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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240063i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Determinants of the Six-Minute Walk Distance in Subjects with Heart Failure-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-0546</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dadalt</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Luísa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5483-3775</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Correa</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Farraco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0504-4953</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loro</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda Lais</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Karsten</surname>
						<given-names>Marlus</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7906-5899</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Mariane Borba</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9907-7689</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lago</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Dal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Obtaining financing</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Caçador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, Caçador, SC – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Florianópolis, SC – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Pedro Dal Lago • Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre – Rua Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>pdallago66@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>20240063</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexist in clinical practice, with both conditions negatively affecting individuals’ functional capacity, often measured using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic impairments may influence the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> This study aims to identify and analyze the critical determinants of the 6MWD among subjects with HF-COPD overlap.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> A cross-sectional study was conducted. Individuals underwent the 6MWT. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure. Pulmonary function was evaluated using forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Physical frailty was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty index. Quality of life was assessed with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, and cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Thirty-two individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 67.6 ± 8.5 years; 65.6% were women. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 54.7 ± 15.9%, and the mean 6MWD was 281 ± 102 meters. The 6MWD was significantly correlated with FVC (r = 0.61, p &lt; 0.01); percentage of predicted FEV<sub>1</sub> (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.01); percentage of predicted FVC (r = 0.56, p &lt; 0.01); Cardiovascular Health Study frailty index (r = 0.53, p &lt; 0.01); and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score (r = −0.47, p &lt; 0.01). Gait speed (β = −0.54, p &lt; 0.001); FEV<sub>1</sub> (β = −0.44, p &lt; 0.001); and New York Heart Association functional class (β = −0.24, p &lt; 0.001) were identified as significant predictors of 6MWD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> These findings suggest that an integral approach, incorporating both physical and psychosocial assessments, may be essential for effectively managing functional limitations in patients with HF-COPD. Identifying these predictors can aid clinicians in tailoring treatment strategies, optimizing rehabilitation programs, and improving this population’s overall quality of care.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Functional Status</kwd>
				<kwd>Walk Test</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rank highly as causes of death and disability, with their prevalence increasing alongside an aging population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studied in isolation, both HF and COPD exhibit clinical similarities such as reduced exercise tolerance, muscle weakness, and frailty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Common risk factors such as smoking, age, and systemic inflammation often lead to their co-diagnosis. The co-occurrence of HF and COPD is common, affecting up to 30% of patients, yet it remains underdiagnosed. This overlap significantly compounds organ dysfunction, symptom severity, and risk of mortality, particularly in older individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> While primary organ failure is often cardiac or pulmonary, the decline in functional capacity is also linked to musculoskeletal and systemic changes (muscle strength and muscle mass).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A differential diagnosis may be challenging due to shared symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These symptoms are associated with worse prognosis, quality of life, and survival in patients with HF-COPD overlap compared to those with only one condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Exercise intolerance is a defining feature of HF and COPD, arising from cardiac and pulmonary deficits and changes in peripheral, vascular, diaphragmatic, and autonomic functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This multifactorial decline is exacerbated in patients with HF-COPD overlap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The cardiopulmonary exercise test is the gold standard for evaluating exercise capacity. Nonetheless, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has been used as a practical alternative due to its simplicity, reproducibility, and validation for both conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The primary measure of the 6MWT, the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), effectively reflects an individual’s functional exercise capacity for daily activities. Notably, 6MWD is an independent mortality predictor in both diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> making it crucial to understand the underlying causes of poor performance. Various elements, including demographic, renal, and body composition factors, can impact 6MWD, and identifying these can guide targeted interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the literature seldom details how patients with HF-COPD overlap perform on the 6MWT, and the factors associated with the performance are still unknown. Therefore, this study seeks to unravel the main determinants of 6MWD among patients with HF-COPD overlap. Given the complexity of predicting exercise capacity in this unique population, developing a reliable prediction equation based on these determinants is essential for personalizing interventions and improving outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and patients</title>
				<p>This cross-sectional study enrolled patients diagnosed with HF and COPD from two referral hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between October 2018 and March 2019. The sample size was calculated to ensure a 5% significance level and an 80% statistical power, anticipating an effect size of 0.42 based on the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and the number of predictive variables. Using GPower<sup>®</sup> software, this calculation indicated a minimum of 31 patients for the study.</p>
				<p>Eligible participants were men and women aged 50 years or older, as this age group represents the highest prevalence of the diseases under study. The attending physician confirmed HF diagnosis before the study based on clinical findings and echocardiography, regardless of etiology or severity, as defined by ejection fraction. In contrast, COPD was confirmed by spirometry performed within the last 12 months before inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria included a history of stroke, cognitive impairment, or any other limitation that would impede the ability to perform the tests required by the study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ethical aspects</title>
				<p>The study was approved by the ethical research committees of Instituto de Cardiologia - Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC-FUC) and Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), under approval numbers 3.068.402 and 3.356.737, respectively. The study followed the regulatory norms and standards for research involving human subjects stipulated by the Brazilian National Council (Resolution Number 466/2012). Informed consent was obtained from all participants via signed consent forms.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Procedures</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient screening and data collection</title>
				<p>Researchers identified patients through medical record reviews. Those meeting the eligibility criteria were invited to participate during their medical visits or through telephone contact. All assessments were conducted by researchers who received standardized training to ensure consistency in data collection procedures.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical and sociodemographic data</title>
				<p>We gathered clinical and sociodemographic information using questionnaires supplemented by medical record reviews and interviews on the evaluation day. Key sociodemographic variables included age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, and smoking status. For smokers and former smokers, the pack-years of smoking were also recorded.</p>
				<p>The clinical data encompassed anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and etiology of HF. Pulmonary function was assessed by forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and forced vital capacity (FVC), both reported in liters and as a percentage of the predicted value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> We also collected information on primary comorbidities, use of betablockers and bronchodilators, number of hospitalizations in the preceding year, and primary diagnosis (HF or COPD).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Six-minute walk test</title>
				<p>The 6MWT was conducted following international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Participants performed two tests, separated by a 30-minute rest period. Considering the learning effect of the 6MWT, as reported in a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> two tests were conducted to account for this effect. This study analyzed only the parameters from the second test. We measured heart rate, Borg dyspnea scale ratings, pulse oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure immediately before the 6MWT, at the conclusion (sixth minute) and during recovery (at the first and second minute after the test). Heart rate, Borg scale, and pulse oxygen saturation were also recorded at the midway point (third minute). The 6MWD was recorded and compared to expected values for the Brazilian population, with results presented in meters and as a percentage of the predicted distance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Respiratory muscle strength</title>
				<p>Respiratory muscle strength was assessed using a pressure transducer (MVD300<sup>®</sup>, Globalmed, Porto Alegre, Brazil). Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) measurements followed international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> For each measurement, the best of five attempts was recorded to ensure reproducibility. Results were expressed in absolute terms (cmH<sub>2</sub>O) and as a percentage of predicted values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Frailty evaluation</title>
				<p>The Frailty Phenotype Score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> also known as the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty index, is a tool for identifying physical frailty in clinical settings. The CHS frailty index evaluates the following 5 domains:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (1) unintentional weight loss: self-reported in the past year; (2) exhaustion: determined by questions 7 and 20 from the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); (3) physical activity level: measured through caloric expenditure as reported in the Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire; (4) muscle strength: measured in kilogram-force (kgf) using a Jamar<sup>®</sup> dynamometer (Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, Warrenville, IL, United States), with values adjusted for sex and BMI; and (5) gait speed: measured as the time taken to walk of 4 meters within an 8-meter path, adjusted for sex and height.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The criteria for scoring positively in each domain of the CHS index are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Individuals are categorized as frail if they score positively in 3 to 5 domains, as pre-frail if they score positively in 1 or 2 domains, and robust if they do not score positively in any domain.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Criteria for pointing positive in each domain of the Cardiovascular Health Study index<bold>22</bold></title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Domain</th>
									<th>Criteria for positive score</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight loss</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Unintentional weight loss of ≥ 10 pounds (4.5 kg) in prior year</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Exhaustion</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Questions 7 and 20 answered “most of the time” and “always” to at least one of the questions</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Physical activity level</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: &lt; 270 kcal per week</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: &lt; 383 kcal per week</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Handgrip strength</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: &lt; 17 kgf (BMI &lt; 23), &lt; 17.3 kgf (BMI 23.1 to 26), &lt; 18 kgf (BMI 26.1 to 29), and &lt; 21 kgf (BMI &gt; 29)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: &lt; 29 kgf (BMI &lt; 24), &lt; 30 kgf (BMI 24.1 to 28), and &lt; 32 kgf (BMI &gt; 28)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gait speed</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Women: &gt; 7 s (&lt; 159 cm) or 6 s (&gt; 160 cm)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Men: &gt; 7 s (&lt; 173 cm) or 6 s (&lt; 173 cm)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cognitive function</title>
				<p>The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was utilized to evaluate cognitive function. This tool measures the following cognitive domains: visuospatial abilities, executive functions, language, attention, concentration, working memory, memory recall, and orientation. MoCA scores range up to 30, with scores below 24 indicating mild cognitive impairment in cardiovascular patients. For participants with 12 years of education or less, 1 additional point was added to their total MoCA score to account for lower educational levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Quality of life assessment</title>
				<p>The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF-Q) was used to assess patients’ quality of life. This 21-item questionnaire evaluates how HF has affected the patient’s lifestyle over the past month, with questions addressing physical aspects (questions 1-7, 12, 13); emotional aspects (questions 17-21); and additional considerations (questions 8-11, 14-16). The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a lower health-related quality of life. Although there is no questionnaire specifically tailored for the HF-COPD population, the MLHF-Q is a validated tool for assessing health status in patients with both COPD and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The normality of distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were reported as means ± standard deviation when normally distributed and as medians with minimum and maximum values when non-normally distributed. Categorical variables were expressed in absolute numbers and percentages. One subject was excluded from the correlation and regression analyses due to excessive 6MWD variance between tests. Pearson’s correlation test was used to examine relationships between variables. Multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise selection was conducted to identify predictors of 6MWT performance. Before model selection, the assumptions of linearity, homoscedasticity, and minimal multicollinearity were verified. A significance level of 5% was applied for all tests. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Baseline characteristics</title>
				<p>A sample of 32 patients was evaluated, with a mean age of 67.6 ± 8.5 years; 65.6% of the participants were women; and 59.4% of the participants were first diagnosed with HF, followed by COPD. The remainder were first diagnosed with COPD or concomitant HF-COPD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> present detailed clinical characteristics and functional outcomes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sociodemographic characteristics of patients</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
									<th>Values</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
									<td align="center">67.7 ± 8.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Female sex, no./total no. (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">21/32 (65.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Ethnicity</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>White, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23/32 (71.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Black, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3/32 (9.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Brown, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">6/32 (18.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Education attainment, years</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>&lt; 12 years, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">26/32 (84.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>&gt; 12 years, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">4/32 (12.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Higher education, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1/32 (3.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Smoking</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Smokers, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">8/32 (25%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ex-smokers, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">24/32 (75%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pack-years</td>
									<td align="center">45 (9.75 to 250)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
									<th>Valores</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>HF ischemic etiology, no./total no. (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">21/32 (65.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>LVEF, %</bold></td>
									<td align="center">54.7 ± 15.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HFpEF, no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HFmrEF, no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (9.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HFrEF, no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (18.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>NYHA class</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class II, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">19/32 (59.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Class III, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">13/32 (40.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>GOLD classification</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>A, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1/32 (3.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>B, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">8/32 (25)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>E, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23/32 (71.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>FEV</bold><sub><bold>1</bold></sub> <bold>(L)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.3 ± 0.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Percentage of predicted FEV<sub>1</sub></td>
									<td align="center">50.8 ± 3.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>FVC (L)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">2.0 ± 0.58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Percentage of predicted FVC</td>
									<td align="center">62.1± 2.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Percentage of predicted FEV</bold><sub><bold>1</bold></sub><bold>/FVC</bold></td>
									<td align="center">60.6 ± 9.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Comorbidities</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hypertension, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">30/32 (93.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">10/32 (31.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pulmonary hypertension, no./ total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">6/ 32 (18.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Depression, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">12/32 (37.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Medications</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Betablocker, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">20/32 (62.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bronchodilator, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22/32 (68.8)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; GOLD: Global Initiative for Lung Disease; HF: heart failure; HFmrEF: heart failure with moderate or mildly reduced ejection fraction (LVEF 41% to 49%); HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%); HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Functional characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
									<th>Values</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>6MWD (m)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">281 ± 102</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Percentage of predicted</td>
									<td align="center">54.4 ± 3.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MIP (cmH</bold><sub><bold>2</bold></sub><bold>O)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">57.6 ± 15.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Percentage of predicted</td>
									<td align="center">72.4 ± 3.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MEP (cmH</bold><sub><bold>2</bold></sub><bold>O)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">79.3 ± 22.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Percentage of predicted</td>
									<td align="center">51.7 ± 2.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Frailty domains</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Handgrip, kgf</td>
									<td align="center">16.3 (10 to 30.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gait speed, s</td>
									<td align="center">5 ± 1.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sedentary, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">21/32 (65.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Frailty classification</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Non-frail, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">2/32 (6.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-frail, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">13/32 (40.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Frail, no./total no. (%)</td>
									<td align="center">17/32 (53.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MoCA</bold></td>
									<td align="center">17.7 ± 3.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>MLFH-Q</bold></td>
									<td align="center">58.4 ± 20.6</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>MEP: maximum expiratory pressure; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; MLHF-Q Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Six-minute walk test and correlations</title>
				<p>The average 6MWD was 281.1 ± 101.9 meters. It showed significant correlations with gait speed (r = −0.81, p &lt; 0.01); FEV<sub>1</sub> (r = 0.63, p &lt; 0.01); NYHA class (r = −0.46, p &lt; 0.01); FVC (r = 0.61, p &lt; 0.01); percentage of predicted FEV<sub>1</sub> (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.01); percentage of predicted FVC (r = 0.56, p &lt; 0.01); CHS frailty index (r = 0.53, p &lt; 0.01); and MLHF-Q score (r = −0.47, p &lt; 0.01). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the correlations between 6MWD and gait speed (Panel A) and FEV<sub>1</sub> (Panel B).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Correlation graphics. Panel A: Correlation of 6MWD (in meters) and gait speed (time, in seconds). Panel B: Correlation of 6MWD and FEV1 (absolute value, in liters). FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e220240063-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Six-minute walk test and regression equation</title>
				<p>After eliminating variables due to collinearity, a stepwise selection process identified the most impactful predictors of 6MWD. The final model included gait speed, FEV<sub>1</sub>, and NYHA class, all with p values &lt; 0.001. This model was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001), explaining 83% of the variance in 6MWD among our study participants (r = 0.83). The regression equation formulated from this model for predicting 6MWD is:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mtable>
							<mml:mtr>
								<mml:mtd/>
								<mml:mtd>
									<mml:mtext> 6MWD </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>494.3</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>39.5</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
									<mml:mtext> gait speed </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>79</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
										<mml:msub>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>FEV</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
											<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
										</mml:msub>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								</mml:mtd>
							</mml:mtr>
							<mml:mtr>
								<mml:mtd/>
								<mml:mtd>
									<mml:mi/>
									<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>45.7</mml:mn>
									<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>NYHA</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext> class </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
								</mml:mtd>
							</mml:mtr>
						</mml:mtable>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This study identified 3 key predictors, gait speed, FEV<sub>1</sub>, and NYHA functional class, which collectively explain 83% of the variance in the 6MWD among patients with concomitant HF and COPD. These variables play a critical role in assessing physical capacity in this patient population. Additionally, significant correlations between 6MWD and other measures, such as FVC, percentage of predicted FEV<sub>1</sub>, percentage of predicted FVC, quality of life scores, and the CHS frailty index, reveal a complex interplay between pulmonary function, HF severity, and overall health status in determining exercise tolerance. These findings enhance our understanding of exercise tolerance in this population and offer valuable insights for clinicians in tailoring interventions and monitoring progress in patients with HF-COPD overlap.</p>
			<p>The determinants of 6MWD are multifaceted, encompassing a range of physical and psychological factors. Walking distance less than 350 meters in patients with COPD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and less than 300 meters in patients with HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> is considered prognostically significant, indicating high-risk individuals. In our cohort, the average 6MWD was 281 meters, reflecting a marked decline in functional capacity and suggesting that patients with coexisting HF and COPD may face an elevated risk for poor health outcomes. Notably, 23 patients (71.8%) in our study group could not walk 350 meters, and 21 patients (65.6%) did not reach the 300-meter threshold, further underscoring the severity of their impaired physical capacity.</p>
			<p>Frailty is frequently observed in individuals with HF and COPD. Gait speed, as a composite indicator of overall health, mainly reflects frailty because it encompasses various functional domains, including sensory perception, motor skills, coordination, nutritional and cognitive status, and cardiorespiratory health. Extensive research has shown that reduced gait speed is a reliable predictor of frailty and is closely associated with decreased survival across multiple cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, gait speed measured during the 6MWT has been shown to predict major adverse cardiac events in various populations. Specifically, slower gait speeds during the 6MWT in patients who have survived acute hypercapnic respiratory failure are associated with an increased risk of death or hospital readmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Additionally, gait speed has been shown to predict mortality among older adults, with each increase of 0.1 m/s significantly associated with improved survival rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Consistent with our findings, previous research in COPD populations has identified a strong correlation between gait speed and 6MWD, with correlation coefficients as high as r = 0.70.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Building on this research, our study demonstrates that gait speed not only correlates with 6MWD, but also serves as a strong predictor of shorter walked distances.</p>
			<p>Gait speed is a straightforward and reliable metric for assessing exercise capacity in COPD and HF, reflecting the multisystem impact of disease severity. In these patients, exercise limitation may be exacerbated by inefficient gait mechanics caused by compromised skeletal muscle function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> which impairs their ability to maintain longer strides. As a result, individuals with HF and COPD may adopt shorter strides to reduce muscular discomfort, leading to a decrease in their average walking speed.</p>
			<p>In patients with COPD, lower FEV<sub>1</sub> values, both absolute and as a percentage of predicted, have been linked to shorter walking distances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Similarly, in HF patients, reduced FVC is inversely correlated with 6MWD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> highlighting the relationship between lung function and functional capacity in both groups. However, these variables alone are insufficient for accurate prognostication. A more nuanced understanding requires integrating them with other clinical-functional parameters to assess better their impact on exercise tolerance and overall functional capacity. Airflow limitation, leading to pulmonary abnormalities such as hyperinflation, is increasingly recognized as a critical contributor to exercise limitation, not only in patients with COPD but also in those with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A direct correlation exists between the severity of airflow obstruction and decreased exercise tolerance, as reflected by reduced 6MWD. While these associations have been well documented in studies of each condition independently, in coexisting HF and COPD, pulmonary function may exert an even more significant influence on exercise capacity.</p>
			<p>The correlation between NYHA class and 6MWD has not been extensively explored. However, one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> closely aligns with our findings, identifying NYHA class as a predictor of 6MWD in individuals with HF, although its p value was marginally above the conventional threshold for significance (p = 0.06). While the 6MWT and NYHA classifications are accessible and pragmatic tools for assessing functional capacity, the subjectivity inherent in the NYHA classification necessitates careful interpretation. A review has highlighted an inverse relationship between NYHA class and 6MWD, particularly in the more advanced classes (III/IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In a COPD cohort study, perceived symptom severity was correlated with 6MWD, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.56.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> This suggests that individuals’ subjective experience of symptoms, such as dyspnea and fatigue, can directly impact functional capacity. Since the NYHA class is based on symptom assessment, its association with 6MWD likely reflects the influence of these symptoms on exercise tolerance.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>The association between 6MWD and other variables</title>
				<p>To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to comprehensively identify the determinants of 6MWD in patients with concurrent HF and COPD. Previous research has identified numerous predictors of 6MWD in individuals with either HF or COPD, including demographic factors such as age and sex, physiological measurements such as weight and BMI, cardiac parameters such as left ventricular end-systolic volume, psychological factors such as depression, and muscle-specific measures including quadriceps strength.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In our assessment of quality of life using the MLHF-Q, our results align with earlier studies that found a significant positive correlation between 6MWD and quality of life in patients with HF. For example, one prior study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> reported a moderate correlation between 6MWD and quality of life scores.</p>
				<p>Frailty has consistently been identified as a predictor of mortality, independent of other factors, with reported hazard ratios ranging from 1.58 to 1.69 for each incremental increase in frailty score among both HF and COPD populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In line with previous research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> our study found a significant negative correlation between frailty and functional capacity (r = −0.72), as measured by the 6MWT. Frailty reflects a patient’s vulnerability to adverse outcomes, while the 6MWT measures exercise tolerance. Together, these metrics may help identify patients at greater risk of adverse events and further decline in physical function.</p>
				<p>Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of the HF-COPD overlap, previous studies have often reported a higher prevalence of male patients and older age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In contrast, our cohort was predominantly female and had a younger average age. This discrepancy may be attributed to our sample mainly consisting of individuals with HF with preserved ejection fraction (mean LVEF 54.7% ± 15.9%), a condition more frequently diagnosed in women<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> and a relatively younger demographic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>The findings of this study must be considered in light of certain limitations. The lack of comprehensive functional evaluations, such as the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale, limits the depth of insight into how symptoms affect daily living and patient quality of life. Additionally, the reliance on self-reported outcomes may not fully capture the range of functional limitations, potentially underestimating the severity of patients’ conditions. In our study subjects, the reduced use of betablockers reflects the predominance of cases of HF with preserved ejection fraction, where betablocker therapy has less established benefits. This could limit the generalizability of our findings to populations with more diverse HF subtypes or higher betablocker usage. The low percentage of betablocker use may also have influenced 6MWT performance, as betablockers can affect exercise capacity by modulating heart rate response. Future studies are warranted to explore the impact of pharmacological management, including betablocker use, on functional capacity in patients with overlapping HF and COPD. Finally, we should note that, due to the sample size, participants were not analyzed in a stratified manner by ejection fraction. This reliance highlights the need for future studies to incorporate objective measures, such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, to assess the functional constraints of individuals with HF-COPD overlap accurately.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Functional capacity determinants in patients with HF-COPD overlap are multifaceted, encompassing demographic, physiological, and psychosocial components. This study identified 3 critical variables, gait speed, FEV<sub>1</sub>, and NYHA class, that account for 83% of the variation in 6MWD, underscoring their substantial influence on exercise capacity in this population. Additionally, quality of life assessments and the CHS frailty index were significantly correlated with 6MWD, highlighting the complex interplay of factors contributing to functional capacity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>). These findings suggest that an integral approach incorporating both physical and psychosocial assessments may be essential for effectively managing functional limitations in patients with HF-COPD. Future research should include objective functional measures to elucidate these relationships further and improve patient outcomes.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Central Illustration:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Determinants of the Six-Minute Walk Distance in Subjects with Heart</title>
						<p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; GOLD: Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; HF: heart failure; MLHF-Q: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MEP: maximum expiratory pressure; MIP: maximum inspiratory pressure; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NYHA: New York Heart Association; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e220240063-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Shahim B, Kapelios CJ, Savarese G, Lund LH. Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure: An Updated Review. Card Fail Rev. 2023;9:e11. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2023.05.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Luisa Rocha Dadalt, from Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre e Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number ISCMPA: 3.068.402 e IC-FUC: 3.356.737. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> This study was partially funded by FAPERGS.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240063</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Determinantes do Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos em Pacientes com Coexistência de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-0546</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dadalt</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Luísa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5483-3775</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Correa</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Farraco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0504-4953</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loro</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda Lais</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2476-7981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Karsten</surname>
						<given-names>Marlus</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7906-5899</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Mariane Borba</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9907-7689</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lago</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Dal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística e Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, Caçador, SC – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Florianópolis, SC – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Pedro Dal Lago • Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre – Rua Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: pdallago66@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) frequentemente coexistem na prática clínica, com ambas as condições afetando negativamente a capacidade funcional dos indivíduos, frequentemente medida usando o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M). Deficiências cardiovasculares, pulmonares e metabólicas podem influenciar a distância percorrida em 6 minutos (DP6M).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> O presente estudo visou identificar e analisar os determinantes críticos do TC6M entre indivíduos com coexistência de IC e DPOC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Foi realizado um estudo transversal. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao TC6M. A força muscular respiratória foi avaliada por meio da medição da pressão inspiratória máxima e da pressão expiratória máxima. A função pulmonar foi avaliada pelo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>) e capacidade vital forçada (CVF). A fragilidade física foi avaliada pelo índice de fragilidade do Cardiovascular Health Study. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, e a função cognitiva foi avaliada pelo Montreal Cognitive Assessment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Foram avaliados 32 pacientes, com média de idade de 67,6 ± 8,5 anos; 65,6% eram mulheres. A média da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 54,7 ± 15,9%, e a DP6M média foi de 281 ± 102 metros. A DP6M correlacionou-se significativamente com a CVF (r = 0,61, p &lt; 0,01); porcentagem do VEF<sub>1</sub> previsto (r = 0,58, p &lt; 0,01); porcentagem da CVF prevista (r = 0,56, p &lt; 0,01); índice de fragilidade do Cardiovascular Health Study (r = 0,53, p &lt; 0,01); e pontuação do Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (r = −0,47; p &lt; 0,01). A velocidade de marcha (β = −0,54, p &lt; 0,001), VEF<sub>1</sub> (β = −0,44, p &lt; 0,001) e classe funcional da New York Heart Association (β = −0,24, p &lt; 0,001) foram identificados como preditores significativos da DP6M.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> Esses achados sugerem que uma abordagem integral, incorporando avaliações físicas e psicossociais, pode ser essencial para o manejo efetivo das limitações funcionais em pacientes com IC e DPOC. A identificação desses preditores pode auxiliar os clínicos a personalizar estratégias de tratamento, otimizar programas de reabilitação e melhorar a qualidade geral do atendimento dessa população.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Estado Funcional</kwd>
				<kwd>Teste de Caminhada</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) estão entre as principais causas de morte e incapacidade, com prevalência crescente à medida que a população envelhece.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estudadas isoladamente, tanto a IC quanto a DPOC exibem similaridades clínicas, como tolerância reduzida ao exercício, fraqueza muscular e fragilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Fatores de risco comuns, como tabagismo, idade e inflamação sistêmica, frequentemente levam ao seu codiagnóstico. A coocorrência de IC e DPOC é comum, afetando até 30% dos pacientes, mas continua subdiagnosticada. Essa sobreposição agrava significativamente a disfunção dos órgãos, a gravidade dos sintomas e o risco de mortalidade, principalmente em indivíduos mais idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora a falência primária de órgãos seja frequentemente cardíaca ou pulmonar, o declínio da capacidade funcional também está ligado a alterações musculoesqueléticas e sistêmicas (força e massa muscular).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O diagnóstico diferencial pode ser desafiador devido a sintomas compartilhados como dispneia e fadiga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esses sintomas estão associados a pior prognóstico, qualidade de vida e sobrevida em pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC em comparação àqueles com apenas uma condição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A intolerância ao exercício é uma característica definidora da IC e DPOC, decorrente de déficits cardíacos e pulmonares e alterações nas funções periféricas, vasculares, diafragmáticas e autonômicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esse declínio multifatorial é exacerbado em pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O teste de exercício cardiopulmonar é o padrão ouro para avaliar a capacidade de exercício. No entanto, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) tem sido usado como uma alternativa prática devido à sua simplicidade, reprodutibilidade e validação para ambas as condições.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A principal medida do TC6M, a distância percorrida em 6 minutos (DP6M), reflete efetivamente a capacidade funcional de exercício de um indivíduo para atividades diárias. Notavelmente, a DP6M é um preditor de mortalidade independente em ambas as doenças,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> tornando crucial entender as causas subjacentes do baixo desempenho. Diversos elementos, incluindo fatores demográficos, renais e de composição corporal, podem impactar a DP6M, e identificá-los pode orientar intervenções direcionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Porém, a literatura raramente fornece detalhes sobre como os pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC se desempenham no TC6M, e os fatores associados ao desempenho ainda são desconhecidos. Portanto, o presente estudo buscou desvendar os principais determinantes da DP6M entre pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC. Dada a complexidade de prever a capacidade de exercício nessa população única, desenvolver uma equação de previsão confiável com base nesses determinantes é essencial para personalizar intervenções e melhorar os desfechos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho do estudo e pacientes</title>
					<p>Este estudo transversal incluiu pacientes diagnosticados com IC e DPOC de dois hospitais de referência em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre outubro de 2018 e março de 2019. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para garantir um nível de significância de 5% e um poder estatístico de 80%, antecipando um tamanho de efeito de 0,42 com base no coeficiente de determinação (R<sup>2</sup>) e no número de variáveis preditoras. Usando o software GPower<sup>®</sup>, esse cálculo indicou um mínimo de 31 pacientes para o estudo.</p>
					<p>Os participantes elegíveis eram homens e mulheres com 50 anos de idade ou mais, pois essa faixa etária representa a maior prevalência das doenças estudadas. O médico assistente confirmou o diagnóstico de IC antes do estudo com base nos achados clínicos e ecocardiográficos, independentemente da etiologia ou gravidade, conforme definido pela fração de ejeção. Em contraste, a DPOC foi confirmada por espirometria realizada nos últimos 12 meses antes da inclusão no estudo. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram histórico de acidente vascular cerebral, comprometimento cognitivo ou qualquer outra limitação que impedisse a capacidade de realizar os testes exigidos pelo estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aspectos éticos</title>
					<p>O presente estudo recebeu aprovação dos comitês de ética em pesquisa de Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA) e Instituto de Cardiologia – Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC-FUC), sob os números de aprovação 3.068.402 e 3.356.737, respectivamente. O estudo seguiu as normas e padrões regulatórios para pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos estipulados pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde (Resolução Número 466/2012). O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes por meio da assinatura do termo de consentimento.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedimentos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Triagem de pacientes e coleta de dados</title>
					<p>Os pesquisadores identificaram os pacientes por meio de revisões de prontuários médicos. Aqueles que atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade foram convidados a participar durante suas consultas médicas ou por contato telefônico. Todas as avaliações foram conduzidas por pesquisadores que receberam treinamento padronizado para garantir a consistência nos procedimentos de coleta de dados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dados clínicos e sociodemográficos</title>
					<p>Coletamos informações clínicas e sociodemográficas aplicando questionários suplementados pela revisão de prontuários médicos e entrevistas no dia da avaliação. As principais variáveis sociodemográficas incluíram idade, sexo, raça, nível educacional e tabagismo. Para fumantes e ex-fumantes, a carga tabágica também foi registrada através de anos-maço.</p>
					<p>Os dados clínicos abrangeram medidas antropométricas (altura, peso e índice de massa corporal [IMC]), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e etiologia da IC. A função pulmonar foi avaliada pelo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>) e pela capacidade vital forçada (CVF), ambos relatados tanto em litros quanto como porcentagem do valor previsto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Também coletamos informações sobre comorbidades primárias, uso de betabloqueadores e broncodilatadores, número de interações hospitalares no ano anterior e diagnóstico primário (IC ou DPOC).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
					<p>O TC6M foi aplicado seguindo diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os participantes realizaram dois testes, separados por um período de descanso de 30 minutos. Considerando o efeito de aprendizagem do TC6M, conforme relatado em um estudo anterior,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foram aplicados dois testes para contabilizar esse efeito. O presente estudo analisou apenas os parâmetros do segundo teste. Medimos a frequência cardíaca, as classificações da escala de dispneia de Borg, a saturação de oxigênio de pulso e a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica imediatamente antes do TC6M, na conclusão (sexto minuto) e durante a recuperação (no primeiro e segundo minuto após o teste). A frequência cardíaca, a escala de Borg e a saturação de oxigênio de pulso também foram registradas no ponto médio (terceiro minuto). A DP6M foi registrada e comparada aos valores esperados para a população brasileira, com resultados apresentados em metros e como uma porcentagem da distância prevista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Força muscular respiratória</title>
					<p>A força muscular respiratória foi avaliada usando um transdutor de pressão (MVD300<sup>®</sup>, Globalmed, Porto Alegre, Brasil). As medições de pressão inspiratória máxima (PIM) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEM) seguiram as diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Para cada medição, foi registrada a melhor de cinco tentativas para garantir a reprodutibilidade. Os resultados foram expressos em termos absolutos (cmH<sub>2</sub>O) e como uma porcentagem dos valores previstos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação de fragilidade</title>
					<p>O Frailty Phenotype Score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> também conhecido como o índice de fragilidade do Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), é uma ferramenta para identificar fragilidade física em ambientes clínicos. O índice de fragilidade do CHS avalia os seguintes 5 domínios:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (1) perda de peso não intencional: autorrelatada no ano anterior; (2) exaustão: determinada pelas questões 7 e 20 da Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); (3) nível de atividade física: medido por meio do gasto calórico conforme relatado no Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire; (4) força muscular: medida em quilograma-força (kgf) usando um dinamômetro Jamar<sup>®</sup> (Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, Warrenville, IL, Estados Unidos), com valores ajustados para sexo e IMC; e (5) velocidade de marcha: medida como o tempo gasto para caminhar 4 metros em um caminho de 8 metros, ajustado para sexo e altura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os critérios para pontuação positiva em cada domínio do índice CHS são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>. Os indivíduos são categorizados como frágeis se pontuarem positivamente em 3 a 5 domínios, como pré-frágeis se pontuarem positivamente em 1 ou 2 domínios e robustos se não pontuarem positivamente em nenhum domínio.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Critérios para pontuação positiva em cada domínio do índice de fragilidade do Cardiovascular Health Study<bold>22</bold></title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Domínio</th>
										<th>Critérios para pontuação positiva</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Perda de peso</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Perda de peso não intencional de ≥ 10 libras (4,5 kg) no ano anterior</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Exaustão</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Perguntas 7 e 20 com resposta “na maioria das vezes” ou “sempre” para pelo menos uma das perguntas</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Nível de atividade física</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: &lt; 270 kcal por semana</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: &lt; 383 kcal por semana</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Força de preensão manual</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: &lt; 17 kgf (IMC &lt; 23), &lt; 17.3 kgf (IMC 23.1 a 26), &lt; 18 kgf (IMC 26.1 a 29) e &lt; 21 kgf (IMC &gt; 29)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: &lt; 29 kgf (IMC &lt; 24), &lt; 30 kgf (IMC 24.1 a 28) e &lt; 32 kgf (IMC &gt; 28)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Velocidade de marcha</td>
										<td align="center">
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>Mulheres: &gt; 7 s (&lt; 159 cm) ou 6 s (&gt; 160 cm)</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>Homens: &gt; 7 s (&lt; 173 cm) ou 6 s (&lt; 173 cm)</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>IMC: índice de massa corporal.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Função cognitiva</title>
					<p>Foi utilizada a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) para avaliar a função cognitiva. Essa ferramenta mede os seguintes domínios cognitivos: habilidades visoespaciais, funções executivas, linguagem, atenção, concentração, memória de trabalho, recuperação de memória e orientação. As pontuações da MoCA variam até 30, com pontuações abaixo de 24 indicando comprometimento cognitivo leve em pacientes cardiovasculares. Para participantes com 12 anos de educação ou menos, foi adicionado 1 ponto à sua pontuação total da MoCA para contabilizar níveis educacionais mais baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação da qualidade de vida</title>
					<p>Foi usado o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF-Q) para avaliar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Trata-se de um questionário de 21 itens que avalia como a IC afetou o estilo de vida do paciente durante o último mês, com perguntas abordando aspectos físicos (perguntas 1-7, 12, 13); aspectos emocionais (perguntas 17-21); e considerações adicionais (perguntas 8-11, 14-16). A pontuação total varia de 0 a 100, com pontuações mais altas indicando qualidade de vida mais baixa relacionada à saúde. Embora não haja um questionário especificamente adaptado para a população com coexistência de IC e DPOC, o MLHF-Q é uma ferramenta validada para avaliar o estado de saúde em pacientes com DPOC e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A normalidade da distribuição foi avaliada usando o teste Shapiro-Wilk. As variáveis contínuas foram relatadas como médias ± desvio padrão quando distribuídas normalmente e como medianas com valores mínimos e máximos quando distribuídas não normalmente. Variáveis categóricas foram expressas em números absolutos e porcentagens. Um sujeito foi excluído das análises de correlação e regressão devido à variância excessiva da DP6M entre os testes. O teste de correlação de Pearson foi usado para examinar as relações entre as variáveis. Foi realizada a análise de regressão linear múltipla com seleção <italic>stepwise</italic> para identificar preditores de desempenho no TC6M. Antes da seleção do modelo, foram verificadas as suposições de linearidade, homocedasticidade e multicolinearidade mínima. Um nível de significância de 5% foi aplicado para todos os testes. A análise de dados foi conduzida usando o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 24.0.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Características basais</title>
					<p>Foi avaliada uma amostra de 32 pacientes, com idade média de 67,6 ± 8,5 anos; 65,6% dos participantes eram mulheres; e 59,4% dos participantes foram diagnosticados pela primeira vez com IC, seguido por DPOC. O restante foi diagnosticado pela primeira vez com DPOC ou IC-DPOC concomitante. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">4</xref> apresentam as características clínicas detalhadas e os desfechos funcionais.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características sociodemográficas dos pacientes</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Características</th>
										<th>Valores</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
										<td align="center">67,7 ± 8,5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo feminino, número/total (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">21/32 (65,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Raça</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Branca, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">23/32 (71,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Preta, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">3/32 (9,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Parda, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">6/32 (18,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Nível de escolaridade, anos</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>&lt; 12 anos, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">26/32 (84,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>&gt; 12 anos, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">4/32 (12,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Educação superior, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">1/32 (3,1)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Tabagismo</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fumantes, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">8/32 (25%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ex-fumantes, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">24/32 (75%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Anos-maço</td>
										<td align="center">45 (9,75 a 250)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características clínicas</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Características</th>
										<th>Valores</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IC com etiologia isquêmica, número/total (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">21/32 (65,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>FEVE, %</bold></td>
										<td align="center">54,7 ± 15,9</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ICFEp, número (%)</td>
										<td align="center">23 (71,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ICFElr, número (%)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (9,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ICFEr, número (%)</td>
										<td align="center">6 (18,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Classe funcional da NYHA</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe II, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">19/32 (59,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Classe III, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">13/32 (40,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Classificação GOLD</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>A, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">1/32 (3,1)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>B, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">8/32 (25)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>E, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">23/32 (71,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>VEF</bold><sub><bold>1</bold></sub> <bold>(L)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">1,3 ± 0,52</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Porcentagem do VEF<sub>1</sub> previsto</td>
										<td align="center">50,8 ± 3,37</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>CVF (L)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">2,0 ± 0,58</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Porcentagem da CVF prevista</td>
										<td align="center">62,1± 2,54</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Porcentagem da relação VEF</bold><sub><bold>1</bold></sub><bold>/CVF prevista</bold></td>
										<td align="center">60,6 ± 9,9</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Comorbidades</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">30/32 (93,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diabetes, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">10/32 (31,3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão pulmonar, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">6/ 32 (18,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Depressão, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">12/32 (37,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Medicamentos</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Betabloqueador, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">20/32 (62,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Broncodilatador, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">22/32 (68,8)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo; CVF: capacidade vital forçada; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; GOLD: Global Initiative for Lung Disease; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFElr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida (FEVE 41% a 49%); ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (FEVE ≥ 50%); ICFEr: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (FEVE ≤ 40%).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características funcionais</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Características</th>
										<th>Valores</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>DP6M (m)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">281 ± 102</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Porcentagem do valor previsto</td>
										<td align="center">54,4 ± 3,4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>PIM (cmH</bold><sub><bold>2</bold></sub><bold>O)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">57,6 ± 15,4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Porcentagem do valor previsto</td>
										<td align="center">72,4 ± 3,4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>PEM (cmH</bold><sub><bold>2</bold></sub><bold>O)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">79,3 ± 22,8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Porcentagem do valor previsto</td>
										<td align="center">51,7 ± 2,7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Domínios de fragilidade</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Handgrip, kgf</td>
										<td align="center">16,3 (10 to 30,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Velocidade de marcha, s</td>
										<td align="center">5 ± 1,26</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sedentarismo, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">21/32 (65,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Classificação de fragilidade</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não frágil, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">2/32 (6,3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Pré-frágil, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">13/32 (40,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Frágil, número/total (%)</td>
										<td align="center">17/32 (53,1)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>MoCA</bold></td>
										<td align="center">17,7 ± 3,71</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>MLFH-Q</bold></td>
										<td align="center">58,4 ± 20,6</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>DP6M: distância percorrida em 6 minutos; MLHF-Q Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PEM: pressão expiratória máxima; PIM: pressão inspiratória máxima.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e correlações</title>
					<p>A DP6M média foi de 281,1 ± 101,9 metros. Ela mostrou correlações significativas com a velocidade de marcha (r = −0,81, p &lt; 0,01); VEF<sub>1</sub> (r = 0,63, p &lt; 0,01); classe NYHA (r = −0,46, p &lt; 0,01); CVF (r = 0,61, p &lt; 0,01); porcentagem do VEF<sub>1</sub> previsto (r = 0,58, p &lt; 0,01); porcentagem da CVF prevista (r = 0,56, p &lt; 0,01); índice de fragilidade do CHS (r = 0,53, p &lt; 0,01); e pontuação do MLHF-Q (r = −0,47, p &lt; 0,01). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref> mostra as correlações entre a DP6M e a velocidade de marcha (Painel A) e a VEF<sub>1</sub> (Painel B).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Gráficos de correlação. Painel A: Correlação da DP6M (em metros) e velocidade de marcha (tempo, em segundos). Painel B: Correlação da DP6M e VEF1 (valor absoluto, em litros). DP6M: distância percorrida em 6 minutos; VEF1: volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e220240063-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e equação de regressão</title>
					<p>Após eliminar as variáveis devido à colinearidade, um processo de seleção <italic>stepwise</italic> identificou os preditores mais impactantes da DP6M. O modelo final incluiu velocidade de marcha, VEF<sub>1</sub> e classe NYHA, todos com p &lt; 0,001. Esse modelo foi estatisticamente significativo (p &lt; 0,001), explicando 83% da variância na DP6M entre os participantes do nosso estudo (r = 0,83). A seguinte equação de regressão foi formulada a partir do modelo para prever a DP6M:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e1002">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mtable>
								<mml:mtr>
									<mml:mtd/>
									<mml:mtd>
										<mml:mtext> DP6M </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>494</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>39</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>5</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
										<mml:mtext> velocidade de marcha </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
									</mml:mtd>
								</mml:mtr>
								<mml:mtr>
									<mml:mtd/>
									<mml:mtd>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
											<mml:mn>79</mml:mn>
											<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
											<mml:msub>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>VEF</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
											</mml:msub>
											<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>45</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
										<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
										<mml:mtext> classe NYHA </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									</mml:mtd>
								</mml:mtr>
							</mml:mtable>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo identificou 3 preditores principais – velocidade de marcha, VEF<sub>1</sub> e classe funcional da NYHA – que coletivamente explicaram 83% da variância na DP6M entre pacientes com IC e DPOC concomitantes. Essas variáveis desempenham um papel crítico na avaliação da capacidade física dessa população de pacientes. Adicionalmente, correlações significativas entre a DP6M e outras medidas, como CVF, porcentagem do VEF<sub>1</sub> previsto, porcentagem da CVF prevista, escores de qualidade de vida e o índice de fragilidade do CHS, revelaram uma interação complexa entre função pulmonar, gravidade da IC e estado geral de saúde na determinação da tolerância ao exercício. Esses achados aumentam a nossa compreensão da tolerância ao exercício nessa população e oferecem conhecimentos valiosos para os clínicos na individualização de intervenções e no monitoramento do progresso de pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC.</p>
				<p>Os determinantes da DP6M são multifacetados, abrangendo uma gama de fatores físicos e psicológicos. Distância de caminhada menor que 350 metros em pacientes com DPOC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e menor que 300 metros em pacientes com IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> é considerada prognosticamente significativa, indicando indivíduos de alto risco. Em nossa coorte, a DP6M média foi de 281 metros, refletindo um declínio acentuado na capacidade funcional e sugerindo que pacientes com IC e DPOC coexistentes podem enfrentar um risco elevado de desfechos de saúde desfavoráveis. Notavelmente, 23 pacientes (71,8%) em nosso grupo de estudo não conseguiram caminhar 350 metros, e 21 pacientes (65,6%) não atingiram o limite de 300 metros, ressaltando ainda mais a gravidade do acometimento da sua capacidade física.</p>
				<p>A fragilidade é frequentemente observada em indivíduos com IC e DPOC. A velocidade de marcha, como um indicador composto da saúde geral, reflete principalmente a fragilidade porque abrange vários domínios funcionais, incluindo percepção sensorial, habilidades motoras, coordenação, estado nutricional e cognitivo e saúde cardiorrespiratória. Pesquisas extensivas mostraram que a velocidade reduzida da marcha é um preditor confiável de fragilidade e está intimamente associada à diminuição da sobrevivência em várias coortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Além disso, a velocidade de marcha medida durante o TC6M demonstrou prever eventos cardíacos adversos maiores em várias populações. Especificamente, velocidades de marcha mais lentas durante o TC6M em pacientes que sobreviveram à insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica aguda estão associadas a um risco aumentado de morte ou readmissão hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Adicionalmente, a velocidade de marcha demonstrou prever a mortalidade entre adultos mais velhos, com cada aumento de 0,1 m/s significativamente associado a melhores taxas de sobrevivência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Consistente com nossos achados, pesquisas anteriores em populações com DPOC identificaram uma forte correlação entre a velocidade de marcha e a DP6M, com coeficientes de correlação de r = 0,70.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Com base nessa pesquisa, nosso estudo demonstra que a velocidade de marcha não apenas se correlaciona com a DP6M, mas também serve como um forte preditor de distâncias mais curtas percorridas.</p>
				<p>A velocidade de marcha é uma métrica direta e confiável para avaliar a capacidade de exercício em pacientes com DPOC e IC, refletindo o impacto multissistêmico da gravidade da doença. Nesses pacientes, a limitação do exercício pode ser exacerbada pela mecânica ineficiente da marcha causada pela função comprometida do músculo esquelético,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o que prejudica sua capacidade de manter passadas mais longas. Consequentemente, indivíduos com IC e DPOC podem adotar passadas mais curtas para reduzir o desconforto muscular, levando a uma diminuição em sua velocidade média de caminhada.</p>
				<p>Em pacientes com DPOC, valores mais baixos de VEF<sub>1</sub>, tanto absolutos quanto como porcentagem do previsto, têm sido associados a distâncias de caminhada mais curtas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em pacientes com IC, a CVF reduzida é inversamente correlacionada com DP6M,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> destacando a relação entre função pulmonar e capacidade funcional em ambos os grupos. No entanto, essas variáveis isoladamente são insuficientes para um prognóstico preciso. Uma compreensão mais sutil requer integrá-las a outros parâmetros clínicos-funcionais para melhor avaliar seu impacto na tolerância ao exercício e na capacidade funcional geral. A limitação do fluxo de ar, levando a anormalidades pulmonares, como hiperinsuflação, é cada vez mais reconhecida como um contribuinte crítico para a limitação do exercício, não apenas em pacientes com DPOC, mas também naqueles com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Existe uma correlação direta entre a gravidade da obstrução do fluxo de ar e a diminuição da tolerância ao exercício, conforme refletido pela redução da DP6M. Embora essas associações tenham sido bem documentadas em estudos de cada condição independentemente, na coexistência de IC e DPOC, a função pulmonar pode exercer uma influência ainda mais significativa na capacidade de exercício.</p>
				<p>A correlação entre a classe NYHA e a DP6M não tem sido amplamente explorada. No entanto, um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> alinha-se estreitamente com nossos achados, identificando a classe NYHA como um preditor da DP6M em indivíduos com IC, embora seu valor de p estivesse marginalmente acima do limite convencional de significância (p = 0,06). Embora as classificações do TC6M e da NYHA sejam ferramentas acessíveis e pragmáticas para avaliar a capacidade funcional, a subjetividade inerente à classificação NYHA exige uma interpretação cuidadosa. Uma revisão destacou uma relação inversa entre a classe NYHA e a DP6M, particularmente nas classes mais avançadas (III/IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em um estudo de coorte de pacientes com DPOC, a gravidade dos sintomas percebidos foi correlacionada com a DP6M, com coeficiente de correlação de r = 0,56.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Isso sugere que a experiência subjetiva dos indivíduos com sintomas, como dispneia e fadiga, pode impactar diretamente a capacidade funcional. Como a classe NYHA é baseada na avaliação dos sintomas, sua associação com DP6M provavelmente reflete a influência desses sintomas na tolerância ao exercício.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>A associação entre DP6M e outras variáveis</title>
					<p>Até onde sabemos, este estudo é um dos primeiros a identificar de forma abrangente os determinantes de DP6M em pacientes com IC e DPOC concomitantes. Pesquisas anteriores identificaram vários preditores de DP6M em indivíduos com IC ou DPOC, incluindo fatores demográficos como idade e sexo, medidas fisiológicas como peso e IMC, parâmetros cardíacos como volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo, fatores psicológicos como depressão e medidas musculares específicas, incluindo força do quadríceps.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em nossa avaliação da qualidade de vida usando o MLHF-Q, nossos resultados alinham-se com estudos anteriores que encontraram uma correlação positiva significativa entre DP6M e qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC. Por exemplo, um estudo anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> relatou uma correlação moderada entre DP6M e pontuações de qualidade de vida.</p>
					<p>A fragilidade tem sido consistentemente identificada como um preditor de mortalidade, independente de outros fatores, com relatos de <italic>hazard ratios</italic> variando de 1,58 a 1,69 para cada aumento incremental na pontuação de fragilidade entre populações com HF e DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em consonância com pesquisas anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> nosso estudo encontrou uma correlação negativa significativa entre fragilidade e capacidade funcional (r = −0,72), conforme medido pelo TC6M. A fragilidade reflete a vulnerabilidade de um paciente a desfechos adversos, enquanto o TC6M mede a tolerância ao exercício. Juntas, essas métricas podem ajudar a identificar pacientes com maior risco de eventos adversos e declínio adicional na função física.</p>
					<p>Em relação às características sociodemográficas da coexistência de IC e DPOC, estudos anteriores frequentemente relataram uma prevalência maior de pacientes do sexo masculino e idade mais avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em contraste, nossa coorte era predominantemente feminina e tinha uma idade média mais jovem. Essa discrepância pode ser atribuída ao fato de nossa amostra consistir principalmente de indivíduos com IC com fração de ejeção preservada (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo média de 54,7% ± 15,9%), uma condição mais frequentemente diagnosticada em mulheres<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> e um grupo demográfico relativamente mais jovem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>Os achados do presente estudo devem ser considerados à luz de certas limitações. A falta de avaliações funcionais abrangentes, como a escala de dispneia do Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), limita a profundidade do conhecimento sobre como os sintomas afetam a vida diária e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Além disso, a confiabilidade de resultados autorrelatados pode não capturar totalmente a gama de limitações funcionais, subestimando potencialmente a gravidade das condições dos pacientes. Em nossos sujeitos de estudo, o uso reduzido de betabloqueadores reflete a predominância de casos de IC com fração de ejeção preservada, onde a terapia com betabloqueadores tem benefícios menos estabelecidos. Isso pode limitar a generalização dos nossos achados para populações com subtipos de IC mais diversos ou maior uso de betabloqueadores. A baixa porcentagem de uso de betabloqueadores também pode ter influenciado o desempenho no TC6M, pois os betabloqueadores podem afetar a capacidade de exercício modulando a resposta da frequência cardíaca. Estudos futuros são necessários para investigar o impacto do tratamento farmacológico, incluindo o uso de betabloqueadores, na capacidade funcional em pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC. Finalmente, devemos observar que, devido ao tamanho da amostra, os participantes não foram analisados de maneira estratificada pela fração de ejeção. Essa dependência destaca a necessidade de estudos futuros incorporarem medidas objetivas, como testes de exercício cardiopulmonar, para avaliar com precisão as restrições funcionais de indivíduos com coexistência de IC e DPOC.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Os determinantes da capacidade funcional em pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC são multifacetados, abrangendo componentes demográficos, fisiológicos e psicossociais. O presente estudo identificou 3 variáveis críticas – velocidade da marcha, VEF<sub>1</sub> e classe NYHA – que respondem por 83% da variação na DP6M, ressaltando sua influência substancial na capacidade de exercício nessa população. Ademais, as avaliações de qualidade de vida e o índice de fragilidade do CHS foram significativamente correlacionados com a DP6M, destacando a interação complexa de fatores que contribuem para a capacidade funcional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Ilustração Central</xref>). Esses achados sugerem que uma abordagem integral que incorpore avaliações físicas e psicossociais pode ser essencial para o manejo efetivo das limitações funcionais em pacientes com coexistência de IC e DPOC. Pesquisas futuras devem incluir medidas funcionais objetivas para elucidar melhor essas relações e melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Determinantes do Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos em Pacientes com Coexistência de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica</title>
							<p>DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; DP6M: distância percorrida em 6 minutos; GOLD: Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; MLHF-Q: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PEM: pressão expiratória máxima; PIM: pressão inspiratória máxima; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo<italic>.</italic></p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e220240063-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Este artigo é parte de dissertação de mestrado de Maria Luisa Rocha Dadalt pela Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre e Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul sob o número de protocolo ISCMPA: 3.068.402 e IC-FUC: 3.356.737. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERGS.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>