamentos perderam espaço diante de seus efeitos adversos e dos inequívocos benefícios do &quot;Quarteto Fantástico&quot;, sobretudo a partir do final da década de 1990 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura Central</xref>). No entanto, à luz de recentes evidências,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> os digitálicos parecem retomar relevância no tratamento adicional da Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), refletindo que, diante das constantes nuanças do uso dos digitálicos ao longo dos anos, a medicina, de fato, é a ciência das verdades transitórias.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Digitálicos e mecanismo de ação</title>
					<p>Os digitálicos exercem efeitos inotrópicos positivos e cronotrópicos negativos. Seus mecanismos baseiam-se, primeiramente, na inibição da proteína intrínseca da membrana Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase (intensificando a contratilidade miocárdica). Paralelamente, têm efeito simpatolítico, atuando no aumento do tônus vagal (inibindo a atividade eferente dos nervos simpáticos, atenuando concentrações de epinefrina e renina), e na redução da frequência cardíaca (FC), inclusive no contexto de fibrilação atrial (FA), contribuindo para melhora da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Contudo, o limite entre o efeito terapêutico e os efeitos adversos é tênue, em que se destacam as arritmias (bradiarritmias ou taquiarritmias), sintomas gastrointestinais e alterações visuais (xantopsia e visão turva), sobretudo na vigência de fatores de risco para intoxicação, como: idade avançada, sexo feminino, doença renal crônica, distúrbios eletrolíticos e interações medicamentosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os representantes dos digitálicos orais são a digoxina e a digitoxina. A primeira apresenta menor ligação proteica plasmática (10-40%), menor meia-vida (36-48 horas), maior excreção renal e pico de ação mais precoce e rápido, enquanto que a segunda apresenta maior ligação proteica sérica (&gt;90%), meia-vida maior (4-6 dias), excreção predominantemente hepática e efeito mais lento e duradouro. Portanto, principalmente em pacientes com doença renal crônica, a digitoxina apresenta perfil mais seguro e ação mais gradual, com menor incidência de rápidos picos de ação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Histórico do uso dos digitálicos</title>
					<p>Do século XVIII ao XX, os digitálicos eram uma das poucas possibilidades terapêuticas disponíveis para IC. Nas décadas de 80 e 90, esses medicamentos ainda eram amplamente recomendados, como demonstrado em estudos consagrados com IECA nos portadores de ICFEr: CONSENSUS (1987) e SOLVD (1991), respectivamente, com 93% e 66,5% da amostra utilizando digitálicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O primeiro estudo robusto em que se utilizou a digoxina na IC foi o estudo DIG (1997),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> randomizado, multicêntrico, duplo-cego e placebo-controlado. O estudo avaliou sua eficácia em pacientes sintomáticos com FEVE &lt; 45%, em ritmo sinusal. Foram incluídos 6800 pacientes, os quais foram acompanhados por um período médio de 37 meses, e avaliados quanto ao desfecho primário de mortalidade geral. A amostra apresentava pacientes graves, com FEVE média de 28%; 32% deles em classe funcional (CF) <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) III/IV, otimizados com tratamento vigente à época (94% em uso de IECA, 80% de diurético e 42% de nitrato). O estudo concluiu que a digoxina não apresentou benefício na redução da mortalidade geral e, mesmo com diminuição de hospitalização por IC em 28% (desfecho secundário), o DIG retirou o protagonismo dos digitálicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além disso, há evidências de ausência de benefício do digitálico em outros cenários, como em portadores de FEVE&gt;45%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e no controle da FA em comparação a BB<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Observa-se, ainda, uma queda progressiva de seu uso em ensaios contemporâneos, com novas terapias na ICFEr, como o INRA (PARADIGM-HF, 2014, 30% em uso de digitálicos)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e o iSGLT2 (DAPA-HF, 2019, 18,7% usando digitálico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Atualmente, as diretrizes apresentam baixo grau de recomendação dos digitálicos (IIb) em ICFEr sintomática, a despeito do tratamento quádruplo em doses otimizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ainda, nos pacientes com FA, refratários ou com contraindicações ao BB, permanece a possibilidade do seu uso (IIa) com cautela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>À luz das novas evidências</title>
					<p>Em 2025, foi publicado importante um estudo a respeito do uso dos digitálicos na ICFEr (nesse caso, digitoxina), o DIGIT-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reacendendo a relevância dessas drogas no manejo da IC. Esse também foi um estudo randomizado, placebo-controlado, duplo-cego e multicêntrico, incluindo pacientes com ICFEr sintomáticos (FEVE&lt;40% em NYHA≥III ou FEVE&lt;30%, NYHA≥II) sob tratamento otimizado por pelo menos seis meses. Foram randomizados 1212 pacientes, com idade média de 66 anos, sendo 20% mulheres. Em 36 meses, o desfecho primário de mortalidade geral e hospitalização por IC foi reduzido em 18% [Hazard ratio (HR) 0,82; Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (IC95%): 0,69–0,98; p=0,03], associado a um número necessário para tratar de 22. Apesar de tendência, não houve redução estatisticamente significativa dos componentes isolados do desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Comparativamente ao DIG, o DIGIT-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> contou com amostra reduzida (17,8% da amostra do DIG), incluiu 30% dos pacientes em FA (versus nenhum no DIG) e recrutou pacientes mais sintomáticos, sob tratamento contemporâneo e melhor otimizado. Evidentemente, o estudo apresentou limitações importantes. A maior delas foi o tamanho amostral inferior ao almejado (2190 pacientes), exigindo prolongamento e emendas, com consequente perda do poder estatístico. Possivelmente, a redução do tamanho amostral reduziu o poder para detecção de diferenças dos desfechos isolados (mortalidade/hospitalização). Houve, ainda, quebras de cegamento (82 pacientes), perdas de seguimento (25 pacientes) e baixa utilização de iSGLT2 (20%).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estudos randomizados na avaliação do benefício do digitálico na insuficiência cardíaca e/ou fibrilação atrial</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="14%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Publicação</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Inclusão</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Avaliação</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra / seguimento</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho primário: RR ou HR (IC 95%)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Desfechos secundários: RR ou HR (IC 95%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DIG</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1997</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE ≤45% + sinusal + IC sintomática</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxina × placebo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">6800 / média 37 meses</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Morte geral: 0,99 (0,91–1,07); p=0,80</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalização piora IC: 0,72 (0,66–0,79); p&lt;0,001 <break/>Hospitalização CV: 0,87 (0,81–0,93); p&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DIG-Ancillary study</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2006</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE ≥45% + sinusal + IC crônica</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxina × placebo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">988 / média 37 meses</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Morte IC/hospitalização IC: 0,82 (0,63–1,07); p=0,136</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Morte geral: 0,99 (0,76–1,28); p=0,925 <break/>Morte IC/hospitalização IC (2 anos): 0,71 (0,52–0,98); p=0,034</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>RATE-AF</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2020</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">FA permanente + NYHA II + idade ≥60 anos</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Digoxina × bisoprolol</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">160 / média 12 meses</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Qualidade de vida (PCS score): 1,3 (–1,2 a 3,9); p=0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Menos eventos adversos digoxina (25%) × bisoprolol (64%); p=0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>DIGIT-HF</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2025</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE ≤40% e NYHA II ou FEVE ≤30% e NYHA I + otimização tto ≥6 meses</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Digitoxina × placebo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1212 / média 36 meses</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Morte geral/hospitalização IC: 0,82 (0,69–0,98); p=0,03</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Morte geral: 0,86 (0,69–1,07) <break/>Primeira hospitalização IC: 0,85 (0,69–1,05)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<label>*</label>
								<p>Diferença de médias ajustada. CV: causas cardiovasculares; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IC: intervalo de confiança; FA: fibrilação atrial; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HR: hazard ratio; NYHA: classe funcional segundo New York Heart Association; PCS: Physical Component Summary; RR: risk ratio; tto: tratamento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Entretanto, destacam-se aspectos relevantes do DIGIT-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Primeiro, a redução do desfecho composto de morte/hospitalização por IC ocorreu em pacientes mais graves (FEVE média de 28% e quase 70% em CF≥III/IV) em comparação com outros estudos, como PARADIGM-HF (aproximadamente 25% em CF≥III/IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Segundo, o impacto positivo se deu em um cenário de terapia otimizada (uso de BB, bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e ARM, respectivamente, em torno de 96%, 94% e 75%), ou seja, eram pacientes refratários ao tratamento inicial recomendado. Tal situação é comum e de difícil manejo na prática e, nesse contexto, observa-se redução de desfechos adicionalmente ao tratamento padrão da IC (e não em substituição). Assim, considerando o elevado risco residual na IC, na ordem de 15,8 eventos (morte cardiovascular/hospitalização por IC) por 100 pacientes/ano nos pacientes otimizados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> os digitálicos apresentam-se como alternativa terapêutica.</p>
					<p>Além disso, o estudo sugere maior benefício em pacientes com Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) mais baixa (PAS≤120 mmHg, HR 0,61; IC95%: 0,48–0,79) e FC mais elevada (FC≥75 bpm, HR 0,63; IC95%: 0,48–0,83),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ou seja, pacientes mais graves e de maior dificuldade para a otimização medicamentosa.</p>
					<p>Por fim, a segurança observada com o uso da digitoxina no DIGIT-HF é de extrema relevância, considerando-se a toxicidade e possibilidade de eventos desfavoráveis diante de níveis séricos elevados dos digitálicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Não houve diferença significativa dos efeitos adversos e descontinuação entre a digitoxina e o placebo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mostrando segurança da droga quando monitorizada. Destaca-se, inclusive, que 43% da amostra apresentava taxa de filtração glomerular estimada inferior a 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. Mesmo nesse subgrupo, o benefício foi presente (HR 0,73; IC95%: 0,56–0,94),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sendo justamente os pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica. Essa é uma comorbidade que acomete 45% dos indivíduos com ICFEr),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> os quais estão sujeitos a um risco aumentado de intoxicação por digoxina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Tais achados somam-se às evidências prévias de que, quando os níveis séricos do digitálico são monitorizados, há segurança associada à redução dos desfechos, como atenuação de mortalidade na vigência de digoxinemia entre 0,5-0,8 ng/mL, em contraste com aumento da mortalidade em níveis séricos de digoxina superiores a 1,2 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Assim, o estudo DIGIT-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reabriu as discussões acerca do uso dos digitálicos. Frente às nuanças do tratamento da IC ao longo dos anos, o digitálico mostrou-se um excelente representante da medicina como ciência das verdades transitórias, confirmando, após séculos de seu uso, a afirmação do conhecido médico holandês K. F. Wenckebach: &quot;Uma vida longa é curta demais para se aprender o suficiente sobre essa droga maravilhosa.&quot;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Por tudo isso, os digitálicos mantêm-se como tratamento adicional da IC (permanecendo a mesma indicação das diretrizes atuais), nunca como substituição do tratamento quádruplo inicial padrão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contudo, espera-se que o receio, e mesmo o estigma atual, frente à utilização dos digitálicos, seja progressivamente atenuado, reconhecendo-se sua real indicação terapêutica, associada aos cuidados quanto à toxicidade.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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