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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250016i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>History and Application of Mechanical Assist Devices as a Bridge to Heart Transplant: A Review and Perspectives in Brazil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9854-2788</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Perazzo</surname>
						<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5192-4817</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaspar</surname>
						<given-names>Shirlyne Fabianni Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7589-0202</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faria</surname>
						<given-names>Vanessa Simioni</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-3281-904X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Rebeca Cavalcante Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2780-2073</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carbonera</surname>
						<given-names>Aline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0008-3451</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guazzelli</surname>
						<given-names>Danielle Louvet</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1015-6138</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gamboa</surname>
						<given-names>Jael Andrea Rioja</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9749-5166</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ideal</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo Flud</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8076-5719</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Helen Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8420-402X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Falcão</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Targino Gomes</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9427-1252</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Andre Loureiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2207-5256</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Hermanny</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4002-0169</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Lambert</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7923-8651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Limongi</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3803-4612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Varjão</surname>
						<given-names>Renato Leal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7857-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Seguro</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7637-6485</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aulicino</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8822-5997</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7033-8616</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Ronaldo Honorato Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3615-4517</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lourenço</surname>
						<given-names>Domingos Dias</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5478-3245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kowalewski</surname>
						<given-names>Mariusz</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5250-1796</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ronco</surname>
						<given-names>Daniele</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0694-2747</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Matteucci</surname>
						<given-names>Matteo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7356-9036</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meani</surname>
						<given-names>Paolo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5439-1420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Russo</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2611-5626</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mauro</surname>
						<given-names>Michele di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2238-1399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mariani</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3689-0477</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loforte</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2055-8293</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wiedmann</surname>
						<given-names>Dominik</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3225-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Whitman</surname>
						<given-names>Glenn</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6587-1603</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Punjabi</surname>
						<given-names>Prakash</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1777-2045</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lorusso</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jatene</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Transplante do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart and Vascular Centre</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Maastricht University Medical Centre</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Research Centre Maastricht</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Maastricht</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Centre Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht – The Netherlands</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein (FICSAE), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Medical Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname"> Ministry of Interior and Administration</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Varsóvia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PL">Poland</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Varsóvia – Poland</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiac Surgery Unit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Monza</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplant Unit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Niguarda Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Milão</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, Niguarda Hospital, Milão – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiothoracic and vascular Anestesia and Intensive Care</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Niguarda Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Milão</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiothoracic and vascular Anestesia and Intensive Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda Hospital, Milão – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>10</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Mechanical Circulatory Support Program</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Turin</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Turin</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Mechanical Circulatory Support Program, University of Turin, Turin – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>11</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Surgery and Mechanical Circulatory Support Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Wien</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Wien</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AT">Austria</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery and Mechanical Circulatory Support Department, University of Wien, Wien – Austria</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>12</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Surgery Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Faculty</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Faculty, Baltimore – USA</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff13">
				<label>13</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiothoracic Surgery Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Imperial College London</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Heart and Lung Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Londres – United Kingdom</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Alvaro Perazzo • Transplant Center, Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School – University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil – Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP – Brazil Email: <email>alvaro.perazzo@hc.fm.usp.br</email>, <email>alvaro.perazzo@maastrichtuniversity.nl</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>Dr. Lorusso reported speaker fees from Abiomed, member of the Medicao Adivisory Board of Xenios and Eurosets, and consultant contract as well as research grants from Medtronic and LivaNova, all honoraria payed to institution and unreleated to the submitted work. Dr Wiedmann reported consulting / proctoring for Abbott and serving as a scientific advisor fo Xenios. All other authors reported no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250016</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have evolved significantly over the past decades and play a vital role in managing end-stage heart failure, especially as a bridge to heart transplantation. From the pioneering heart-lung machines to third-generation ventricular assist devices (VADs), MCS technology has advanced to provide more durable, efficient, and safer options for both short- and long-term support. This review outlines the historical development of mechanical assist devices, the types of available supports – ranging from intra-aortic balloon pumps and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to implantable devices like HeartMate 3 – and their clinical indications and complications. Special attention is given to right ventricular dysfunction, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, and infections, which remain major challenges in the management of patients with MCS devices. In Brazil, despite the growing evidence supporting MCS in critically ill patients, access remains limited due to financial and systemic constraints. The review explores the current landscape of device availability in the country, national guidelines, cost-effectiveness data, and the impact of recent changes in transplant allocation criteria that prioritize patients receiving mechanical support. Notably, the approval of long-term VADs for destination therapy in the public health system in 2024 marks a significant milestone. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on MCS utilization, highlighting both global advances and Brazil-specific challenges. By identifying gaps in access and proposing future directions, it advocates for expanded use of these life-saving technologies to improve survival and quality of life in advanced heart failure patients.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart-Assist Devices</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="82"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>History and Application of Mechanical Assist Devices as a Bridge to Heart Transplant: A Review and Perspectives in Brazil</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
		</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart transplantation (HTx) has long been the gold standard treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, the limited availability of donor organs and the associated waitlist mortality have prompted growing research in recent years into mechanical circulatory support (MCS) as an alternative solution for managing the challenges of restoring adequate hemodynamic function and ensuring a reasonable quality of life.</p>
			<p>Over the decades, advancements in extracorporeal circulation have paved the way for the development of various devices aimed at assisting the treatment of HF in its advanced stages. This technological evolution has not only reshaped the management of end-stage HF globally but has also found its applications in Brazil, where the need for innovative solutions to address HF is equally critical.</p>
			<p>MCS devices are vital tools in bridging patients to HTx. They promote hemodynamic stability and act as temporary support to extend survival by improving systemic perfusion until a suitable organ becomes available for transplantation. Furthermore, these devices can also provide long-term circulatory assistance as a destination therapy (DT) for those ineligibles for transplant.</p>
			<p>In this context, the present article seeks to conduct a comprehensive review of the most significant MCS devices currently in use across the globe. Furthermore, this analysis extends to evaluating the availability, integration, and clinical outcomes of these technologies within Brazil’s healthcare system. By offering a detailed examination of the status of these devices in Brazil, this review aims to provide an insightful perspective on the current landscape of MCS in the country, highlighting both its achievements and the areas requiring further development and investment, a brief of this work is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>History of mechanical assist devices</title>
				<p>In the 1950s, Dr. John H. Gibbon introduced the “heart-lung machine” to support patients with perioperative complications and prolonged hemodynamic recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Building on this, growing interest in artificial circulation for HF patients led to the launch of a mission-oriented Artificial Heart Program, by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1964, with legislative backing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In 1966, DeBakey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> successfully used the first pneumatically driven paracorporeal left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to support a patient following cardiac surgery. The next year, Dr. Christiaan Barnard<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> performed the first human HTx in Cape Town, and soon after, artificial ventricular technology began to be used as a bridge to transplant (BTT).</p>
				<p>In 1969, Cooley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> described the first use of a total artificial heart (TAH), as an idea of replacing the entire organ with an “artificial pump.” However, the device functioned for only a few days due to numerous complications, including infection, thrombosis, and hemolysis.</p>
				<p>In the following decades, the focus was to develop mechanical pumps to assist the ventricles in providing adequate end-organ perfusion, reducing the risk of major thromboembolic complications, and allowing patients to survive until a compatible organ was available. For this vision to become a reality, the device needed to be rechargeable, easily transportable, and fully functional.</p>
				<p>In 1984, DeVries et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> implanted the first TAH intended for DT, supporting the patient for 112 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> That same year, Portner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported a successful case of BTT using a Novacor implantable electrical LVAD in a patient in cardiogenic shock due to ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In 1994, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA approved the first pneumatically driven LVAD as a BTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Over the years, technological advancements have led to the integration of various mechanical systems as therapeutic options for short- and long-term artificial circulation in patients with advanced HF.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ventricular assistance device (VAD) – First generation (Pulsatile pumps)</title>
				<p>The first-generation LVADs featured unidirectional artificial valves designed to mimic the pulsatile cardiac cycle, with diastolic filling and systolic emptying phases similar to the native heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> These devices could support patients with left, right, or biventricular failure (LVAD, RVAD, or BiVAD, respectively), and their primary objective was to offer long-term circulatory support, making them suitable as a BTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>These first-generation VADs, driven either pneumatically or electrically, included models like the Thoratec HeartMate IP (Implantable Pneumatic), VE (Vented Electric), XVE (Extended Vented Electric), and the Berlin Heart EXCOR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>The HeartMate IP became the first LVAD to receive FDA approval in 1994. Clinical trials for the HeartMate VE began in 1992, and it was approved for DT in 2003, following the positive results of the Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive HF (REMATCH) trial. In this trial, the interventional group demonstrated improved survival compared to medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> An enhanced version of the original HeartMate, the HeartMate XVE, further improved 1-year survival rates in DT patients, 61% versus 52% in REMATCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, despite the survival benefits, many patients implanted with these first-generation pulsatile devices experienced significant adverse events, as infections, ischemic and hemorrhagic neurological injuries, and pump failure. The HeartMate VE (known as HeartMate I) and XVE were both pulsatile flow devices powered by electric motors.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VAD – Second generation (continuous flow)</title>
				<p>The second-generation pumps were much smaller than first-generations ones and featured a single internal rotor with a rotary extra-pericardial pump technology, and a continuous flow. In 1998, the second-generation VAD era began with the clinical use of the DeBakey VAD, a compact axial flow pump system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In 2001, Thoratec introduced the HeartMate II, which became the most widely implanted and studied LVAD of its time. Smaller and lighter than the original HeartMate XVE, it was approved for use in Europe and the USA in 2005, by the FDA as a BTT in 2008, and for DT in 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The HM2 was an axial-flow device designed with textured titanium lined internal surfaces contacting blood, in the attempt to minimize thrombosis. For eight years, from 2009-2017, it was the main LVAD implanted worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In a trial comparing pulsatile devices with the newer generation of continuous-flow devices, a superiority of the latter was demonstrated, regarding both durability and neurological outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Improvements in survival were observed with the growing expertise on both surgical technique and pre- and post-operative management of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nevertheless, despite such better results, and the reduction in severe adverse effects, it had still significant morbidity and mortality in comparison to HTx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VAD – Third generation</title>
				<p>Third-generation VADs have achieved significant advancements by reducing friction to minimize thrombosis within the continuous-flow pump and decreasing size to facilitate minimally invasive implantation techniques. The main examples are the HeartMate 3 and HeartWare Ventricular Assist Device (HVAD) – nowadays not commercially available, implanted directly into the left ventricle, in contrast with the second generation VADs, which are implanted extrapericadially. The HVAD employed a centrifugal impeller with hybrid magnetic/hydrodynamic suspension technology to reduce friction, while the HeartMate 3 features fully magnetic levitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The MOMENTUM 3 trial compared the HeartMate 3 (centrifugal pump), with the HeartMate II (axial pump), in terms of outcomes for BTT and DT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The study involved 366 patients and found that 77.9% of those with the HeartMate 3 survived without disabling stroke or reoperation over a two-year follow-up, compared to 56.4% in the HeartMate II group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The HeartMate 3 also showed lower rates of pump thrombosis and ischemic stroke than the HeartMate II. There were no significant differences in sepsis, driveline infection, bleeding, right HF, arrhythmia, respiratory failure, renal dysfunction, hemolysis not associated to pump thrombosis, or hepatic dysfunction.</p>
				<p>For five years, from 2012 to 2017, the HVAD pump was commonly used, also in children based on its smaller size compared to HeartMate 3. However, it was recalled by the FDA, and Medtronic ceased distribution in June 2021 due to increased risks of neurological events and mortality, associated with the internal pump and its ability to restart if it stopped.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A study by The Society of Thoracic Surgery showed significantly higher mortality associated with hybrid levitation LVADs compared with fully magnetic levitation, with a survival at one year of 88% versus 79%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nonetheless the risk associated with HVAD and HeartMate 3 exchange surpassed the risk of maintaining the HVAD with frequent monitoring.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Types of mechanical assist devices</title>
				<p>Mechanical assist devices can be classified based on duration (short or long-term), assisted ventricle (right ventricle, left ventricle, or biventricular), position relative to the patient (paracorporeal or implantable), and insertion technique (percutaneous, dissection, or surgical). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows mechanical assist devices available in Brazil.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Mechanical assist devices available in Brazil</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="11">SHORT-TERM DEVICES</th>
									<th colspan="2">LONG-TERM DEVICES</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">IABP*</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">TandemHeart</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Impella</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">CentriMag*</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Berlin Heart EXCOR*</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">ECMO venoarterial*</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">HeartMate 2*</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">HeartMate 3*</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">CP*</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">5.0*</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">LD*</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">RP</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Ventricular assistance</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="5">LV</td>
									<td align="center">RV</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">LV and/or RV</td>
									<td align="center">LV and RV</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">LV</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Implantation</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Percutaneous</td>
									<td align="center">Dissection</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Percutaneous</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Surgical</td>
									<td align="center">Percutaneous / surgical</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Surgical</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Mechanism</td>
									<td>Flow</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Counterpulsation in aorta artery</td>
									<td align="center">Centrifugal</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Axial</td>
									<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
									<td align="center">Pulsátil</td>
									<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
									<td align="center">Axial</td>
									<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Inflow</td>
									<td align="center">Left atrium (transseptal through the right atrium)</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Left ventricle</td>
									<td align="center">Right atrium</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">VAD-R: right atrium VAD-L: left atrium or apex of the left ventricle</td>
									<td align="center">Right atrium</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Apex of the left ventricle</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Outflow</td>
									<td align="center">Femoral artery</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Aorta artery</td>
									<td align="center">Pulmonary artery</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">VAD-R: Pulmonary artery VAD-L: Aorta artery</td>
									<td align="center">Aorta artery</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Aorta artery</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Assistance time</td>
									<td align="center">Up to 30 days</td>
									<td align="center">Up to 30 days</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Up to 7 days</td>
									<td align="center">Up to 30 days</td>
									<td align="center">Up to 90 days</td>
									<td align="center">Up to 20 days</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Maximal flow</td>
									<td align="center">0,5-1L/min</td>
									<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">3,7 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">5 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">5 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 10 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 8 L/min</td>
									<td align="center">&gt;4,5 L/min</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2"> </td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt01.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt02.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt03.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt04.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt05.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt06.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt07.jpg"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt08.jpg"/>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt01.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt02.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt03.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt04.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt05.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt06.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt07.tif"/>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt08.tif"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Short-term devices</title>
				<p>Short-term devices are defined by their limited duration of use (dependent on the device) and currently include the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), TandemHeart, Impella CP, Impella 5.0, Impella RP, and CentriMag. The HeartMate is the primary long-term device currently available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump: The IABP is the most widely available and used device in Brazil. It is inserted percutaneously via the femoral or subclavian artery, working with an aortic balloon inflating during diastole to increase coronary perfusion and deflating during systole to reduce left ventricular (LV) afterload. It offers hemodynamic support of approximately 0.5-1L/min for the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Impella: Also inserted percutaneously, Impella offers various models with a continuous axial flow pump, inserted through the femoral or axillary arteries into the left ventricle (or via the femoral vein into the right ventricle), providing hemodynamic support based on the selected model. For LV support, Impella CP delivers 3.7L/min, and Impella 5.0 provides 5L/min. Impella RP is designed for right ventricular support, offering up to 4L/min. In Brazil, available models include Impella CP, Impella 5.0, and Impella LD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>TandemHeart: This device is implanted through the femoral vessels, possibly percutaneously. It involves a draining cannula implanted from the femoral vein up to the left atrium through a transseptal atrial puncture and a perfusion cannula inserted into the femoral artery. Its purpose is to drain blood from the left atrium and to pump the already oxygenated blood into the iliofemoral arterial system, providing around 4L/min of support for the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>CentriMag and EXCOR: Both paracorporeal devices are available in Brazil. CentriMag is a continuous centrifugal flow device with a free-floating contact-free magnetically levitated rotor. It is surgically implanted for left or right ventricular support.EXCOR, another paracorporeal device, delivers pulsatile flow and can support both ventricles, offering 8L/min of flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Both devices are implanted through thoracotomy and pump blood from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery when supporting the right ventricle and from the left atrium or LV apex to the ascending aorta when supporting the left ventricle, providing up to 10L/min of flow. While the CentriMag has an approved duration of use of 30 days, the EXCOR can be used for longer periods of time, being considered a long-term pediatric device in the USA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: ECMO is the mechanical assist device of choice to multiple configurations for single ventricle, biventricular or respiratory support. It can be implanted percutaneously or via surgical dissection, either centrally or peripherally, and is classified as veno-arterial (V-A) or veno-venous (V-V). V-A ECMO provides both circulatory and respiratory support, while V-V ECMO only provides respiratory support. The flow can exceed 4.5L/min, adjusted according to hemodynamic needs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Long-term devices</title>
				<p>The most widely used long-term device in Brazil is the HeartMate 3. This third-generation device, following the HeartMate 1 and 2, operates using continuous centrifugal flow with magnetic levitation, providing LV support with a reduced complication rate compared to previous models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical indications</title>
				<p>Circulatory assist devices, whether short or medium-term, can be utilized in situations requiring immediate hemodynamic support due to the high risk of death from HF. These devices can be temporarily employed as a BTT, for cardiac recovery, or as a bridge to decision when neurological prognosis is uncertain, or when there is a fine balance between increased survival and compromised quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>There is no exact definition of when to initiate MCS, but in patients with cardiogenic shock and persistent hypoperfusion despite pharmacological optimization of pre- or afterload (SCAI C, D, or E / INTERMACS 2 or 1), early initiation may mitigate the consequences of systemic hypoperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The ideal outcome involves balancing the level of hemodynamic support offered with the risk of complications. The choice of support involves the clinical and laboratory phenotype of the patient and the care goals. The experience of the team and institution should also be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The primary clinical indication for MCS is in the setting of cardiogenic shock, particularly in patients with acutely decompensated chronic HF. The decision to use it should be based on clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic parameters, evidenced by sustained hypotension (systolic blood pressure, SBP &lt;90mmHg and/or mean arterial pressure, MAP &lt;65mmHg) with a cardiac index ≤ 2.2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ≥ 15mmHg, and markers of systemic hypoperfusion (urine output &lt;30mL/h, altered level of consciousness, cold extremities, and lactate &gt;2mmol/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes clinical indications and rationale behind MCS devices.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical indications and rationale for mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Clinical Indication</th>
									<th>Rationale</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
									<td align="center">Hemodynamics refractory to pharmacotherapy, acute myocardial infarction or heart failure related</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Advanced heart failure</td>
									<td align="center">Preoperative optimization</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Bridge to recovery, decision or durable therapy. Adapted from: Salter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In patients with contraindications (fixed pulmonary hypertension or sensitized immunological panel) or those who do not wish to undergo HTx, long-term devices have been used as bridge to candidacy or as DT. The development of modern devices, such as the HeartMate 3, with a lower incidence of complications, has proven ideal, especially for this patient profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The selection of MCS should be integrated with the patient’s needs and the technical capacity of the service, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. The contraindications inherent to each device should also be considered, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Patient-tailored considerations for mechanical circulatory support device selection</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Patient Needs</th>
									<th>Technical Capabilities</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Hemodynamic intensity deficit</td>
									<td align="center">Complication risk</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uni/biventricular Failure</td>
									<td align="center">Operator expertise</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Therapeutic Goal</td>
									<td align="center">Institutional experience</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Adapted from: Upadhyay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparison of mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Device</th>
									<th>Level of cardiac output support</th>
									<th>Contraindications</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
									<td align="center">+/–</td>
									<td align="center">Moderate-to-severe aortic valve insufficiency, severe peripheral vascular disease, aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Microaxial flow pump (Impella CP)</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">Moderate-to-severe aortic valve insufficiency, left ventricular thrombus, mechanical aortic valve, severe peripheral vascular disease, aortic dissection</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CentriMag (surgical)</td>
									<td align="center">++++</td>
									<td align="center">Complications of sternotomy or thoracotomy, bleeding, stroke</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ECMO V-A</td>
									<td align="center">++++</td>
									<td align="center">Limb ischaemia, pulmonary oedema, intracardiac thrombus, stroke.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HeartMate 3</td>
									<td align="center">++++</td>
									<td align="center">Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Adapted from: Salter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical practice</title>
				<p>MCS devices are associated with various complications that are generally time-dependent and that can significantly impact prognosis. These complications must be rigorously monitored and managed and most commonly occur within the first 90 days post-implant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Below are the key complications related to the use of MCS devices.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Mechanical complications</title>
					<p>Mechanical complications are inherent to the use of any circulatory support device, especially with prolonged dependency. These issues can arise from device component failures, improper placement, or structural wear due to continuous use.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Device failure<bold>:</bold> All MCS devices can experience malfunctions that compromise circulatory support effectiveness. For instance, IABP failures can occur due to improper positioning, reducing the efficacy of counter-pulsation or causing arterial injuries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> With the Impella, issues may include catheter fracture, myocardial perforation, and rotary system failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Mechanical wear<bold>:</bold> Prolonged use of devices such as LVAD can lead to wear of internal components and misalignment of rotors, compromising adequate blood flow. On the other hand, the most common technical issues with durable MCS devices are related to external components, including driveline rupture, controller and battery changes. These mechanical failures may require device revision or replacement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> In case of LVAD as BTT, mechanical failure may represent an indication to prioritization of the patient on the HT waitlist, depending on the severity of the complication.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limb Ischemia</title>
					<p>Limb ischemia is a complication particularly associated with devices requiring femoral access, such as the IABP, Impella, and V-A ECMO.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Causes<bold>:</bold> The insertion of large-bore cannulas in MCS devices can impede distal blood flow, leading to lower limb ischemia. Studies report that this complication occurs in up to 10% of patients with V-A ECMO due to prolonged use of large-diameter femoral cannulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Impella use has also shown a high rate of limb ischemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> with studies showing 0,07 – 10% reported incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Prevention: Measures such as using ultrasound to guide vascular puncture and employing smaller cannulas can reduce risk. In many cases, the placement of distal perfusion cannulas beyond the main insertion site is necessary to maintain adequate limb blood flow and prevent severe ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Infections</title>
					<p>Infections are among the most frequent complications in long-term MCS, such as LVADs – the 2020 INTERMACS registry report shows 41% of infection at one year post implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> They can present as insertion site infections, systemic involvement, or infections related to external components.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>
								<underline>Insertion site, driveline and pump infections</underline>
								<underline><bold>:</bold></underline> The LVAD driveline, which crosses the skin, is a common entry point for pathogens and is particularly susceptible to chronic infections. Infection rates at the driveline site range from 20% to 40%, making this one of the leading causes of hospitalization and morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> Pump infection in BTT patients is an indication for urgent transplant.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Localized and systemic Infections<bold>:</bold> Infections can progress to sepsis, especially in immunosuppressed or debilitated patients, significantly increasing mortality risk. Patients with implantable devices are frequently exposed to infections from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, typical pathogens in hospital-acquired infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> LVAD patients have especially increased susceptibility for LVAD-related related infections, such as endocarditis and mediastinitis, which can occur in patients not on MCSDs but are more commonly observed in LVAD recipients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Thrombosis and Hemorrhage</title>
					<p>Anticoagulation is essential for preventing thrombosis in MCSDs; however, it also significantly increases the risk of hemorrhagic complications.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Thrombosis<bold>:</bold> Thrombus formation can occur in both short- and long-term devices. In LVADs, blood stasis in the left ventricle, combined with prolonged contact between blood and non-biological surfaces, can lead to intracavitary thrombosis, increasing the risk of systemic embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> When comparing second and third generation LVADs it is important to note that the MOMENTUM 3 trial showed significantly lower pump thrombosis incidence on third generation devices, dropping from 8-10% rates at one year for the HVAD and HeartMate2 to 1.4% for the HeartMate3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> In temporary MCS, the oxygenator is the component more prone to thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Hemorrhage<bold>:</bold> Systemic anticoagulation, necessary to prevent thrombosis in devices such as ECMO, significantly raises the risk of bleeding, with intracranial hemorrhages being the most feared due to their catastrophic potential. Studies indicate that 5% to 10% of ECMO patients develop severe hemorrhagic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> For LVAD recipients, hemorrhagic complications are most frequently related to hematologic alterations related to the continuous flow resulting in acquired von Willebrand Factor deficiency and platelet disfunction. In general, studies show that approximately 33% of patients experience major bleedings, 50% of which occurs in the gastrointestinal tract.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Balancing anticoagulation and bleeding risk<bold>:</bold> Anticoagulation management requires constant monitoring, using parameters such as activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and international normalized ratio (INR). Anticoagulation strategies can be adjusted according to the patient’s thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> findings for the MOMENTUM 3 and MAGNETUM 1 trials tend support lower intensity anticoagulation in HeartMate3 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Stroke</title>
					<p>Stroke is a critical complication associated with MCS devices and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Strokes can occur in both ischemic and hemorrhagic forms, resulting from the need for anticoagulation, hemodynamic alterations, or the presence of non-biological surfaces that promote thrombus formation. The incidence of stroke varies by device type and patient profile. In patients with LVADs, the ischemic stroke rate is approximately 10% to 20%, while hemorrhagic stroke is less common but potentially more lethal. The most critical time is the early post operative period, which requires close monitoring: 50% of stokes occur within the first seven days and 70% of those within the first 48 hours after surgery, reducing significantly the risk at two months after the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> It is important to highlight the significant reduction in stroke risk for HeartMate3 patients, who have a 77% lower risk compared to those with second generation LVADs. In ECMO patients, cerebral hemorrhagic events occur in about 5% to 10% of cases, with a steep increase in incidence after 10 days of support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Ischemic Stroke<bold>:</bold> This is the most common type of stroke associated with LVADs and other devices, caused by thrombus formation in the left ventricle or on the device’s non-biological surfaces. Other related risk factors include atrial fibrillation, diabetes and reduced anticoagulation due to hemorrhagic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> These thrombi can embolize into the arterial system, leading to cerebral infarctions. Blood stasis in the left ventricle, especially in patients with inadequate anticoagulation or severe ventricular dysfunction, increases the risk of thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Hemorrhagic Stroke<bold>:</bold> Anticoagulants, necessary to prevent thrombosis in ECMO, LVAD, or Impella patients, increase the risk of severe bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage. This type of stroke is frequently related to coagulopathy induced by the MCS itself, especially in ECMO, where continuous anticoagulation is critical to prevent thrombi formation in the circuit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup>Studies show that infection and hypertension with mean arterial pressure ≥ 90mmHg are also associated with increased hemorrhagic stroke risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Right ventricular dysfunction in long-term devices</title>
					<p>Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is a frequent complication in patients with long-term devices like LVAD, occurring in up to 30% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Etiology<bold>:</bold> After LVAD implantation, increased venous return to the right side of the heart, combined with the right ventricle’s inability to cope with the additional load, and the leftward shifting of the ventricular septum can lead to severe RVD. This problem is exacerbated in patients with pre-existing RVD or pulmonary hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> which <italic>per se</italic> may be a contraindication to LVAD implantation.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Clinical impact<underline>:</underline> RVD can result in systemic venous congestion, leading to liver and kidney dysfunction. Moreover, improper LV filling due to RVD might lead to improper LVAD functioning with significantly decrease in cardiac output. Mortality associated with RVD in LVAD patients is significantly elevated, making it one of the leading causes of post-implantation complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Management<underline>:</underline> Treatment includes optimizing preload and using inotropic support for the RV. In severe cases, BiVADs may be required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Left ventricular distension in ECMO</title>
					<p>LV distension is a common and severe complication in patients on V-A ECMO.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Causes: V-A ECMO increases LV afterload by delivering retrograde flow into the aorta, which can prevent effective ventricular emptying, also interfering with aortic valve opening, leading to LV distension and subsequent pulmonary congestion. This complication is more common in patients with mitral insufficiency or low ventricular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Consequences: LV distension can cause severe pulmonary congestion, increase the risk of thrombus formation within the ventricle, and impair cardiac recovery. If left untreated, it can exacerbate LV failure and compromise ECMO’s effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> As a matter of fact, various unloading systems and configurations have been described to prevent LV distension in V-A ECMO, such as pulmonary artery cannula, apical venting or combined adoption of Impella (i.e. ECPELLA).</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Guidelines for the use of mechanical circulatory support devices</title>
					<p>Leading international societies such as the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) have published evidence-based guidelines to assist in decision-making regarding the use of MCS devices. These guidelines provide recommendations on indications, contraindications, and management of both short- and long-term devices, including their use as a BTT, DT, and in cases of cardiogenic shock. Main recommendations of these guidelines are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Indications for mechanical circulatory support devices according to different societies</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Indication</th>
										<th>Brazilian society of Cardiology (SBC)</th>
										<th>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT)</th>
										<th>European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</th>
										<th>American Heart Association (AHA) / American College of Cardiology (ACC)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Bridge to Transplantation</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended for patients with end-stage heart failure on the heart transplant waiting list (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended for hemodynamic stabilization in patients awaiting heart transplantation (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence A)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Should be carefully evaluated through a multidisciplinary approach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended for patients with advanced heart failure refractory to medical treatment (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bridge to Recovery</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended in cases of potentially reversible acute heart failure, such as myocarditis, until ventricular function recovers (Class IIa Recommendation, Level of Evidence C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bridge to Decision</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended for patients with uncertain prognosis, as a temporary solution until a definitive clinical decision (Class IIa Recommendation, Level of Evidence C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended in unstable patients whose clinical viability is still being assessed (Class IIa Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Destination Therapy</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended for patients with left ventricular heart failure who are ineligible for transplant, as of December 2024<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended to improve survival and quality of life (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Should be carefully evaluated through a multidisciplinary approach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">Recommended to improve survival (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence A)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Refractory Cardiogenic Shock / Advanced Chronic Heart Failure</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">Short-term devices are recommended in patients with cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medical therapy (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence B) Long-term devices are recommended in patients with severe and irreversible ventricular dysfunction (Class I Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Temporary Support for High Risk Procedures</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">Short-term devices are recommended in high-risk patients requiring invasive procedures like revascularization (Class IIa Recommendation, Level of Evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The guidelines also establish contraindications for the use of mechanical VADs. The main absolute contraindications include:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Severe Aortic Insufficiency<bold>:</bold> Significant aortic insufficiency prevents the effective operation of the device, especially in long-term devices like LVAD, as regurgitation through the aortic valve can cause LV volume overload, increasing the risk of distension and HF.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Intracavitary thrombi<bold>:</bold> The presence of thrombi in the heart chambers is a major contraindication, as using mechanical devices like Impella or LVAD can increase the risk of systemic embolism, leading to potentially fatal events such as stroke or peripheral embolism.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Aortic dissection: Patients with aortic dissection are contraindicated for short term MCS devices due to the risk of exacerbating the aortic lesion and rupture during assisted circulation. On the other hand, in some cases of post cardiotomy, the ECMO can be used in dissection patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>In addition to these absolute contraindications, the guidelines also list relative contraindications depending on the patient’s clinical status and response to therapy. Patients with active sepsis or uncontrolled infections are contraindicated for long-term devices, as the risk of mortality significantly increases due to infection spread. Likewise, irreversible multi-organ dysfunction, particularly involving the liver and kidneys, is considered a major contraindication, as it compromises the potential benefits of the device and increases perioperative complications and short-term mortality.</p>
					<p>In the context of short-term devices, such as V-A ECMO, ESC and AHA/ACC guidelines emphasize that patients with severe LV failure and inability to decompress the ventricle may experience worsened cardiac function due to ECMO-induced retrograde flow. Moreover, pre-existing coagulopathy or a high risk of bleeding contraindicate ECMO use due to the need for continuous anticoagulation and the risk of severe hemorrhagic complications, such as intracranial hemorrhage.</p>
					<p>Finally, all guidelines highlight the importance of a rigorous multidisciplinary evaluation to identify these contraindications before deciding to implant devices. Preoperative evaluation should include not only hemodynamic parameters and ventricular function but also a thorough examination of comorbidities and the patient’s overall condition to avoid implantation in high-risk scenarios. Careful selection is crucial to ensure that patients benefit with minimal complications, optimizing both short- and long-term outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Right ventricular dysfunction in LVAD patients</title>
			<p>RVD is a well-documented and critical complication in patients receiving LVADs, and all guidelines emphasize the importance of careful assessment of right ventricular function prior to device implantation. The ISHLT, ESC, and AHA/ACC guidelines classify RVD as a significant limiting factor in the implantation of LVADs.</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>The ISHLT</bold> emphasizes that up to 30% of patients who receive an LVAD develop significant RVD after implantation, which increases mortality and prolongs hospitalization. In these cases, the use of biventricular support (BiVAD) or temporary right VADs, such as the Impella RP or RVAD, may need to be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>The ESC guidelines</bold> highlight that pre-existing RVD is one of the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes following LVAD implantation and recommend that all patients undergo evaluation of RV function before implantation (Class I, Level of Evidence B). In patients at high risk of RV dysfunction, consideration should be given to using BiVAD support or temporary RV devices to minimize systemic congestion and improve pulmonary flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>The AHA/ACC guidelines</bold> also emphasize that RVD post-LVAD implantation is a severe complication, often resulting from the volume overload imposed on the right ventricle due to the increased venous return to the right heart following LV decompression. Management of RVD includes inotropic support, optimization of preload, and, in more severe cases, the use of temporary RV support devices (Class IIa, Level of Evidence B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>All the guidelines are unanimous in stressing that pre-implant assessment of RV function is critical for predicting the need for additional RV support. Patients with severe RVD and significant systemic congestion may not be suitable candidates for isolated LVAD implantation, and biventricular support should be considered in these cases. Additionally, continuous monitoring of right ventricular function post-implant is essential, with early interventions to prevent hemodynamic complications and ventricular failure. In patients with borderline RV function, it has been described a staged procedure where trial LV support either via Impella or via paracorporeal LVAD is attempted to evaluate the consequent RV response. Such approach might provide further information about durable LVAD implantation eligibility.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Overview in Brazil</title>
			<p>The use of MCS devices is a substantial element in the treatment of cardiogenic shock approved in Brazil. Although included in both international and Brazilian guidelines for this condition, the current landscape reveals a lack of financial support and encouragement from healthcare agencies for their use in the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Despite advances in therapeutic options, patients often have no option for HTx or circulatory support devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There is limited available data regarding the usage and cost of this technology at a national level, directing evaluation based on international scenarios. Cost-effectiveness studies compared Impella and IABP and showed an incremental cost effectiveness ratio varying from €38,069/$52,063 e €31,727/$43,390 per year of life saved and adjusted for quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> This is especially relevant considering that 53.8% of HTx patients from 2013 to 2024 (528 consecutive heart transplants) in the largest Brazilian heart transplant center used IABP. Furthermore, other evidence estimates an average value between $85,025 a $1,257,946 US Canadian dollars per year of life saved and adjusted for quality, among the various assistance devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup> In addition, it is estimated that 24% of patients selected for transplantation die while still on the waiting list, whereas these devices are responsible for survival rates exceeding 70% in one year, creating the possibility of transplantation for many assisted patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The first experience with MCS devices in the country is reported in 1994, used in a Chagas patient as a bridge therapy for successful transplantation. The equipment was developed by the bioengineering service of the Heart Institute (InCor) of the General Hospital of University of São Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil). Meanwhile, the first reported case of a patient being discharged after implanting an implantable ventricular assist device and subsequent transplantation occurred in 2012 (Berlin Heart INCOR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
			<p>According to approval and registration by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), the main temporary devices currently available in Brazil include IABP counterpulsation; ECMO; TandemHeart; Impella (CP); CentriMag and Berlin Heart EXCOR. As for long-term devices available in Brazil, HeartMate III and Berlin Heart INCOR are the main ones.</p>
			<p>Counter-pulsation systems were experimentally described starting in 1952 by Adrian Kantrowitz, with the development of the IABP by Moulopoulos in the 1960s. Despite evidence of the superiority of other temporary devices, the IABP remains the most accessible and easy-to-implant device, with lower cost and fewer complications when compared to others. It enables implantation in healthcare facilities without cardiac surgery or hemodynamic services available, facilitating its broader diffusion and remaining the most widely used circulatory support device in the country. Some of the available brands in the country include Maquet, Getinge, and Arrow/Teleflex, with the equipment device average found about R$60,000,00 or R$172,000.00. When analyzed the price related with the procedure, the estimated cost is around R$3,700,00 and R$11,588.72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Finally, despite ECMO use initiate in the 1970s, in Brazil, it was only in 2016 that a formal recommendation was made with the Mechanical Circulatory Support Guidelines of the SBC and the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM – opinion 42/2017), no longer considering it as an experimental procedure. ECMO is now widely used as a BTT or recovery. Currently, 22 centers (across 11 cities) are accredited in the country for its use, authorized by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO LATINO-AMERICA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> an institution involved in the care and training for the use of this device. The country’s most populous capitals have the equipment, especially in São Paulo, with 10 certified hospitals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> This number may be considered insufficient compared to the demand and volume of transplants performed when compared to other countries, such as the U.S., where 48 cities and hundreds of centers have availability.</p>
			<p>There has been greater dissemination of MCS devices after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) due to the high number of patients with respiratory failure caused by the Sars-CoV-2 infection. This movement allowed for the expansion of equipment availability in services across the country, including its use as a circulatory support device. However, it remains a high-cost therapy with low accessibility outside referral centers. The estimated cost per patient ranges from 55,000 to 155,000 Brazilian reals, varying by manufacturer, but with evidence of cost-effectiveness in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> The registered companies authorized to commercialize ECMO in Brazil include Eurosets, Maquet, Nipro, and Sorin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Recent adjustments in HTx allocation criteria in Brazil have significantly influenced outcomes, particularly for patients requiring MCS. Inspired by changes introduced by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) in the U.S., these modifications were designed to reduce waiting list mortality and ensure that the most critically ill patients receive priority for HTx. In 2020, the state of São Paulo adopted these revised prioritization levels, which have notably benefited patients supported by ECMO or IABP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The revised system established three distinct prioritization levels:</p>
			<list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>First condition (highest priority)</bold>: Patients requiring acute retransplantation within 30 days post-transplant, those on V-A ECMO, or those requiring short- to medium-term mechanical circulatory assistance.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Second condition</bold>: Patients supported by an IABP, those with malfunctioning mechanical circulatory devices, or patients on artificial ventilation due to HF decompensation.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Third condition</bold>: Patients in cardiogenic shock requiring one or more inotropes for more than six months, patients on long-term MCS with complications, patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy with refractory angina, and those with congenital heart disease. After six months of continuous prioritization in this group, patients are elevated to the second priority level, improving their chances for HTx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>These changes have already shown positive impacts, particularly in reducing waiting times and mortality rates among ECMO-supported patients. Patients prioritized by inotropic therapy now benefit from automatic elevation in status after 180 days, leading to an increased likelihood of receiving a transplant. Early studies at major transplant centers, such as the Heart Institute (InCor), confirmed that these new criteria significantly improved outcomes for critically ill patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> While the initial results are promising, further research is required to assess the long-term effects of these changes across the country.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Future perspectives</title>
			<p>Despite considerable technological progress in VAD therapy over the last decades, the significant rate of complications and impaired quality-of-life are still significant challenges, making them far from optimal for patients with end-stage HF. Future VADs should target long-term survival rates comparable to HTx. Incremental improvements, such as enhanced blood-pump interfaces and impeller designs, aim to improve hemocompatibility. More ambitious goals include developing VADs that dynamically adjust flow and replicate natural pulsatile patterns. Fully implantable devices and machines with autonomous adaptation to physiological needs could optimize performance. All these advancements may eventually surpass the outcomes of HTx.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The history and application of MCS devices, particularly as a BTT, have significantly evolved over the past few decades. In Brazil, however, despite the technological advancements in MCS, the access to these devices remains limited due to financial constraints and infrastructural challenges. The availability of MCS devices is dependent on the public healthcare system and supplementary healthcare, where private hospitals provide services to the public sector to satisfy the demand. Nevertheless, these devices remain critical in managing end-stage HF, especially in cases where HTx is delayed due to organ scarcity.</p>
			<p>Mechanical assist devices have proven effective in improving patient outcomes, offering a vital solution for those awaiting HTx, with significant reduction in adverse events and improved quality of life due to the development of third generation devices. Yet, complications such as RVD, device thrombosis, and infection continue to pose challenges, highlighting the need for improved patient selection and postoperative care.</p>
			<p>Brazil’s experience with these devices reflects global trends, with the first successful use of MCS in a Chagas disease patient in 1994 marking the country’s entry into this field. Additionally, recent revisions in HTx allocation criteria in São Paulo, influenced by international guidelines, have improved transplant outcomes by prioritizing patients with mechanical support. However, continuous research and investment are crucial to expand access to these life-saving technologies across the country and ensure the long-term sustainability of MCS therapies.</p>
			<p>In conclusion, while MCS technologies offer substantial benefits for patients with advanced HF, Brazil must continue to address the systemic barriers that limit their use, expanding accessibility and optimizing patient management. Notably, the approval of LVADs as DT in the public healthcare sector as of December 2024 marks a significant milestone and is an example of innovative politics that will be vital to increase survival rates and quality of life of patients with end-stage HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dukkipati</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Serrao</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moss</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices: Practical Considerations for All Stakeholders</article-title>
					<source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>263</fpage>
					<lpage>277</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-022-00796-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B82">
				<label>82</label>
				<mixed-citation>82. Upadhyay R, Alrayes H, Arno S, Kaushik M, Basir MB. Current Landscape of Temporary Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Technology. US Cardiol. 2021;15:e21. doi: 10.15420/usc.2021.15.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Upadhyay</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alrayes</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arno</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaushik</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Basir</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Current Landscape of Temporary Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Technology</article-title>
					<source>US Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<elocation-id>e21</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/usc.2021.15</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label/>
				<p>This paper was jointly developed by the ABC Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy and Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery and jointly published by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal`s style. Either citation can be used when citing this article.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250016</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>História e Aplicação dos Dispositivos de Assistência Mecânica como Ponte para Transplante Cardíaco: Revisão e Perspectivas no Brasil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9854-2788</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Perazzo</surname>
						<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1615-2557</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaiotto</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-2305</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5192-4817</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaspar</surname>
						<given-names>Shirlyne Fabianni Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7589-0202</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faria</surname>
						<given-names>Vanessa Simioni</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-3281-904X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Rebeca Cavalcante Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2780-2073</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carbonera</surname>
						<given-names>Aline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0008-3451</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guazzelli</surname>
						<given-names>Danielle Louvet</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1015-6138</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gamboa</surname>
						<given-names>Jael Andrea Rioja</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9749-5166</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ideal</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo Flud</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8076-5719</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Helen Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8420-402X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Falcão</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Targino Gomes</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9427-1252</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Andre Loureiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2207-5256</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Hermanny</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4002-0169</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Steffen</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Lambert</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7923-8651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Limongi</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3803-4612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Varjão</surname>
						<given-names>Renato Leal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7857-9863</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Seguro</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7637-6485</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aulicino</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8822-5997</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7033-8616</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Ronaldo Honorato Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3615-4517</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lourenço</surname>
						<given-names>Domingos Dias</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5478-3245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kowalewski</surname>
						<given-names>Mariusz</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5250-1796</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ronco</surname>
						<given-names>Daniele</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0694-2747</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Matteucci</surname>
						<given-names>Matteo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7356-9036</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meani</surname>
						<given-names>Paolo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9002"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5439-1420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Russo</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Francesco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2611-5626</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mauro</surname>
						<given-names>Michele di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2238-1399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mariani</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3689-0477</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loforte</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10002"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2055-8293</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wiedmann</surname>
						<given-names>Dominik</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11002"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bacal</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3225-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Whitman</surname>
						<given-names>Glenn</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12002"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6587-1603</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Punjabi</surname>
						<given-names>Prakash</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13002"><sup>13</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1777-2045</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lorusso</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jatene</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Transplante do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="NL">Holanda</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Cardiovascular Research Centre Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht – Holanda</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein (FICSAE), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="PL">Polônia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Varsóvia – Polônia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8002">
				<label>8</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Department, Niguarda Hospital, Milão – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9002">
				<label>9</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiothoracic and vascular Anestesia and Intensive Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda, Milão – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10002">
				<label>10</label>
				<country country="IT">Itália</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Mechanical Circulatory Support Program, University of Turin, Turin – Itália</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11002">
				<label>11</label>
				<country country="AT">Áustria</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiac Surgery and Mechanical Circulatory Support Department, University of Wien, Wien – Áustria</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12002">
				<label>12</label>
				<country country="US">EUA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Faculty, Baltimore – EUA</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff13002">
				<label>13</label>
				<country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Londres – Reino Unido</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Alvaro Perazzo • Núcleo de Transplante do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: alvaro.perazzo@hc.fm.usp.br, alvaro.perazzo@maastrichtuniversity.nl </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>O Dr. Lorusso relatou honorários de palestrante da Abiomed, membro do Conselho Administrativo de Medicina da Xenios e Eurosets, e contrato de consultoria, bem como bolsas de pesquisa da Medtronic e LivaNova, todos honorários pagos à instituição e não relacionados ao trabalho submetido. O Dr. Wiedmann relatou consultoria/supervisão para a Abbott e atuação como consultor científico para a Xenios. Todos os outros autores relataram não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Os dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) evoluíram significativamente nas últimas décadas e desempenham um papel vital no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca em estágio terminal, especialmente como ponte para transplante cardíaco. Desde as pioneiras máquinas coração-pulmão até os dispositivos de assistência ventricular (DAVs) de terceira geração, a tecnologia SCM avançou para oferecer opções mais duráveis, eficientes e seguras tanto para suporte de curto quanto de longo prazo. Esta revisão descreve o desenvolvimento histórico dos dispositivos de assistência mecânica, os tipos de suporte disponíveis – que vão desde bombas de balão intra-aórtico e oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea até dispositivos implantáveis como o HeartMate 3 – e suas indicações clínicas e complicações. Atenção especial é dada à disfunção do ventrículo direito, complicações tromboembólicas e hemorrágicas, e infecções, que continuam sendo desafios importantes no manejo de pacientes com dispositivos de SCM. No Brasil, apesar das evidências crescentes que apoiam o uso de SCM em pacientes críticos, o acesso continua limitado devido a restrições financeiras e sistêmicas. A revisão explora o cenário atual da disponibilidade desses dispositivos no país, as diretrizes nacionais, os dados de custo-efetividade e o impacto das recentes mudanças nos critérios de alocação de transplantes, que priorizam pacientes que recebem suporte mecânico. Destaca-se, ainda, a aprovação dos DAVs de longo prazo como terapia de destino no sistema público de saúde em 2024, um marco significativo. Esta revisão oferece uma perspectiva abrangente sobre a utilização de SCM, destacando tanto os avanços globais quanto os desafios específicos do Brasil. Ao identificar lacunas no acesso e propor direções futuras, defende a ampliação do uso dessas tecnologias que salvam vidas para melhorar a sobrevivência e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Cirurgia Torácica</kwd>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Coração Auxiliar</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>História e Aplicação dos Dispositivos de Assistência Mecânica como Ponte para Transplante Cardíaco: Revisão e Perspectivas no Brasil</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O transplante cardíaco (TxC) tem sido há muito tempo o tratamento padrão-ouro para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) em estágio terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, a disponibilidade limitada de órgãos de doadores e a mortalidade associada à lista de espera impulsionaram pesquisas crescentes nos últimos anos sobre o suporte circulatório mecânico (SCM) como uma solução alternativa para enfrentar os desafios de restaurar a função hemodinâmica adequada e garantir uma qualidade de vida razoável.</p>
				<p>Ao longo das décadas, os avanços na circulação extracorpórea abriram caminho para o desenvolvimento de diversos dispositivos destinados a auxiliar o tratamento da IC em seus estágios avançados. Essa evolução tecnológica não apenas remodelou o manejo da IC em estágio terminal globalmente, mas também encontrou aplicações no Brasil, onde a necessidade de soluções inovadoras para enfrentar a IC é igualmente crítica.</p>
				<p>Os dispositivos de SCM atuam como ponte entre pacientes e HTx. Eles promovem estabilidade hemodinâmica e atuam como suporte temporário para prolongar a sobrevivência, melhorando a perfusão sistêmica até que um órgão adequado esteja disponível para transplante. Além disso, esses dispositivos também podem fornecer assistência circulatória de longo prazo como terapia de destino para aqueles inelegíveis para transplante.</p>
				<p>Neste contexto, o presente artigo busca realizar uma revisão abrangente dos principais dispositivos de SCM atualmente usados ao redor do mundo. Além disso, essa análise estende-se à avaliação da disponibilidade, integração e desfechos clínicos dessas tecnologias dentro do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Ao oferecer um exame detalhado do status desses dispositivos no Brasil, esta revisão visa fornecer uma perspectiva esclarecedora sobre o cenário atual do SCM no país, destacando tanto suas conquistas quanto as áreas que ainda necessitam de maior desenvolvimento e investimento. Um resumo deste trabalho é apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
				<p/>
				<sec>
					<title>História dos dispositivos de suporte mecânico</title>
					<p>Nos anos 50, o Dr. John H. Gibbon introduziu a “máquina coração-pulmão” para apoiar pacientes com complicações perioperatórias e recuperação hemodinâmica prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Com base nisso, o crescente interesse pela circulação artificial em pacientes com IC levou ao lançamento do Programa de Coração Artificial pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH) em 1964, com respaldo legislativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em 1966, DeBakey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> utilizaram com sucesso o primeiro Dispositivo de Assistência Ventricular Esquerda (DAVE) paracorpóreo acionado pneumaticamente para apoiar um paciente após cirurgia cardíaca. No ano seguinte, o Dr. Christiaan Barnard<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> realizou o primeiro TxC humano em Cape Town e, logo depois, a tecnologia ventricular artificial começou a ser usada como Ponte Para Transplante (PPT).</p>
					<p>Em 1969, Cooley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descreveram o primeiro uso de um coração artificial total (TAH), como uma ideia de substituir completamente o órgão por uma “bomba artificial”. No entanto, o dispositivo funcionou por apenas alguns dias devido a inúmeras complicações, incluindo infecção, trombose e hemólise.</p>
					<p>Nas décadas seguintes, o foco foi desenvolver bombas mecânicas para auxiliar os ventrículos na perfusão adequada dos órgãos-alvo, reduzindo o risco de complicações tromboembólicas graves e permitindo que os pacientes sobrevivessem até que um órgão compatível estivesse disponível. Para que essa visão se tornasse realidade, o dispositivo precisava ser recarregável, facilmente transportável e totalmente funcional.</p>
					<p>Em 1984, DeVries et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> implantaram o primeiro coração artificial total destinado à Terapia de Destino (TD), proporcionando suporte ao paciente por 112 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No mesmo ano, Portner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relataram um caso bem-sucedido de PPT usando um LVAD elétrico implantável Novacor em um paciente em choque cardiogênico devido à doença cardíaca isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em 1994, a <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) dos EUA aprovou o primeiro DAVE pneumático como PPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ao longo dos anos, os avanços tecnológicos levaram à integração de vários sistemas mecânicos como opções terapêuticas para circulação artificial de curto e longo prazo em pacientes com IC avançada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dispositivo de assistência ventricular (DAV) – Primeira geração (Bombas pulsáteis)</title>
					<p>Os LVADs de primeira geração apresentavam válvulas artificiais unidirecionais projetadas para imitar o ciclo cardíaco pulsátil, com fases de enchimento diastólico e esvaziamento sistólico semelhantes ao coração nativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses dispositivos podiam oferecer suporte a pacientes com insuficiência ventricular esquerda, direita ou biventricular (DAVE, DAVD ou DABiV, respectivamente), e seu principal objetivo era fornecer suporte circulatório de longo prazo, tornando-os adequados como PPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Esses VADs de primeira geração, acionados pneumaticamente ou eletricamente, incluíam modelos como o Thoratec HeartMate IP (Implantable Pneumatic), VE (Vented Electric), XVE (Extended Vented Electric) e o Berlin Heart EXCOR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O HeartMate IP tornou-se o primeiro DAVE a receber aprovação da FDA em 1994. Os ensaios clínicos para o HeartMate VE começaram em 1992, e ele foi aprovado para TD em 2003, após os resultados positivos do estudo REMATCH (<italic>Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive HF</italic>). Nesse estudo, o grupo intervenção mostrou melhora na sobrevida em comparação à terapia clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Uma versão aprimorada do HeartMate original, o HeartMate XVE, melhorou ainda mais as taxas de sobrevida de um ano em pacientes de TD, 61% contra 52% no REMATCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar dos benefícios de sobrevida, muitos pacientes com implante desses dispositivos pulsáteis de primeira geração experimentaram eventos adversos significativos, como infecções, lesões neurológicas isquêmicas e hemorrágicas, além de falha da bomba. O HeartMate VE (conhecido como HeartMate I) e o XVE eram dispositivos de fluxo pulsátil alimentados por motores elétricos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>DAV – Segunda geração (fluxo contínuo)</title>
					<p>As bombas de segunda geração eram muito menores que as de primeira geração e apresentavam um único rotor interno com tecnologia de bomba rotativa extra-pericárdica e fluxo contínuo. Em 1998, a era dos DAVs de segunda geração começou com o uso clínico do DAV DeBakey, um sistema compacto de bomba de fluxo axial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em 2001, a Thoratec introduziu o HeartMate II, que se tornou o DAVE mais amplamente implantado e estudado de sua época. Menor e mais leve que o HeartMate XVE original, foi aprovado para uso na Europa e nos EUA em 2005, pela FDA como PPT em 2008 e para TD em 2010. O HM2 era um dispositivo de fluxo axial projetado com superfícies internas revestidas de titânio texturizado em contato com o sangue, na tentativa de minimizar a trombose. Por oito anos, de 2009 a 2017, foi o principal DAVE implantado mundialmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em um estudo comparando dispositivos pulsáteis com a nova geração de dispositivos de fluxo contínuo, foi demonstrada a superioridade destes últimos, tanto em durabilidade quanto em desfechos neurológicos. Melhorias na sobrevida foram observadas com o crescente aprimoramento da técnica cirúrgica e do manejo pré e pós-operatório desses pacientes. No entanto, apesar dos melhores resultados e da redução de efeitos adversos graves, ainda apresentava morbidade e mortalidade significativas em comparação ao TxC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>DAV – Terceira geração</title>
					<p>Os DAVs de terceira geração alcançaram avanços significativos ao reduzir o atrito para minimizar a trombose dentro da bomba de fluxo contínuo e diminuir o tamanho para facilitar técnicas de implantação minimamente invasivas. Os principais exemplos são o HeartMate 3 e o DAV HeartWare – atualmente não disponível comercialmente –, implantados diretamente no ventrículo esquerdo, em contraste com os DAVs de segunda geração, que são implantados extrapericardialmente. O DAV HeartWare utilizava um impulsor centrífugo com tecnologia de suspensão híbrida magnética/hidrodinâmica para reduzir o atrito, enquanto o HeartMate 3 apresenta levitação totalmente magnética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O ensaio MOMENTUM 3 comparou o HeartMate 3 (bomba centrífuga) com o HeartMate II (bomba axial) em termos de desfechos para PPT e TD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O estudo envolveu 366 pacientes e constatou que 77,9% dos que receberam o HeartMate 3 sobreviveram sem ocorrência de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) incapacitante ou necessidade de reoperação ao longo de dois anos de acompanhamento, em comparação com 56,4% no grupo do HeartMate II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O HeartMate 3 também apresentou taxas mais baixas de trombose da bomba e AVC isquêmico do que o HeartMate II. Não houve diferenças significativas em relação a sepse, infecção do cabo de alimentação, sangramento, IC direita, arritmia, insuficiência respiratória, disfunção renal, hemólise não associada à trombose da bomba ou disfunção hepática.</p>
					<p>Por cinco anos, de 2012 a 2017, a bomba HeartWare foi amplamente utilizada, inclusive em crianças, devido ao seu tamanho menor em comparação com o HeartMate 3. No entanto, ela foi retirada do mercado pela FDA, e a Medtronic interrompeu sua distribuição em junho de 2021 devido ao aumento dos riscos de eventos neurológicos e mortalidade, associados à bomba interna e à sua capacidade de reinicialização caso parasse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Um estudo da <italic>The Society of Thoracic Surgery</italic> mostrou uma mortalidade significativamente maior associada aos DAVEs de levitação híbrida em comparação aos de levitação totalmente magnética, com uma taxa de sobrevivência de um ano de 88% contra 79%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Ainda assim, o risco associado à troca do DAV HeartWare pelo HeartMate 3 superava o risco de manter o HVAD com monitoramento frequente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tipos de dispositivos de assistência mecânica</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de assistência mecânica podem ser classificados com base na duração (curto ou longo prazo), no ventrículo assistido (ventrículo direito, ventrículo esquerdo ou biventricular), na posição em relação ao paciente (paracorpóreo ou implantável) e na técnica de inserção (percutânea, dissecção ou cirúrgica). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dispositivos de assistência mecânica disponíveis no Brasil.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Dispositivos de assistência mecânica disponíveis no Brasil (ANVISA)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" colspan="11">DISPOSITIVOS DE CURTO PRAZO</th>
										<th colspan="2">DISPOSITIVOS DE LONGO PRAZO</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">BIA*</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">TandemHeart</th>
										<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Impella</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">CentriMag*</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Berlin Heart EXCOR*</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">ECMO veno-arterial*</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">HeartMate 2*</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">HeartMate 3*</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">CP*</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">5.0*</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">LD*</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">RP</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2">Assistência ventricular</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="5">LV</td>
										<td align="center">VD</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">VD e/ou VD</td>
										<td align="center">VE e VD</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">VE</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2">Implantação</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="3">Percutânea</td>
										<td align="center">Dissecção</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Percutânea</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Cirúrgica</td>
										<td align="center">Percutânea / cirúrgica</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Cirúrgica</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Mecanismo</td>
										<td>Fluxo</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Contrapulsação na artéria aorta</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="4">Axial</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
										<td align="center">Pulsátil</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
										<td align="center">Axial</td>
										<td align="center">Centrífuga</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inflow</td>
										<td align="center">Átrio esquerdo (transseptal através do átrio direito)</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="3">VE</td>
										<td align="center">Átrio direito</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">DAV-D: átrio direito DAV-E: Átrio esquerdo ou ápice do VE</td>
										<td align="center">Átrio direito</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Ápice do VE</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Outflow</td>
										<td align="center">Artéria femoral</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="3">Artéria aorta</td>
										<td align="center">Artéria pulmonar</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">DAV-D: Artéria pulmonar DAV-E: Artéria aorta</td>
										<td align="center">Artéria aorta</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">Artéria aorta</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2">Tempo de assistência</td>
										<td align="center">Até 30 dias</td>
										<td align="center">Até 30 dias</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="4">Até sete dias</td>
										<td align="center">Até 30 dias</td>
										<td align="center">Até 90 dias</td>
										<td align="center">Até 20 dias</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2">Fluxo máximo</td>
										<td align="center">0,5-1L/min</td>
										<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">3,7 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">5 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">5 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">4 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 10 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 8 L/min</td>
										<td align="center">&gt;4,5 L/min</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">-</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2"> </td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt01-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt02-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="3">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt03-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt04-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt05-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt06-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt07-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">
											<inline-graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt08-pt.jpg"/>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt01-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt02-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt03-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt04-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt05-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt06-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt07-pt.tif"/>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20250016-gt08-pt.tif"/>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>BIA: balão intra-aórtico; ECMO: oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea; DAV: dispositivo de assistência ventricular; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dispositivos de curto prazo</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de curto prazo são definidos por sua duração limitada de uso (dependendo do dispositivo) e atualmente incluem: Balão Intra-Aórtico (BIA), Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea (ECMO, do inglês <italic>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</italic>), TandemHeart, Impella CP, Impella 5.0, Impella RP, e CentriMag. O HeartMate é o principal dispositivo de longo prazo disponível atualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>Balão Intra-Aórtico (IABP</italic>): O IABP é o dispositivo mais amplamente disponível e utilizado no Brasil. Ele é inserido percutaneamente via artéria femoral ou subclávia, funcionando com um balão aórtico que se infla durante a diástole para aumentar a perfusão coronariana e se desinfla durante a sístole para reduzir a pós-carga do ventrículo esquerdo. Ele oferece suporte hemodinâmico de aproximadamente 0,5-1L/min para o ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>Impella</italic>: Também inserido percutaneamente, o Impella oferece vários modelos com uma bomba de fluxo axial contínuo, inserida através das artérias femoral ou axilar no ventrículo esquerdo (ou via veia femoral no ventrículo direito), proporcionando suporte hemodinâmico conforme o modelo selecionado. Para suporte ventricular esquerdo, o Impella CP fornece 3,7L/min, e o Impella 5.0 oferece 5L/min. O Impella RP foi projetado para suporte ventricular direito, oferecendo até 4L/min. No Brasil, os modelos disponíveis incluem Impella CP, Impella 5.0 e Impella LD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>T<italic>andemHeart</italic>: Este dispositivo é implantado através dos vasos femorais, possivelmente por via percutânea. Ele envolve uma cânula de drenagem implantada da veia femoral até o átrio esquerdo por meio de uma punção atrial transseptal e uma cânula de perfusão inserida na artéria femoral. Sua finalidade é drenar o sangue do átrio esquerdo e bombear o sangue já oxigenado para o sistema arterial iliofemoral, fornecendo aproximadamente 4L/min de suporte para o ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>CentriMag e EXCOR</italic>: Ambos os dispositivos paracorpóreos estão disponíveis no Brasil. O CentriMag é um dispositivo de fluxo centrífugo contínuo com um rotor magneticamente suspenso sem contato. Ele é implantado cirurgicamente para suporte ventricular esquerdo ou direito. O EXCOR, outro dispositivo paracorpóreo, fornece fluxo pulsátil e pode dar suporte a ambos os ventrículos, oferecendo 8L/min de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Ambos os dispositivos são implantados por toracotomia e bombeiam sangue do átrio direito para a artéria pulmonar quando dão suporte o ventrículo direito, e do átrio esquerdo ou ápice ventricular esquerdo para a aorta ascendente quando dão suporte ao ventrículo esquerdo, proporcionando até 10L/min de fluxo. Enquanto o CentriMag tem uma duração de uso aprovada de 30 dias, o EXCOR pode ser utilizado por períodos mais longos, sendo considerado um dispositivo pediátrico de longo prazo nos EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>Oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea</italic>: ECMO é o dispositivo de assistência mecânica preferido para múltiplas configurações de suporte ventricular único, biventricular ou respiratório. Ele pode ser implantado percutaneamente ou por dissecção cirúrgica, seja de forma central ou periférica, e é classificado como veno-arterial (V-A) ou veno-venoso (V-V). O ECMO V-A fornece suporte circulatório e respiratório, enquanto o ECMO V-V oferece apenas suporte respiratório. O fluxo pode ultrapassar 4,5L/min, ajustado conforme as necessidades hemodinâmicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dispositivos de longo prazo</title>
					<p>O dispositivo de longo prazo mais amplamente utilizado no Brasil é o HeartMate 3. Este dispositivo de terceira geração, sucessor do HeartMate 1 e 2, opera com fluxo centrífugo contínuo e levitação magnética, proporcionando suporte ventricular esquerdo com uma taxa reduzida de complicações em comparação com os modelos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Indicações clínicas</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de assistência circulatória, sejam de curto ou médio prazo, podem ser utilizados em situações que exigem suporte hemodinâmico imediato devido ao alto risco de morte por IC. Esses dispositivos podem ser empregados temporariamente como PPT, para recuperação cardíaca ou como ponte para decisão, quando o prognóstico neurológico é incerto ou quando há um equilíbrio delicado entre aumento da sobrevida e comprometimento da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Não há uma definição exata de quando iniciar o SCM, mas em pacientes com choque cardiogênico e hipoperfusão persistente, apesar da otimização farmacológica da pré ou pós-carga (SCAI C, D ou E / INTERMACS 2 ou 1), a iniciação precoce pode mitigar as consequências da hipoperfusão sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O desfecho ideal envolve equilibrar o nível de suporte hemodinâmico oferecido com o risco de complicações. A escolha do suporte deve considerar o fenótipo clínico e laboratorial do paciente, os objetivos do cuidado, além da experiência da equipe e da instituição.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A principal indicação clínica para SCM está no contexto do choque cardiogênico, particularmente em pacientes com IC crônica descompensada aguda. A decisão de utilizá-lo deve se basear em parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e hemodinâmicos, evidenciados por hipotensão sustentada (Pressão Arterial Sistólica – PAS – &lt;90mmHg e/ou Pressão Arterial Média, PAM &lt;65mmHg) com um índice cardíaco ≤ 2,2 L/min/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar ≥ 15mmHg e marcadores de hipoperfusão sistêmica (débito urinário &lt;30mL/h, nível de consciência alterado, extremidades frias e lactato &gt;2mmol/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> resume as indicações clínicas e o racional por trás dos dispositivos de SCM.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Indicações clínicas e racional para o uso de dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Indicações clínicas</th>
										<th>Racional</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Choque cardiogênico</td>
										<td align="center">Hemodinâmica refratária à farmacoterapia, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou insuficiência cardíaca relacionada</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Insuficiência cardíaca avançada</td>
										<td align="center">Otimização pré-operatória Ponte para recuperação, decisão ou terapia durável</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>Adaptado de: Salter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Em pacientes com contraindicações (hipertensão pulmonar fixa ou painel imunológico sensibilizado) ou naqueles que não desejam se submeterem a um TxC, dispositivos de longo prazo têm sido utilizados como ponte para a candidatura ou como TD. O desenvolvimento de dispositivos modernos, como o HeartMate 3, com menor incidência de complicações, provou ser ideal especialmente para este perfil de paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A seleção do SCM deve ser integrada às necessidades do paciente e à capacidade técnica do serviço, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>. As contraindicações inerentes a cada dispositivo também devem ser consideradas, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fatores relacionados ao paciente a serem considerados na seleção de dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Necessidades do paciente</th>
										<th>Capacidades técnicas</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Déficit de intensidade hemodinâmica</td>
										<td align="center">Risco de complicações</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Falha uni/biventricular</td>
										<td align="center">Expertise do operador</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Objetivo terapêutico</td>
										<td align="center">Experiência institucional</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>Adaptado de: Upadhyay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Comparação dos dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Dispositivo</th>
										<th>Nível de suporte do débito cardíaco</th>
										<th>Contraindicações</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Balão intra-aórtico</td>
										<td align="center">+/–</td>
										<td align="center">Insuficiência valvar aórtica moderada a grave, doença vascular periférica grave, dissecção aórtica, aneurisma aórtico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bomba de fluxo microaxial (Impella CP)</td>
										<td align="center">++</td>
										<td align="center">Insuficiência valvar aórtica moderada a grave, trombo ventricular esquerdo, válvula aórtica mecânica, doença vascular periférica grave, dissecção aórtica</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>CentriMag (cirúrgico)</td>
										<td align="center">++++</td>
										<td align="center">Complicações de esternotomia ou toracotomia, sangramento, acidente vascular cerebral</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ECMO V-A</td>
										<td align="center">++++</td>
										<td align="center">Isquemia de membros, edema pulmonar, trombo intracardíaco, acidente vascular cerebral</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>HeartMate 3</td>
										<td align="center">++++</td>
										<td align="center">Disfunção do ventrículo direito</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>Adaptado de: Salter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prática clínica</title>
					<p>Os dispositivos de MCS estão associados a várias complicações que, em geral, são dependentes do tempo e podem impactar significativamente o prognóstico. Essas complicações devem ser rigorosamente monitoradas e gerenciadas, sendo mais comuns nos primeiros 90 dias após o implante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Abaixo estão as principais complicações relacionadas ao uso de dispositivos de MCS.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Complicações mecânicas </title>
						<p>As complicações mecânicas são inerentes ao uso de qualquer dispositivo de suporte circulatório, especialmente em casos de dependência prolongada. Esses problemas podem surgir devido a falhas nos componentes do dispositivo, posicionamento inadequado ou desgaste estrutural causado pelo uso contínuo.</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Falha do dispositivo: Todos os dispositivos de SCM podem apresentar mau funcionamento que compromete a eficácia do suporte circulatório. Por exemplo, falhas no BIA podem ocorrer devido a um posicionamento inadequado, reduzindo a eficácia da contrapulsação ou causando lesões arteriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> No caso do Impella, os problemas podem incluir fratura do cateter, perfuração miocárdica e falha do sistema rotativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Desgaste Mecânico: O uso prolongado de dispositivos como o DAVE pode levar ao desgaste de componentes internos e ao desalinhamento dos rotores, comprometendo o fluxo sanguíneo adequado. Por outro lado, os problemas técnicos mais comuns em dispositivos de SMC duráveis estão relacionados aos componentes externos, como ruptura do cabo de transmissão, substituição do controlador e da bateria. Essas falhas mecânicas podem exigir revisão ou substituição do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> No caso do DAVE como PPT cardíaco, uma falha mecânica pode representar indicação para priorização do paciente na lista de espera para TxC, dependendo da gravidade da complicação.</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Isquemia de membro</title>
						<p>A isquemia de membro é uma complicação particularmente associada a dispositivos que requerem acesso femoral, como a BIA, o Impella e a ECMO V-A.</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Causas: A inserção de cânulas de grande calibre em dispositivos de SCM pode impedir o fluxo sanguíneo distal, levando à isquemia de membros inferiores. Estudos relatam que essa complicação ocorre em até 10% dos pacientes com ECMO V-A devido ao uso prolongado de cânulas femorais de grande diâmetro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> O uso do Impella também demonstrou uma alta taxa de isquemia de membros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> com estudos mostrando uma incidência relatada de 0,07 – 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Prevenção: Medidas como o uso de ultrassom para guiar a punção vascular e a utilização de cânulas menores podem reduzir o risco. Em muitos casos, a colocação de cânulas de perfusão distal além do local principal de inserção é necessária para manter um fluxo sanguíneo adequado para os membros e prevenir isquemia grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Infecções </title>
						<p>As infecções estão entre as complicações mais frequentes no SCM de longo prazo, como os DAVEs– o relatório do registro INTERMACS de 2020 mostra uma taxa de infecção de 41% em um ano após a implantação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Elas podem se manifestar como infecções no local de inserção, envolvimento sistêmico ou infecções relacionadas a componentes externos.</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Infecções no local de inserção, cabo de transmissão e bomba: O cabo de transmissão do DAVE, que atravessa a pele, é um ponto de entrada comum para patógenos e particularmente suscetível a infecções crônicas. As taxas de infecção no local do cabo de transmissão variam de 20% a 40%, tornando-se uma das principais causas de hospitalização e morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> A infecção da bomba em pacientes em PPT cardíaco é uma indicação para transplante urgente.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Infecções localizadas e sistêmicas: As infecções podem evoluir para sepse, especialmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos ou debilitados, aumentando significativamente o risco de mortalidade. Pacientes com dispositivos implantáveis estão frequentemente expostos a infecções por Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, patógenos típicos de infecções hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Pacientes com DAVE têm uma suscetibilidade aumentada para infecções relacionadas ao dispositivo, como endocardite e mediastinite, que podem ocorrer em pacientes sem SCM, mas são mais frequentemente observadas em receptores de DAVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Trombose e hemorragia</title>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Trombose: A formação de trombos pode ocorrer tanto em dispositivos de curto quanto de longo prazo. Nos dispositivos LVAD, a estase sanguínea no ventrículo esquerdo, combinada com o contato prolongado entre o sangue e superfícies não biológicas, pode levar à trombose intracavitária, aumentando o risco de embolia sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Ao comparar DAVEs de segunda e terceira geração, é importante notar que o estudo MOMENTUM 3 mostrou uma incidência significativamente menor de trombose na bomba em dispositivos de terceira geração, reduzindo as taxas de 8-10% em um ano para o HVAD e HeartMate2 para 1,4% no HeartMate3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Nos dispositivos temporários de SCM, o oxigenador é o componente mais propenso à trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Hemorragia: A anticoagulação sistêmica, necessária para prevenir trombose em dispositivos como ECMO, aumenta significativamente o risco de sangramento, sendo as hemorragias intracranianas as mais temidas devido ao seu potencial catastrófico. Estudos indicam que 5% a 10% dos pacientes em ECMO desenvolvem eventos hemorrágicos graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Para receptores de DAVE, as complicações hemorrágicas estão frequentemente relacionadas a alterações hematológicas decorrentes do fluxo contínuo, resultando em deficiência adquirida do fator de von Willebrand e disfunção plaquetária. Em geral, estudos mostram que aproximadamente 33% dos pacientes apresentam sangramentos graves, dos quais 50% ocorrem no trato gastrointestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Equilíbrio entre anticoagulação e risco de sangramento: O manejo da anticoagulação requer monitoramento constante, utilizando parâmetros como tempo de coagulação ativado, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativado (TTPa) e razão internacional normalizada (INR). As estratégias de anticoagulação podem ser ajustadas de acordo com o risco trombótico e hemorrágico do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> Os achados dos estudos MOMENTUM 3 e MAGNETUM 1 tendem a apoiar uma anticoagulação de menor intensidade em pacientes com HeartMate3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Acidente vascular cerebral</title>
						<p>O AVC é uma complicação crítica associada aos dispositivos de SCM e é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. Os AVCs podem ocorrer nas formas isquêmica e hemorrágica, resultando da necessidade de anticoagulação, alterações hemodinâmicas ou da presença de superfícies não biológicas que promovem a formação de trombos. A incidência de AVC varia de acordo com o tipo de dispositivo e o perfil do paciente. Em pacientes com DAVEs, a taxa de AVC isquêmico é de aproximadamente 10% a 20%, enquanto o AVC hemorrágico é menos comum, mas potencialmente mais letal. O período pós-operatório precoce é o mais crítico, exigindo monitoramento rigoroso: 50% dos AVCs ocorrem nos primeiros sete dias e 70% deles nas primeiras 48 horas após a cirurgia, com uma redução significativa do risco após dois meses do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> É importante destacar a redução significativa do risco de AVC em pacientes com HeartMate3, que apresentam um risco 77% menor em comparação com aqueles com DAVEs de segunda geração. Em pacientes em ECMO, eventos hemorrágicos cerebrais ocorrem em cerca de 5% a 10% dos casos, com um aumento acentuado na incidência após 10 dias de suporte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>AVC Isquêmico: Este é o tipo mais comum de AVC associado aos DAVEs e outros dispositivos, causado pela formação de trombos no ventrículo esquerdo ou nas superfícies não biológicas do dispositivo. Outros fatores de risco incluem fibrilação atrial, diabetes e redução da anticoagulação devido a eventos hemorrágicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Esses trombos podem embolizar para o sistema arterial, levando a infartos cerebrais. A estase sanguínea no ventrículo esquerdo, especialmente em pacientes com anticoagulação inadequada ou disfunção ventricular grave, aumenta o risco de trombogênese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>AVC Hemorrágico: Anticoagulantes, necessários para prevenir trombose em pacientes com ECMO, DAVE ou Impella, aumentam o risco de sangramento grave, como hemorragia intracraniana. Esse tipo de AVC está frequentemente relacionado à coagulopatia induzida pelo próprio SCM, especialmente na ECMO, onde a anticoagulação contínua é crítica para prevenir a formação de trombos no circuito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Estudos mostram que infecção e hipertensão com pressão arterial média ≥ 90mmHg também estão associadas ao aumento do risco de AVC hemorrágico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Disfunção do ventrículo direito em dispositivos de longo prazo</title>
						<p>A Disfunção do Ventrículo Direito (DVD) é uma complicação frequente em pacientes com dispositivos de longo prazo, como DAVE, ocorrendo em até 30% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Etiologia: Após a implantação do DAVE, o aumento do retorno venoso para o lado direito do coração, combinado com a incapacidade do ventrículo direito de lidar com a carga adicional e o deslocamento do septo ventricular para a esquerda, pode levar a uma disfunção grave do ventrículo direito. Esse problema é agravado em pacientes com disfunção pré-existente do ventrículo direito ou hipertensão pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> o qual pode ser uma contraindicação à implantação do DAVE.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Impacto clínico: A DVD pode resultar em congestão venosa sistêmica, levando à disfunção hepática e renal. Além disso, o enchimento inadequado do ventrículo esquerdo devido à DVD pode comprometer o funcionamento adequado do DAVE, reduzindo significativamente o débito cardíaco. A mortalidade associada à disfunção do ventrículo direito em pacientes com DAVE é significativamente elevada, tornando-se uma das principais causas de complicações pós-implantação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Tratamento: O tratamento inclui a otimização da pré-carga e o uso de suporte inotrópico para o ventrículo direito. Em casos graves, DABiV podem ser necessários.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Distensão do Ventrículo Esquerdo na ECMO</title>
						<p>A distensão do ventrículo esquerdo é uma complicação comum e grave em pacientes sob ECMO V-A.</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Causas: A ECMO V-A aumenta a pós-carga do ventrículo esquerdo ao fornecer fluxo retrógrado para a aorta, o que pode impedir o esvaziamento ventricular eficaz, além de interferir na abertura da válvula aórtica, levando à distensão do ventrículo esquerdo e consequente congestão pulmonar. Essa complicação é mais comum em pacientes com insuficiência mitral ou baixa complacência ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Consequências: A distensão do ventrículo esquerdo pode causar congestão pulmonar grave, aumentar o risco de formação de trombos dentro do ventrículo e prejudicar a recuperação cardíaca. Se não tratada, pode agravar a falha do ventrículo esquerdo e comprometer a eficácia da ECMO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> De fato, diversos sistemas e configurações de descarga foram descritos para prevenir a distensão do ventrículo esquerdo na ECMO V-A, como cânula de artéria pulmonar, drenagem apical ou adoção combinada do Impella (ou seja, ECPELLA).</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diretrizes para o uso de dispositivos de suporte circulatório mecânico</title>
				<p>As principais sociedades internacionais, como a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), a <italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> (ISHLT), a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) e a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA)/<italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC), publicaram diretrizes baseadas em evidências para auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre o uso de dispositivos de SCM. Essas diretrizes fornecem recomendações sobre indicações, contraindicações e manejo de dispositivos de curto e longo prazo, incluindo seu uso como ponte para transplante, terapia de destino e em casos de choque cardiogênico. As principais recomendações dessas diretrizes estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5002">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Indicações para o uso de dispositivos de suporte mecânico circulatório de acordo com as diferentes sociedades</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Indicação</th>
									<th>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</th>
									<th><italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> (ISHLT)</th>
									<th><italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC)</th>
									<th><italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) / <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Ponte para transplante</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em estágio terminal na lista de espera para transplante cardíaco (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para estabilização hemodinâmica em pacientes que aguardam transplante cardíaco (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência A)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Deve ser cuidadosamente avaliado por meio de uma abordagem multidisciplinar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada refratária ao tratamento médico (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ponte para recuperação</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado em casos de insuficiência cardíaca aguda potencialmente reversível, como miocardite, até que a função ventricular se recupere (Recomendação Classe IIa, Nível de Evidência C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ponte para decisão</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para pacientes com prognóstico incerto, como solução temporária até uma decisão clínica definitiva (Recomendação Classe IIa, Nível de Evidência C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para pacientes instáveis cuja viabilidade clínica ainda está sendo avaliada (Recomendação Classe IIa, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Destination Therapy</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca ventricular esquerda que não são elegíveis para transplante, a partir de dezembro de 2024<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para melhorar a sobrevivência e a qualidade de vida (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Deve ser cuidadosamente avaliado por meio de uma abordagem multidisciplinar</td>
									<td align="center">Recomendado para melhorar a sobrevivência (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência A)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Choque cardiogênico refratário / Insuficiência cardíaca crônica avançada</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Dispositivos de curto prazo são recomendados para pacientes com choque cardiogênico não responsivo à terapia médica (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência B) Dispositivos de longo prazo são recomendados para pacientes com disfunção ventricular grave e irreversível (Recomendação Classe I, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Suporte temporário para procedimentos de alto risco</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Dispositivos de curto prazo são recomendados para pacientes de alto risco que necessitam de procedimentos invasivos, como revascularização (Recomendação Classe IIa, Nível de Evidência B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As diretrizes também estabelecem contraindicações para o uso de DAVs mecânica. As principais contraindicações absolutas incluem: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Insuficiência Aórtica Grave: A insuficiência aórtica significativa impede o funcionamento eficaz do dispositivo, especialmente em dispositivos de longo prazo como o DAVE, pois a regurgitação através da válvula aórtica pode causar sobrecarga de volume no ventrículo esquerdo, aumentando o risco de distensão e IC.</p>
				<p>Trombos intracavitários: A presença de trombos nas câmaras cardíacas é uma contraindicação importante, pois o uso de dispositivos mecânicos como Impella ou DAVE pode aumentar o risco de embolia sistêmica, levando a eventos potencialmente fatais, como AVC ou embolia periférica.</p>
				<p>Dissecção aórtica: Pacientes com dissecção aórtica têm contraindicação para dispositivos de SCM de curto prazo devido ao risco de exacerbação da lesão aórtica e ruptura durante a circulação assistida. Por outro lado, em alguns casos de pós-cardiotomia, a ECMO pode ser utilizada em pacientes com dissecção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além dessas contraindicações absolutas, as diretrizes também listam contraindicações relativas, dependendo do estado clínico do paciente e da resposta à terapia. Pacientes com sepse ativa ou infecções não controladas são contraindicados para dispositivos de longo prazo, pois o risco de mortalidade aumenta significativamente devido à disseminação da infecção. Da mesma forma, a disfunção multiorgânica irreversível, particularmente envolvendo o fígado e os rins, é considerada uma contraindicação importante, pois compromete os benefícios potenciais do dispositivo e aumenta as complicações perioperatórias e a mortalidade em curto prazo.</p>
				<p>No contexto de dispositivos de curto prazo, como a ECMO V-A, as diretrizes da ESC e da AHA/ACC enfatizam que pacientes com insuficiência ventricular esquerda grave e incapacidade de descomprimir o ventrículo podem apresentar piora da função cardíaca devido ao fluxo retrógrado induzido pela ECMO. Além disso, a coagulopatia pré-existente ou um alto risco de sangramento contraindicam o uso da ECMO devido à necessidade de anticoagulação contínua e ao risco de complicações hemorrágicas graves, como hemorragia intracraniana.</p>
				<p>Por fim, todas as diretrizes destacam a importância de uma avaliação multidisciplinar rigorosa para identificar essas contraindicações antes de decidir pela implantação dos dispositivos. A avaliação pré-operatória deve incluir não apenas parâmetros hemodinâmicos e função ventricular, como também um exame detalhado das comorbidades e da condição geral do paciente para evitar a implantação em cenários de alto risco. A seleção cuidadosa é crucial para garantir que os pacientes se beneficiem com o mínimo de complicações, otimizando os resultados tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo.</p>
				<p>Disfunção do ventrículo direito em pacientes com DAVE</p>
				<p>A DVD é uma complicação bem documentada e crítica em pacientes que recebem DAVEs, e todas as diretrizes enfatizam a importância da avaliação cuidadosa da função ventricular direita antes da implantação do dispositivo. As diretrizes da ISHLT, ESC e AHA/ACC classificam a disfunção do ventrículo direito como um fator limitante significativo na implantação de DAVEs.</p>
				<p><bold>O ISHLT</bold> destaca que até 30% dos pacientes que recebem um DAVE desenvolvem DVD significativa após a implantação, o que aumenta a mortalidade e prolonga a hospitalização. Nesses casos, pode ser necessário considerar o uso de suporte biventricular (DABiV) ou dispositivos temporários de assistência ventricular direita, como o Impella RP ou DAVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>O ESC</bold> enfatiza que a DVD pré-existente é um dos principais preditores de desfechos adversos após a implantação do DAVE e recomendam que todos os pacientes passem por uma avaliação da função do ventrículo direito antes da implantação (Classe I, Nível de Evidência B). Em pacientes com alto risco de disfunção do VD, deve-se considerar o uso de DABiV ou dispositivos temporários de assistência ventricular direita para minimizar a congestão sistêmica e melhorar o fluxo pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As diretrizes da <bold>AHA/ACC</bold> também enfatizam que a DVD após a implantação do DAVE é uma complicação grave, frequentemente resultante da sobrecarga de volume imposta ao ventrículo direito devido ao aumento do retorno venoso para o coração direito após a descompressão do ventrículo esquerdo. O manejo da DVD inclui suporte inotrópico, otimização da pré-carga e, em casos mais graves, o uso de dispositivos temporários de suporte ventricular direito (Classe IIa, Nível de Evidência B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Todas as diretrizes são unânimes em enfatizar que a avaliação pré-implantação da função ventricular direita é fundamental para prever a necessidade de suporte adicional ao ventrículo direito. Pacientes com DVD grave e congestão sistêmica significativa podem não ser candidatos adequados para a implantação isolada de DAVE, sendo necessário considerar o suporte biventricular nesses casos. Além disso, o monitoramento contínuo da função ventricular direita após a implantação é essencial, com intervenções precoces para prevenir complicações hemodinâmicas e falha ventricular. Em pacientes com função ventricular direita <italic>borderline</italic>, foi descrito um procedimento em etapas, onde um suporte ventricular esquerdo de teste, seja via Impella ou via DAVE paracorpóreo, é realizado para avaliar a resposta do ventrículo direito. Essa abordagem pode fornecer informações adicionais sobre a elegibilidade para a implantação de um DAVE durável.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Visão geral no Brasil</title>
				<p>O uso de dispositivos de SCM é um elemento substancial no tratamento do choque cardiogênico aprovado no Brasil. Embora incluído nas diretrizes internacionais e brasileiras para essa condição, o cenário atual revela uma falta de apoio financeiro e incentivo por parte das agências de saúde para sua utilização no país.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Apesar dos avanços nas opções terapêuticas, muitos pacientes frequentemente não têm opção de TxC ou dispositivos de suporte circulatório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Há dados limitados disponíveis sobre o uso e o custo dessa tecnologia em nível nacional, direcionando a avaliação com base em cenários internacionais. Estudos de custo-efetividade compararam Impella e BIA e mostraram uma razão incremental de custo-efetividade variando de €38 069/$52 063 e €31 727/$43 390 por ano de vida salvo e ajustado para qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> Isso é especialmente relevante considerando que 53,8% dos pacientes de TxC de 2013 a 2024 (528 transplantes cardíacos consecutivos) no maior centro de TxC do Brasil utilizaram BIA. Além disso, outras evidências estimam um valor médio entre $85 025 e $1 257 946 dólares canadenses por ano de vida salvo e ajustado para qualidade, entre os diversos dispositivos de assistência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup>Além disso, estima-se que 24% dos pacientes selecionados para transplante morram enquanto ainda estão na lista de espera, enquanto esses dispositivos são responsáveis por taxas de sobrevivência superiores a 70% em um ano, criando a possibilidade de transplante para muitos pacientes assistidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A primeira experiência com dispositivos de SCM no país foi relatada em 1994, quando um paciente com doença de Chagas utilizou o dispositivo como terapia de ponte para um transplante bem-sucedido. O equipamento foi desenvolvido pelo serviço de bioengenharia do Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brasil). Enquanto isso, o primeiro caso relatado de um paciente que recebeu alta após o implante de um dispositivo de assistência ventricular implantável e posterior transplante ocorreu em 2012 (Berlin Heart INCOR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
				<p>De acordo com a aprovação e registro pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), os principais dispositivos temporários atualmente disponíveis no Brasil incluem: contrapulsação com BIA; ECMO; TandemHeart; Impella (CP); CentriMag e Berlin Heart EXCOR. Quanto aos dispositivos de longo prazo disponíveis no Brasil, os principais são HeartMate III e Berlin Heart INCOR.</p>
				<p>Os sistemas de contrapulsação foram descritos experimentalmente a partir de 1952 por Adrian Kantrowitz, com o desenvolvimento do BIA por Moulopoulos na década de 1960. Apesar das evidências que apontam a superioridade de outros dispositivos temporários, o BIA continua sendo o dispositivo de suporte circulatório mais acessível e fácil de implantar, com menor custo e menos complicações em comparação aos outros. Ele permite a implantação em unidades de saúde sem cirurgia cardíaca ou serviços hemodinâmicos disponíveis, facilitando sua ampla difusão e permanecendo como o dispositivo de suporte circulatório mais utilizado no país. Algumas das marcas disponíveis incluem Maquet, Getinge e Arrow/Teleflex, com um custo médio do equipamento variando entre R$60.000,00 e R$172.000,00. Quando analisado o preço relacionado ao procedimento, o custo estimado fica entre R$3.700,00 e R$11.588,72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar do uso da ECMO ter começado na década de 1970, no Brasil, apenas em 2016 foi feita uma recomendação formal com as Diretrizes de Suporte Circulatório Mecânico da SBC e do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM – parecer 42/2017), deixando de ser considerada um procedimento experimental. Atualmente, a ECMO é amplamente utilizada como PPT ou recuperação. Atualmente, 22 centros (em 11 cidades) estão credenciados para seu uso no país, autorizados pela <italic>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</italic> (ELSO LATINO-AMERICA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> uma instituição envolvida no cuidado e treinamento para a utilização desse dispositivo. As capitais mais populosas do país possuem o equipamento, especialmente São Paulo, que conta com 10 hospitais certificados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup> Esse número pode ser considerado insuficiente em comparação com a demanda e o volume de transplantes realizados, especialmente quando comparado a países como os Estados Unidos, onde 48 cidades e centenas de centros têm disponibilidade.</p>
				<p>Após a pandemia de COVID-19 (2020), houve uma maior disseminação dos dispositivos de SCM devido ao alto número de pacientes com insuficiência respiratória causada pela infecção por Sars-CoV-2. Esse movimento permitiu a expansão da disponibilidade de equipamentos nos serviços de saúde em todo o país, incluindo seu uso como dispositivo de suporte circulatório. No entanto, continua sendo uma terapia de alto custo, com baixa acessibilidade fora dos centros de referência. O custo estimado por paciente varia de R$55000,00 a R$155.000, dependendo do fabricante, mas há evidências na literatura sobre sua relação custo-efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup>As empresas registradas e autorizadas a comercializar ECMO no Brasil incluem Eurosets, Maquet, Nipro e Sorin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ajustes recentes nos critérios de alocação de TxC no Brasil influenciaram significativamente os desfechos, especialmente para pacientes que necessitam de SCM. Inspiradas nas mudanças introduzidas pela <italic>United Network for Organ Sharing</italic> (UNOS) nos Estados Unidos, essas modificações foram projetadas para reduzir a mortalidade na lista de espera e garantir que os pacientes mais críticos tenham prioridade no TxC. Em 2020, o estado de São Paulo adotou esses níveis revisados de priorização, beneficiando notavelmente pacientes assistidos por ECMO ou IABP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>O sistema revisado estabeleceu três níveis distintos de priorização:</title>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Primeira condição (prioridade máxima)</bold>: Pacientes que necessitam de retransplante agudo dentro de 30 dias após o transplante, aqueles em ECMO V-A ou aqueles que requerem assistência circulatória mecânica de curto a médio prazo.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Segunda condição</bold>: Pacientes assistidos por um BIA, aqueles com dispositivos circulatórios mecânicos com mau funcionamento ou pacientes em ventilação artificial devido à descompensação da IC.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Terceira condição</bold>: Pacientes em choque cardiogênico que necessitam de um ou mais inotrópicos por mais de seis meses, pacientes em SCM de longo prazo com complicações, pacientes com cardiomiopatia isquêmica com angina refratária e aqueles com doenças cardíacas congênitas. Após seis meses de priorização contínua nesse grupo, os pacientes são elevados ao segundo nível de prioridade, melhorando suas chances de TxC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Essas mudanças já demonstraram impactos positivos, especialmente na redução dos tempos de espera e das taxas de mortalidade entre pacientes assistidos por ECMO. Pacientes priorizados por terapia inotrópica agora se beneficiam da elevação automática de status após 180 dias, aumentando a probabilidade de receber um transplante. Estudos iniciais em grandes centros de transplante, como o Instituto do Coração (InCor), confirmaram que esses novos critérios melhoraram significativamente os desfechos para pacientes críticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> Embora os resultados iniciais sejam promissores, mais pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo dessas mudanças em todo o país.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
				<p>Apesar do considerável progresso tecnológico na terapia com DAV nas últimas décadas, a alta taxa de complicações e a qualidade de vida comprometida ainda representam desafios significativos, tornando-os longe do ideal para pacientes com IC em estágio terminal. Os DAVs futuros devem ter como objetivo taxas de sobrevivência a longo prazo comparáveis ao TxC. Melhorias incrementais, como interfaces aprimoradas de bombas de sangue e designs de impulsores, visam melhorar a hemocompatibilidade. Objetivos mais ambiciosos incluem o desenvolvimento de DAVs que ajustem dinamicamente o fluxo e repliquem padrões pulsáteis naturais. Dispositivos totalmente implantáveis e máquinas com adaptação autônoma às necessidades fisiológicas podem otimizar o desempenho. Todos esses avanços podem eventualmente superar os resultados do TxC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A história e a aplicação dos dispositivos de SCM, particularmente como PPT, evoluíram significativamente nas últimas décadas. No Brasil, no entanto, apesar dos avanços tecnológicos no SCM, o acesso a esses dispositivos continua limitado devido a restrições financeiras e desafios de infraestrutura. A disponibilidade dos dispositivos MCS depende do sistema público de saúde e da saúde suplementar, onde hospitais privados prestam serviços ao setor público para atender à demanda. Ainda assim, esses dispositivos continuam sendo fundamentais no manejo da IC em estágio terminal, especialmente nos casos de atraso no TxC devido à escassez de órgãos.</p>
				<p>Os dispositivos de assistência mecânica demonstraram eficácia na melhoria dos desfechos dos pacientes, oferecendo uma solução vital para aqueles que aguardam TxC, com redução significativa de eventos adversos e melhora na qualidade de vida devido ao desenvolvimento de dispositivos de terceira geração. No entanto, complicações como DVC, trombose do dispositivo e infecção continuam a representar desafios, destacando a necessidade de uma melhor seleção de pacientes e cuidados pós-operatórios.</p>
				<p>A experiência do Brasil com esses dispositivos reflete tendências globais, com o primeiro uso bem-sucedido de SCM em um paciente com doença de Chagas em 1994, marcando a entrada do país nesse campo. Além disso, revisões recentes nos critérios de alocação de TxC em São Paulo, influenciadas por diretrizes internacionais, melhoraram os desfechos dos transplantes ao priorizar pacientes com suporte mecânico. No entanto, pesquisas e investimentos contínuos são cruciais para expandir o acesso a essas tecnologias que salvam vidas em todo o país e garantir a sustentabilidade em longo prazo das terapias de SCM.</p>
				<p>Em conclusão, embora as tecnologias de SCM ofereçam benefícios substanciais para pacientes com IC avançada, o Brasil deve continuar a abordar as barreiras sistêmicas que limitam seu uso, ampliando a acessibilidade e otimizando o manejo dos pacientes. Notavelmente, a aprovação dos DAVEs como terapia de destino no setor público de saúde a partir de dezembro de 2024 é um marco significativo e um exemplo de política inovadora que será vital para aumentar as taxas de sobrevivência e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com IC em estágio terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
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					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1002">
					<label/>
					<p>Este artigo foi desenvolvido em conjunto pelo ABC Heart Failure &amp; Cardiomyopathy e pelo Jornal Brasileiro de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e publicado em conjunto pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. Os artigos são idênticos, exceto por pequenas diferenças estilísticas e ortográficas, de acordo com o estilo de cada periódico. Qualquer uma das citações pode ser usada ao citar este artigo.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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