<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240059i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Filamin C and Cardiomyopathies: Linking Genetic Variants to Their Phenotypic Impact</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1061-8982</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Olivetti</surname>
						<given-names>Natália</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-3088-972X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pagotti</surname>
						<given-names>Márya</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0940-4463</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9107-052X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mizuta</surname>
						<given-names>Marjorie</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9889-293X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-4764-657X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Senra</surname>
						<given-names>Paula de Mendonça</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2612-8040</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sacilotto</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5464-1792</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Krieger</surname>
						<given-names>José Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidade Clínica de Arritmia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label>Natália Olivetti • Av. Doutor Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>nataliaolivetti@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>20240059</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Filamin C (FLNC) plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of muscle cells, particularly within the cardiac sarcomere. Pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to a diverse range of cardiomyopathies, including dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM), arrhythmogenic (ACM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). This review explores the genotype-phenotype correlations in FLNC-related cardiomyopathies, emphasizing how the type and location of genetic variants influence the clinical presentation. Truncating variants are primarily associated with DCM and ACM, characterized by a high risk of arrhythmic events and severe outcomes, while <italic>missense</italic> variants often lead to HCM and RCM, with unique phenotypic features. The review also discusses the inheritance patterns, molecular mechanisms, and clinical phenotypes of <italic>FLNC</italic>-associated myopathies, highlighting the need for genetic testing in risk stratification and management. Future perspectives emphasize the importance of expanding research into the underlying mechanisms of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants and their interactions with other genetic and environmental factors. This integrated understanding is critical for improving the clinical management of patients with <italic>FLNC</italic>-related cardiomyopathies.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Filamins</kwd>
				<kwd>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</kwd>
				<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Filamin C and Cardiomyopathies: Linking Genetic Variants to Their Phenotypic Impact</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>A) Filamin C Cardiomyopathies: Overview of genetic variants in association with their cardiac phenotype. Adapted from Verdonschot JAJ et al. and Razinia Z et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> B) Graph showing mutation types and cardiac phenotypes. C) Protein structure encoded by the FLNC gene and its respective domains. ACM: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; RCM: restrictive cardiomyopathy.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>In an era of precision medicine, understanding the complexities of genetic cardiomyopathies is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of cardiology care and providing individualized patient management. As the field of cardiology advances, understanding the genotype-phenotype correlations in cardiomyopathies has become increasingly important. Specific genetic variants are linked to distinct clinical outcomes. The integration of genetic testing into clinical practice offers the potential for more accurate risk stratification, allowing cardiologists to personalize treatment strategies for patients with cardiomyopathies. Filamin C (FLNC) is a key cytoskeletal protein essential for maintaining the structural integrity of muscle cells, particularly within the cardiac sarcomere. In recent years, pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene have emerged as significant contributors to a diverse array of cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). These conditions, which often present with variable and overlapping clinical features, pose significant challenges for clinicians in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and management. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of how these genetic alterations influence disease manifestations and clinical outcomes, with an emphasis on their relevance to precision medicine.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Gene <italic>FLNC</italic> and structural role of Filamin C</title>
				<p>The gene <italic>FLNC</italic> is located in chromosome 7q32.1, stretches over 29.5Kb of genomic DNA, and comprises 48 coding exons in the canonical transcript (ENST00000325888.13/NM_001458.5).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC</italic> tissue expression is increased predominantly in skeletal muscle, left ventricle (LV), and atrial appendage, as indicated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>. The <italic>FLNC</italic> encodes the protein filamin C, a sarcomeric muscle-specific protein involved in myocyte differentiation and muscle function, by interacting with proteins of both the Z-disc and the sarcolemma. Filamin C plays a critical role in preserving the structural integrity of the sarcomere by crosslinking actin filaments and anchoring sarcolemmal proteins<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> to the cytoskeleton in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The protein is composed of an amino-terminal actin-binding domain and an ROD of 24 Ig-like domains, which are connected by flexible hinge regions between domains 15 and 16 (hinge 1) and domains 23 and 24 (hinge 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The Ig-like domains are subdivided into ROD1 and ROD2, which bind to different ligands due to organizational differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>The dimerization of two identical filamin proteins occurs via the Ig-like 2 domain and is required for appropriate function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Chromosomal location of FLNC gene in 7q32.1, the transcripts including the canonical and the shorter transcript and bulk tissue expression of FLNC according to GTEx, indicating increased expression in skeletal muscle and heart.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inheritance patterns and disease mechanisms of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</title>
				<p>Cardiomyopathies associated with the Filamin C gene can exhibit various patterns of inheritance, including both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> While <italic>FLNC</italic> was initially linked with dominant forms of myopathy and cardiomyopathy, two cases reported biallelic variants in this gene in association with isolated myopathy or cardiomyopathy. Recessive <italic>FLNC</italic> variants have been reported in patients with the phenotype of both cardiomyopathy and myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, gene curations in OMIM and ClinGen databases do not include autosomal recessive patterns yet. The phenotype associated with <italic>FLNC</italic> variants is highly heterogeneous, with recessive forms generally exhibiting earlier onset and increased severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC</italic> is highly intolerant for loss-of-function variants,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> whereas haploinsufficiency has been suggested as the most probable reason for the disease phenotype in a number of patients with <italic>FLNC</italic>-induced myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Heterozygous variants in <italic>FLNC</italic> were initially only linked with isolated skeletal and myofibrillar myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The initial descriptions of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants were primarily related to myopathies associated with skeletal muscle disease, as a particular form of myofibrillar myopathy. Cardiac involvement was mentioned without specific features. This picture evolved, and now it is recognized that Filamin C is widely expressed in cardiac myocytes, and different genetic variants appear to be associated with specific cardiomyopathy phenotypes.</p>
				<p>For instance, the variant <italic>FLNC</italic> c.2389+1C &gt; A affecting the donor splice site at the end of exon 15 causes exon skipping, creating a stop codon and, consequently, a truncated protein. This haploinsufficiency leads to a decreased amount of Filamin-C protein associated with highly penetrant and more aggressive phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the next session, we will systematically review the correlation between variants on <italic>FLNC</italic> and the phenotypic markers, which are helping to elucidate the main clinical features of Filamin C-induced cardiomyopathies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variant-Specific phenotypic expression in <italic>FLNC</italic>-Related cardiomyopathies</title>
				<p>Genotype-phenotype correlation in <italic>FLNC</italic>-related cardiomyopathies is dependent on the nature of the protein modification due to the type and site of the pathogenic genetic variant. For instance, truncating <italic>FLNC</italic> variants, caused by <italic>frameshift</italic>, <italic>nonsense</italic>, and <italic>splice-site</italic> variants, typically manifest as DCM or ACM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> whereas <italic>FLNC</italic>-related HCM or RCM phenotypes are usually linked to changes in the protein caused by <italic>missense</italic> genetic variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The overview of genetic variants in association with their cardiac phenotype is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Truncating <italic>FLNC</italic> variants: Association with DCM and ACM</title>
					<p>As mentioned, <italic>FLNC</italic> truncating variants (<italic>FLNC</italic>tv) are associated with haploinsufficiency and DCM and left-side ACM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and the location of the variant seems not to modify the severity of the phenotype as reports of <italic>FLNC</italic>tv include variants spread across various exons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The variants predicted to result in a premature stop codon are enriched in DCM, and the prevalence of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants in patients with DCM ranges from 1% to 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title><italic>Missense FLNC</italic> variants: Links to HCM and RCM</title>
			<p><italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants are mainly associated with HCM and RCM with a varying prevalence from 1.3% to 8.7% in HCM cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Of note, <italic>FLNC missense</italic> HCM variants show a clustering in the ROD2 domain of the gene, suggesting a possible hotspot and indicating that the location of the variant might influence the development of this specific phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> <italic>Missense</italic> variants in other domains, albeit less common, have also been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Characterization of cardiomyopathy phenotypes in <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</title>
			<p>We have seen that the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene is associated with different forms of autosomal dominant cardiomyopathy, including DCM, HCM, RCM forms, and myofibrillar myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC</italic>tv cardiomyopathy appears to be a disease with heterogeneous phenotypic presentation ranging from typical DCM to ACM and with frequently overlapping forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Dilated cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>DCM is characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction that cannot be explained by abnormal loading conditions or coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The etiology of DCM is heterogeneous, encompassing both acquired and inherited causes and may involve a complex interplay between genetic and acquired factors. Notably, 30% of DCM cases are linked to rare pathogenic variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Titin is the most frequently affected gene,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> followed by <italic>DSP, MYH7, LMNA, BAG3, TNNT2, TNNC1, TNNI3, PLN, ACTC1, ACTN2, NEXN, JPH2, SCN5A, TPM1, RBM20, DES, FLNC</italic> and <italic>VCL.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>DCM individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic variants experience worse clinical outcomes and a higher incidence of major arrhythmic events compared to genotype-negative patients, especially with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35%. Certain genotypes, particularly those involving nuclear envelope, desmosomal, and cytoskeletal proteins, carry an elevated risk of arrhythmic events regardless of LVEF. Variants in <italic>FLNC</italic> have also been associated with increased arrhythmic risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Accordingly, genetic testing can be instrumental in considering prophylactic cardiac defibrillator (ICD) implantation in DCM, and an ICD should be contemplated for genotype-positive DCM patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this regard, ICDs should be considered for primary prevention in DCM patients harboring high-risk genetic variants (<italic>LMNA, EMD, TMEM43, DSP, RBM20, PLN, FLNCtv)</italic>, even at LVEF thresholds above 35%, especially when additional risk factors are present (example nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, increased ventricular ectopic beats, male sex, significant late gadolinium enhancement, specific genetic variant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> When the two copies of the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene are affected, in biallelic variants, the phenotype is devastating with end-stage heart failure, as seen in children with congenital DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The <italic>FLNC p.Ile1937Asn</italic> variant is associated with full disease penetrance HCM and a phenotype characterized by severe hypertrophy and outcomes. Fifty percent of the patients harboring this variant displayed end-stage heart failure, requiring transplantation, and one-third of the family members presented sudden cardiac death (SCD). Other particular features of <italic>FLNC-p.Ile1937Asn</italic> include an early disease onset (mean age of 19 years) and the development of a marked atrial myopathy with severe atrial dilatation with remodeling and multiple complex atrial arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>ACM is a genetic disorder characterized by high risks of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, SCD, and progressive heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The prevalence of pathogenic variants in ACM can reach 50%, with the most commonly identified genes being desmosomal (<italic>PKP2, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, JUP</italic>) followed by <italic>TTN, FLNC, LMNA, DES, BAG3, PLN, TMEM43</italic>, and RNA binding motif protein 20 (<italic>RBM20</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The phenotype ACM appears as an overlapping of dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies, characterized by variable degrees of LV dilation and systolic dysfunction, prominent subepicardial and/or intramyocardial fibrosis of the LV, frequent ventricular arrhythmias, and SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> LV myocardial fibrosis is mainly subepicardial with inferoposterolateral distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The classic right predominant form of ACM has not been observed in cardiomyopathies caused by <italic>FLNC</italic>tv. The cardiac conduction abnormalities appear to fall between the severe conduction defects observed in laminopathies and the absence of such defects seen in desmosomal ACM. <italic>FLNC</italic>-associated DCM is more malignant, characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial fibrosis, and a high risk of SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The average age of onset is in the fourth decade of life, with the presence of inferolateral negative T waves on the electrocardiogram, mild to moderate LV dysfunction, regional dyskinesia, and the ring-like scar pattern in the LV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The presence of certain ACM features, such as frequent premature ventricular complexes, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), or negative anterior T waves, raises suspicion for an underlying <italic>FLNC</italic>tv.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, low-voltage ECG findings may serve as a diagnostic marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Low-voltage QRS complexes are a risk marker for arrhythmic events in ACM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and may also be relevant for <italic>FLNC</italic>-related cardiomyopathies.</p>
				<p>There is a strong correlation between LV dysfunction and an increased risk of adverse heart failure outcomes, such as heart failure-related mortality, heart transplantation, and the use of LV assist devices. However, arrhythmic events, including SCD and major ventricular arrhythmias, occur independently of low LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The hallmark of the phenotype is ventricular arrhythmias, which are independent of the degree of LV dysfunction, as indicated by the lack of correlation with LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This lack of correlation highlights the need for alternative strategies to stratify the arrhythmic risk and the importance of identifying novel biomarkers to predict arrhythmic risk.</p>
				<p><italic>FLN</italic>Ctv has a significant risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, including SCD and major ventricular arrhythmias, compared to other high-risk genes, such as <italic>LMNA</italic> and <italic>DSP.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The 2019 Heart Rhythm Society consensus guidelines on ACM included the <italic>FLNC</italic>, suggesting it be considered a high-risk marker for SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Genetic-specific recommendations of ICD have been included in the most recent guidelines. There are specific recommendations for primary prevention of SCD in these patients when LVEF is lower than 45% (Class of Recommendation IIa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Genetic variants are associated with an increased risk of SCD when pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants are detected in specific high-risk genes: <italic>FLNC, DES, DSP, PLN, LMNA, TMEM43, RMB20.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recent evidence suggests that phenotype plays a role in SCD risk, with patients harboring disease-causing variants in <italic>PLN, DSP, LMNA, FLNC, TMEM43</italic>, and <italic>RBM20</italic> having a substantially higher rate of major arrhythmic events than other causes of DCM regardless of LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Myocarditis, by clinical and histological criteria, is a common presentation in patients with <italic>FLNC</italic> pathogenic variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Arrhythmic risk and the risk of SCD appear to be elevated during periods of myocardial inflammation in patients with <italic>FLNC</italic> variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The prevalence of pathogenic variants reaches up to 50% of ACM of myocarditis cases, depending on the population studied, with the most commonly identified genes being desmoplakin, titin, <italic>FLNC</italic>, and RNA binding motif protein 20 (<italic>RBM20</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In a cohort of 21 cases of recurrent myocarditis, it was found that approximately one-third of patients displayed a previously unknown pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant, mostly affecting the <italic>DSP</italic> gene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>HCM is a common inherited heart disease characterized predominantly by LV hypertrophy in the absence of another cardiac, systemic, or metabolic disease capable of producing the magnitude of hypertrophy evident in a given patient and for which a disease-causing sarcomere (or sarcomere-related) variant is identified, or genetic etiology remains unresolved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>HCM is considered to be an inherited disease with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Several genes, mostly encoding sarcomere proteins, account for more than half of HCM cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants have been associated with HCM phenotype since the cosegregation of the variant p.Ala1539Thr with HCM, which later found six additional <italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants segregating with the disease in eight families.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These authors also demonstrated that <italic>FLNC</italic> variants affect cardiac muscle structure, showing that histological analysis of cardiac muscle revealed marked sarcomeric abnormalities, including myofibrillar disarray, sarcomeric aggregates, and fibrosis not observed in control hearts from either three HCM patients without variants in <italic>FLNC</italic> or from a healthy subject.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These <italic>missense</italic> variants are distributed in various domains of the filamin C protein; however, as previously stated, there appears to be a <italic>cluster</italic> in ROD2.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC-</italic>related cardiomyopathy patients rarely display skeletal myopathy. The patients affected by <italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants show a higher risk of SCD than patients with HCM without pathogenic variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Although <italic>FLNC</italic> variants account for only 2% of variant-positive HCM cases, the affected individuals frequently present severe phenotypes and severe clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although some studies have linked <italic>missense</italic> variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> to HCM, the prevalence of these <italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants in population databases is significantly higher (4%) than expected based on the known prevalence of HCM (0.2%). Consequently, <italic>FLNC</italic> variants are common in both HCM patients and healthy individuals, and initially, this matter raised questions about the association of these variants with clinical manifestations and prognosis in HCM patients. A large-scale screening of <italic>FLNC</italic> in 448 HCM patients and 450 healthy controls study identified 20 <italic>FLNC</italic> candidate variants (1 <italic>nonsense</italic> and 19 <italic>missense</italic>). The pathogenicity analyses classified 6 of the candidate variants as likely pathogenic, 10 as variants of uncertain significance, and 4 as likely benign. The authors proposed that <italic>FLNC missense</italic> variants can be likely associated with the development of HCM phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A novel <italic>FLNC</italic> variant <italic>p.(Ile1937Asn)</italic> has been identified in a large family of French-Canadian descent with excellent segregation data. The clinical characterization data show that none of the affected patients presented LV dynamic obstruction. The HCM phenotype is characterized by septal or diffuse LV hypertrophy, and there are no cases of isolated apical HCM or LV apical aneurysms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Restrictive cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>RCM is a rare form of cardiac muscle disease characterized by ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Genetic analyses uncovered various candidate pathogenic gene variants in RCM patients, including <italic>TNNI3</italic>, <italic>TNNT2</italic>, <italic>MYL2</italic>, <italic>FLNC</italic>, and <italic>MYH7.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Restricting LV filling patterns were observed early in the disease course. Previous studies showed that restrictive forms of HCM represent an uncommon subtype accounting for about 1.5% of HCM cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The association between RCM and <italic>FLNC</italic> variants was described in association with phenotypes, including supraventricular arrhythmias, high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, atrial cardiomyopathies, diastolic dysfunction, and variable degrees of myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A review of all previously <italic>missense</italic> variants in <italic>FLNC</italic> associated with RCM shows a “mutational” hotspot located at the Ig-like repeat domains 18 to 21, a key region for interactions with several structural and signaling proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Rare <italic>missense</italic> variants at the ROD2 domain of the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene, affecting Ig-like domains from 18 to 21 (d18-21), present a singular “saw-tooth myocardium” phenotype, consisting of a severe HCM/RCM phenotype with an unusual saw-tooth LV hypertrophy and deep myocardial recesses, HF symptoms and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> This ROD2 domain is essential for <italic>FLNC</italic> dimerization and secondary protein structure acquisition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This d18-21 <italic>cluster</italic> interacts with Z-disc proteins, muscle development, and contraction-related proteins and is a critical point for protein phosphorylation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, <italic>missense</italic> variants in the ROD2 subdomain may precipitate a misfolded protein and impaired crosslinking, leading to sarcomere disarray and mechanotransduction impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In pediatric presentation of RCM, pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variants are identified in 50% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Heart failure symptoms develop at young ages, resulting in early heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Skeletal and myofibrillar myopathies</title>
				<p>The term filaminopathy was introduced after a truncating mutation in the dimerization domain <italic>FLNC</italic> was shown to be responsible for a devastating muscle disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Early symptoms of proximal muscle weakness precede distal and respiratory muscles that are affected by disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The symptoms usually present after the fourth decade of life, possibly as a result of time-related impairments in the machinery that is responsible for the disposal of damaged proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Muscle biopsies demonstrate typical signs of myofibrillar myopathy, including disintegration of myofibrils and intracellular aggregation of proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This formation of desmin-positive protein aggregates is required for the diagnosis of myofibrillar myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nonsense mutation in the ROD domain that leads to RNA instability, haploinsufficiency with decreased expression levels of <italic>FLNC</italic> in the muscle fibers, and myofibrillar abnormalities are associated with non-specific myopathic abnormalities without myofibrillar myopathy pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Myopathies features of <italic>FLNC-</italic>associated myofibrillar myopathy are the symmetrical involvement of proximal muscles in the lower extremities, respiratory weakness during the disease course, and a specific set of imaging characteristics for muscle involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> About one-third of the <italic>FLNC</italic> myofibrillar myopathy showed cardiac involvement. Distal myopathies due to <italic>FLNC</italic> variants are characterized by weakness in the hand and calf muscles with an onset in early adulthood. <italic>FLNC</italic> variants previously identified in myofibrillar myopathy are mostly non-loss-of-functions variants, including <italic>missense</italic> and <italic>in-frame</italic> indels. The mechanism of these variants for <italic>FLNC</italic>-induced myopathy is attributed to the aggregation of <italic>FLNC</italic> and <italic>FLNC</italic>-binding proteins in muscle and the sarcomere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The different clinical phenotypes of myopathies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– FLNC Genetic variants type and myopathies features</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Gene</th>
									<th>Type of variant</th>
									<th>Physiopathology</th>
									<th>Clinical Phenotype</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><italic>FLNC</italic></td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Missense</italic> or <italic>in frame</italic> indels.</td>
									<td align="center">Formation of desmin-positive protein aggregates</td>
									<td align="center">myofibrillar myopathy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><italic>FLNC</italic></td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Nonsense</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Decreased expression levels of <italic>FLNC</italic> in the muscle fibers</td>
									<td align="center">distal myopathy</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and FLNC cardiomyopathies</title>
				<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a powerful tool for assessing the impact of FLNC mutations on cardiac tissue. The CMR can provide detailed insights into myocardial structure and function. CMR allows for the precise assessment of myocardial fibrosis, wall motion abnormalities, and other pathophysiological changes that result from genetic cardiomyopathies. Particularly the use of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has emerged as a critical imaging technique for detecting areas of myocardial fibrosis, which is an important risk marker. By integrating genetic testing with CMR findings, clinicians can achieve a more precise understanding of the disease, enhancing risk prediction and informing individualized management strategies for patients with <italic>FLNC</italic>-related cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Clinical case with phenotype description</title>
			<p>A 44-year-old patient experienced a cardiorespiratory arrest while his motorcycle was stationary at a traffic light. Other drivers observed the motorcycle tipping over and assisted with resuscitation maneuvers. The cardiorespiratory arrest occurred almost in front of the hospital, and the emergency rescue promptly transported the patient to the cardiological emergency department. A ventricular fibrillation rhythm was identified, and successful defibrillation was administered with successful recovery. The patient underwent coronary catheterization and did not exhibit obstructive coronary artery disease. Electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, low QRS voltage and T wave inversion in lateral leads and limb leads, and ventricular premature contractions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). CMR revealed the presence of late gadolinium enhancement in a ring-like pattern on the inferior and lateral walls of the LV, along with borderline ventricular function, with an ejection fraction of 45%. The patient underwent implantation of an automatic cardioverter-defibrillator.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm, low QRS voltage, and T wave inversion in lateral leads and limb leads and ventricular premature contractions.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical relevance of FLNC variants in cardiomyopathies</title>
				<p>Pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene are associated with a spectrum of cardiomyopathy phenotypes, including dilated, arrhythmogenic, hypertrophic, and RCM. In practice, varying degrees of phenotypic overlap can be observed, particularly between DCM and ACM, as well as between HCM and RCM. Cardiac phenotypes of <italic>FLNC</italic> disease are related to a more aggressive clinical course, and this concern is not only limited to truncating <italic>FLNC</italic>-variants but can also be caused by <italic>missense</italic> variants, which are important for clinical management and outcomes in these patients.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectives: Future directions in <italic>FLNC</italic> research and clinical management</title>
				<p>This review highlights the need to expand the underlying mechanisms associated with <italic>FLNC</italic> variants, their types, and associated phenotypic presentations. The potential contribution of additional genetic variants and improved understanding of the complex interplay with other genetic and environmental factors are key challenges to be addressed.</p>
				<p>Taken together, it is clear that individuals and families with high-risk hereditary cardiomyopathies require specialized integrated care to seamlessly incorporate the beneficial mounting genetic evidence to improve the risk stratification and management of these patients.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>We extend our deepest gratitude to the patients and families affected by cardiomyopathies, whose resilience and courage inspire our research.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Verdonschot JAJ, Vanhoutte EK, Claes GRF, van den Enden ATJM, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Hellebrekers DMEI, et al. A Mutation Update for the FLNC Gene in Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. Hum Mutat. 2020;41(6):1091-111. doi: 10.1002/humu.24004.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verdonschot</surname>
							<given-names>JAJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vanhoutte</surname>
							<given-names>EK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Claes</surname>
							<given-names>GRF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van den Enden</surname>
							<given-names>ATJM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoeijmakers</surname>
							<given-names>JGJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hellebrekers</surname>
							<given-names>DMEI</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Mutation Update for the FLNC Gene in Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>Hum Mutat</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1091</fpage>
					<lpage>1111</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/humu.24004</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Ortiz-Genga MF, Cuenca S, Dal Ferro M, Zorio E, Salgado-Aranda R, Climent V, et al. Truncating FLNC Mutations Are Associated with High-Risk Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(22):2440-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.927.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ortiz-Genga</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cuenca</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dal Ferro</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zorio</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salgado-Aranda</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Climent</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Truncating FLNC Mutations Are Associated with High-Risk Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>22</issue>
					<fpage>2440</fpage>
					<lpage>2451</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.927</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Razinia Z, Mäkelä T, Ylänne J, Calderwood DA. Filamins in Mechanosensing and Signaling. Annu Rev Biophys. 2012;41:227-46. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-050511-102252.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Razinia</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mäkelä</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ylänne</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calderwood</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Filamins in Mechanosensing and Signaling</article-title>
					<source>Annu Rev Biophys</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<fpage>227</fpage>
					<lpage>246</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-biophys-050511-102252</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Alsubhi A, Aldarwish M, Agrawal PB, Al Tala SM, Eldadah O, Alghamdi AA, et al. A Child with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Homozygous Splice Site Variant in FLNC Gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2023;38:101027. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101027.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alsubhi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aldarwish</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agrawal</surname>
							<given-names>PB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al Tala</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Eldadah</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alghamdi</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Child with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Homozygous Splice Site Variant in FLNC Gene</article-title>
					<source>Mol Genet Metab Rep</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<size units="pages">101027</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Reinstein E, Gutierrez-Fernandez A, Tzur S, Bormans C, Marcu S, Tayeb-Fligelman E, et al. Congenital Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Biallelic Mutations in Filamin C. Eur J Hum Genet. 2016;24(12):1792-6. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.110.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Reinstein</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutierrez-Fernandez</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tzur</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bormans</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tayeb-Fligelman</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Congenital Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Biallelic Mutations in Filamin C</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Hum Genet</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1792</fpage>
					<lpage>1796</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ejhg.2016.110</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Nozari A, Aghaei-Moghadam E, Zeinaloo A, Mollazadeh R, Majnoon MT, Alavi A, et al. A Novel Splicing Variant in FLNC Gene Responsible for a Highly Penetrant Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy in an Extended Iranian Family. Gene. 2018;659:160-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.044.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nozari</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aghaei-Moghadam</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zeinaloo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mollazadeh</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Majnoon</surname>
							<given-names>MT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alavi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Novel Splicing Variant in FLNC Gene Responsible for a Highly Penetrant Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy in an Extended Iranian Family</article-title>
					<source>Gene</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>659</volume>
					<fpage>160</fpage>
					<lpage>167</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.044</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Akhtar MM, Lorenzini M, Pavlou M, Ochoa JP, O'Mahony C, Restrepo-Cordoba MA, et al. Association of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction among Carriers of Truncating Variants in Filamin C with Frequent Ventricular Arrhythmia and End-stage Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(8):891-901. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1106.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Akhtar</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lorenzini</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pavlou</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ochoa</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O'Mahony</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Restrepo-Cordoba</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Association of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction among Carriers of Truncating Variants in Filamin C with Frequent Ventricular Arrhythmia and End-stage Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>891</fpage>
					<lpage>901</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1106</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Begay RL, Graw SL, Sinagra G, Asimaki A, Rowland TJ, Slavov DB, et al. Filamin C Truncation Mutations Are Associated with Arrhythmogenic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Changes in the Cell-Cell Adhesion Structures. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):504-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.12.003.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Begay</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Graw</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sinagra</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Asimaki</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rowland</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Slavov</surname>
							<given-names>DB</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Filamin C Truncation Mutations Are Associated with Arrhythmogenic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Changes in the Cell-Cell Adhesion Structures</article-title>
					<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>504</fpage>
					<lpage>514</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2017.12.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Brun F, Gigli M, Graw SL, Judge DP, Merlo M, Murray B, et al. FLNC Truncations Cause Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. J Med Genet. 2020;57(4):254-7. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106394.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brun</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gigli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Graw</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Judge</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Murray</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>FLNC Truncations Cause Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>J Med Genet</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>254</fpage>
					<lpage>257</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106394</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Gigli M, Stolfo D, Graw SL, Merlo M, Gregorio C, Chen SN, et al. Phenotypic Expression, Natural History, and Risk Stratification of Cardiomyopathy Caused by Filamin C Truncating Variants. Circulation. 2021;144(20):1600-11. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053521.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gigli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stolfo</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Graw</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gregorio</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>SN</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Phenotypic Expression, Natural History, and Risk Stratification of Cardiomyopathy Caused by Filamin C Truncating Variants</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>144</volume>
					<issue>20</issue>
					<fpage>1600</fpage>
					<lpage>1611</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053521</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Valdés-Mas R, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Gómez J, Coto E, Astudillo A, Puente DA, et al. Mutations in Filamin C Cause a New Form of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5326. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6326.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Valdés-Mas</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutiérrez-Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gómez</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coto</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Astudillo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Puente</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mutations in Filamin C Cause a New Form of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Nat Commun</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<size units="pages">5326</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ncomms6326</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Gómez J, Lorca R, Reguero JR, Morís C, Martín M, Tranche S, et al. Screening of the Filamin C Gene in a Large Cohort of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10(2):e001584. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001584.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gómez</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lorca</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reguero</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morís</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martín</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tranche</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Screening of the Filamin C Gene in a Large Cohort of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Genet</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<elocation-id>e001584</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001584</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Ader F, De Groote P, Réant P, Rooryck-Thambo C, Dupin-Deguine D, Rambaud C, et al. FLNC Pathogenic Variants in Patients with Cardiomyopathies: Prevalence and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Clin Genet. 2019;96(4):317-29. doi: 10.1111/cge.13594.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ader</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Groote</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Réant</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rooryck-Thambo</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dupin-Deguine</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rambaud</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>FLNC Pathogenic Variants in Patients with Cardiomyopathies: Prevalence and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations</article-title>
					<source>Clin Genet</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>317</fpage>
					<lpage>329</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/cge.13594</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Janin A, N'Guyen K, Habib G, Dauphin C, Chanavat V, Bouvagnet P, et al. Truncating Mutations on Myofibrillar Myopathies Causing Genes as Prevalent Molecular Explanations on Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Clin Genet. 2017;92(6):616-23. doi: 10.1111/cge.13043.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Janin</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>N'Guyen</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Habib</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dauphin</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chanavat</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bouvagnet</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Truncating Mutations on Myofibrillar Myopathies Causing Genes as Prevalent Molecular Explanations on Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Clin Genet</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>92</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>616</fpage>
					<lpage>623</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/cge.13043</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Cui H, Wang J, Zhang C, Wu G, Zhu C, Tang B, et al. Mutation Profile of FLNC Gene and Its Prognostic Relevance in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2018;6(6):1104-13. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.488.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cui</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhu</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tang</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mutation Profile of FLNC Gene and Its Prognostic Relevance in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Mol Genet Genomic Med</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1104</fpage>
					<lpage>1113</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mgg3.488</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(37):3503-626. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Arbelo</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Protonotarios</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gimeno</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arbustini</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barriales-Villa</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Basso</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2023 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>37</issue>
					<fpage>3503</fpage>
					<lpage>3626</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Escobar-Lopez L, Ochoa JP, Mirelis JG, Espinosa MÁ, Navarro M, Gallego-Delgado M, et al. Association of Genetic Variants with Outcomes in Patients with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(17):1682-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.039.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Escobar-Lopez</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ochoa</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mirelis</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Espinosa</surname>
							<given-names>MÁ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Navarro</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gallego-Delgado</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Association of Genetic Variants with Outcomes in Patients with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>78</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>1682</fpage>
					<lpage>1699</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.039</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. Horvat C, Johnson R, Lam L, Munro J, Mazzarotto F, Roberts AM, et al. A Gene-Centric Strategy for Identifying Disease-Causing Rare Variants in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Genet Med. 2019;21(1):133-43. doi: 10.1038/s41436-018-0036-2.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Horvat</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lam</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Munro</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mazzarotto</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roberts</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Gene-Centric Strategy for Identifying Disease-Causing Rare Variants in Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Genet Med</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>133</fpage>
					<lpage>143</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41436-018-0036-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Verdonschot JAJ, Hazebroek MR, Krapels IPC, Henkens MTHM, Raafs A, Wang P, et al. Implications of Genetic Testing in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020;13(5):476-87. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.120.003031.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verdonschot</surname>
							<given-names>JAJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hazebroek</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Krapels</surname>
							<given-names>IPC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henkens</surname>
							<given-names>MTHM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Raafs</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Implications of Genetic Testing in Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>476</fpage>
					<lpage>487</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGEN.120.003031</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Márquez MF, Shamloo AS, Ackerman MJ, Ashley EA, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases. J Arrhythm. 2022;38(4):491-553. doi: 10.1002/joa3.12717.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wilde</surname>
							<given-names>AAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Semsarian</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Márquez</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shamloo</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ashley</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases</article-title>
					<source>J Arrhythm</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>491</fpage>
					<lpage>553</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/joa3.12717</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Gaudreault N, Ruel LJ, Henry C, Schleit J, Lagüe P, Champagne J, et al. Novel Filamin C (FLNC) Variant Causes a Severe Form of Familial Mixed Hypertrophic-Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Am J Med Genet A. 2023;191(6):1508-17. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63169.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gaudreault</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ruel</surname>
							<given-names>LJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henry</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schleit</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lagüe</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Champagne</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Novel Filamin C (FLNC) Variant Causes a Severe Form of Familial Mixed Hypertrophic-Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Am J Med Genet A</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>191</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1508</fpage>
					<lpage>1517</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ajmg.a.63169</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Calkins H, Darrieux FCC, et al. 2019 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on Evaluation, Risk Stratification, and Management of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(11):e301-e372. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Towbin</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McKenna</surname>
							<given-names>WJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abrams</surname>
							<given-names>DJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ackerman</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calkins</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Darrieux</surname>
							<given-names>FCC</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2019 HRS Expert Consensus Statement on Evaluation, Risk Stratification, and Management of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>e301</fpage>
					<lpage>e372</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. Artico J, Merlo M, Delcaro G, Cannatà A, Gentile P, De Angelis G, et al. Lymphocytic Myocarditis: A Genetically Predisposed Disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(24):3098-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.048.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Artico</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delcaro</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cannatà</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gentile</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Angelis</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lymphocytic Myocarditis: A Genetically Predisposed Disease?</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<issue>24</issue>
					<fpage>3098</fpage>
					<lpage>3100</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.048</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. Hall CL, Akhtar MM, Sabater-Molina M, Futema M, Asimaki A, Protonotarios A, et al. Filamin C Variants are Associated with a Distinctive Clinical and Immunohistochemical Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype. Int J Cardiol. 2020;307:101-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.048.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hall</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Akhtar</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sabater-Molina</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Futema</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Asimaki</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Protonotarios</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Filamin C Variants are Associated with a Distinctive Clinical and Immunohistochemical Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>307</volume>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>108</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.048</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Olivetti NQS, Sacilotto L, Wulkan F, Pessente G, Carvalho MLP, Moleta D, et al. Clinical Features, Genetic Findings, and Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Data from a Brazilian Cohort. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2023;16(2):e011391. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.122.011391.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Olivetti</surname>
							<given-names>NQS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sacilotto</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wulkan</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pessente</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>MLP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moleta</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Features, Genetic Findings, and Risk Stratification in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Data from a Brazilian Cohort</article-title>
					<source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<elocation-id>e011391</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.122.011391</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. Vrettos A, Demetriades P, Ortiz M, Domínguez F, García-Pavía P, Suárez-Mier MP, et al. Pathogenic Truncating Filamin C Mutations Presenting as Acute Myocarditis: A Case Series with Insights from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Histological Analysis. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2024;8(3):ytae111. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae111.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vrettos</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Demetriades</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ortiz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Domínguez</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García-Pavía</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suárez-Mier</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Pathogenic Truncating Filamin C Mutations Presenting as Acute Myocarditis: A Case Series with Insights from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Histological Analysis</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Case Rep</source>
					<year>2024</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<elocation-id>ytae111</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjcr/ytae111</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>27. Ollitrault P, Al Khoury M, Troadec Y, Calcagno Y, Champ-Rigot L, Ferchaud V, et al. Recurrent Acute Myocarditis: An Under-Recognized Clinical Entity Associated with the Later Diagnosis of a Genetic Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:998883. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.998883.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ollitrault</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al Khoury</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Troadec</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calcagno</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Champ-Rigot</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferchaud</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Recurrent Acute Myocarditis: An Under-Recognized Clinical Entity Associated with the Later Diagnosis of a Genetic Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<size units="pages">998883</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2022.998883</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation>28. Ishida H, Narita J, Ishii R, Suginobe H, Tsuru H, Wang R, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Genetic Analyses of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023;16(4):382-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.004054.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ishida</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Narita</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ishii</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suginobe</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tsuru</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Outcomes and Genetic Analyses of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children</article-title>
					<source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>382</fpage>
					<lpage>389</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.004054</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation>29. Rindler TN, Hinton RB, Salomonis N, Ware SM. Molecular Characterization of Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy from Integrative Genomics. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39276. doi: 10.1038/srep39276.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rindler</surname>
							<given-names>TN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hinton</surname>
							<given-names>RB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salomonis</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ware</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Molecular Characterization of Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy from Integrative Genomics</article-title>
					<source>Sci Rep</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<size units="pages">39276</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep39276</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation>30. Kostareva A, Kiselev A, Gudkova A, Frishman G, Ruepp A, Frishman D, et al. Genetic Spectrum of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Uncovered by Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163362.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kostareva</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kiselev</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gudkova</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frishman</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ruepp</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frishman</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Genetic Spectrum of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Uncovered by Next-Generation Sequencing</article-title>
					<source>PLoS One</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<elocation-id>e0163362</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0163362</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<label>31</label>
				<mixed-citation>31. Vio R, Angelini A, Basso C, Cipriani A, Zorzi A, Melacini P, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Primary Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Similarities, Differences and Phenocopies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(9):1954. doi: 10.3390/jcm10091954.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vio</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Angelini</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Basso</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cipriani</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zorzi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melacini</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Primary Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Similarities, Differences and Phenocopies</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>1954</fpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10091954</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<label>32</label>
				<mixed-citation>32. Roldán-Sevilla A, Palomino-Doza J, Juan J, Sánchez V, Domínguez-González C, Salguero-Bodes R, et al. Missense Mutations in the FLNC Gene Causing Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2019;12(3):e002388. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.118.002388.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Roldán-Sevilla</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Palomino-Doza</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Juan</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Domínguez-González</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salguero-Bodes</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Missense Mutations in the FLNC Gene Causing Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<elocation-id>e002388</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGEN.118.002388</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<label>33</label>
				<mixed-citation>33. Brodehl A, Ferrier RA, Hamilton SJ, Greenway SC, Brundler MA, Yu W, et al. Mutations in FLNC are Associated with Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Hum Mutat. 2016;37(3):269-79. doi: 10.1002/humu.22942.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brodehl</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferrier</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamilton</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greenway</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brundler</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mutations in FLNC are Associated with Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Hum Mutat</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>269</fpage>
					<lpage>279</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/humu.22942</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<label>34</label>
				<mixed-citation>34. Tucker NR, McLellan MA, Hu D, Ye J, Parsons VA, Mills RW, et al. Novel Mutation in FLNC (Filamin C) Causes Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10(6):e001780. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.117.001780.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tucker</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McLellan</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hu</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ye</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parsons</surname>
							<given-names>VA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mills</surname>
							<given-names>RW</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Novel Mutation in FLNC (Filamin C) Causes Familial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Genet</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<elocation-id>e001780</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.117.001780</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<label>35</label>
				<mixed-citation>35. Fürst DO, Goldfarb LG, Kley RA, Vorgerd M, Olivé M, van der Ven PF. Filamin C-Related Myopathies: Pathology and Mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125(1):33-46. doi: 10.1007/s00401-012-1054-9.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fürst</surname>
							<given-names>DO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goldfarb</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kley</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vorgerd</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Olivé</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Ven</surname>
							<given-names>PF</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Filamin C-Related Myopathies: Pathology and Mechanisms</article-title>
					<source>Acta Neuropathol</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>125</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>46</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00401-012-1054-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<label>36</label>
				<mixed-citation>36. Bermúdez-Jiménez FJ, Carriel V, Santos-Mateo JJ, Fernández A, García-Hernández S, Ramos KA, et al. ROD2 Domain Filamin C Missense Mutations Exhibit a Distinctive Cardiac Phenotype with Restrictive/Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Saw-Tooth Myocardium. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2023;76(5):301-11. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2022.08.002.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bermúdez-Jiménez</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carriel</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos-Mateo</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García-Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramos</surname>
							<given-names>KA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>ROD2 Domain Filamin C Missense Mutations Exhibit a Distinctive Cardiac Phenotype with Restrictive/Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Saw-Tooth Myocardium</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>76</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>301</fpage>
					<lpage>311</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rec.2022.08.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<label>37</label>
				<mixed-citation>37. Kley RA, Serdaroglu-Oflazer P, Leber Y, Odgerel Z, van der Ven PF, Olivé M, et al. Pathophysiology of Protein Aggregation and Extended Phenotyping in Filaminopathy. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 9):2642-60. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws200.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kley</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Serdaroglu-Oflazer</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leber</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Odgerel</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Ven</surname>
							<given-names>PF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Olivé</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Pathophysiology of Protein Aggregation and Extended Phenotyping in Filaminopathy</article-title>
					<source>Brain</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>Pt 9</issue>
					<fpage>2642</fpage>
					<lpage>2660</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/aws200</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<label>38</label>
				<mixed-citation>38. Antonopoulos AS, Xintarakou A, Protonotarios A, Lazaros G, Miliou A, Tsioufis K, et al. Imagenetics for Precision Medicine in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2024;17(2):e004301. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.123.004301.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Antonopoulos</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xintarakou</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Protonotarios</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lazaros</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miliou</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tsioufis</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Imagenetics for Precision Medicine in Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
					<year>2024</year>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<elocation-id>e004301</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCGEN.123.004301</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fnSourcesoffunding">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240059</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Filamina C e Cardiomiopatias: Ligando Variantes Genéticas ao Seu Impacto Fenotípico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1061-8982</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Olivetti</surname>
						<given-names>Natália</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-3088-972X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pagotti</surname>
						<given-names>Márya</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0940-4463</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Bruno Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9107-052X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mizuta</surname>
						<given-names>Marjorie</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9889-293X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-4764-657X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Senra</surname>
						<given-names>Paula de Mendonça</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2612-8040</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sacilotto</surname>
						<given-names>Luciana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5464-1792</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Krieger</surname>
						<given-names>José Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidade Clínica de Arritmia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Natália Olivetti • Av. Doutor Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: nataliaolivetti@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A Filamina C <italic>(</italic>FLNC<italic>)</italic> desempenha um papel crítico na manutenção da integridade estrutural das células musculares, particularmente dentro do sarcômero cardíaco. Variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> são cada vez mais reconhecidas como contribuintes significativos para uma gama diversificada de cardiomiopatias, incluindo cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD), hipertrófica (CMH), arritmogênica (CMA) e restritiva (CMR). Esta revisão explora as correlações genótipo-fenótipo em cardiomiopatias relacionadas ao gene <italic>FLNC</italic>, enfatizando como o tipo e a localização das variantes genéticas influenciam a apresentação clínica. Variantes truncadas são principalmente associadas a CMD e CMA, caracterizadas por um alto risco de eventos arrítmicos e resultados graves, enquanto variantes <italic>missense</italic> frequentemente levam a CMH e CMR, com características fenotípicas únicas. A revisão também discute os padrões de herança, mecanismos moleculares e fenótipos clínicos de miopatias associadas à <italic>FLNC</italic>, destacando a necessidade de testes genéticos na estratificação e gestão de risco. Perspectivas futuras enfatizam a importância de expandir a pesquisa sobre os mecanismos subjacentes das variantes em filamina C e suas interações com outros fatores genéticos e ambientais. Essa compreensão integrada é crítica para melhorar o gerenciamento clínico de pacientes com cardiomiopatias relacionadas a <italic>FLNC</italic>.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Filaminas</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
				<kwd>Displasia Arritmogênica Ventricular Direita</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Filamina C e Cardiomiopatias: Ligando Variantes Genéticas ao Seu Impacto Fenotípico</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>A) Cardiomiopatias por filamina C: Visão geral das variantes genéticas em associação com seu fenótipo cardíaco. Adaptado de Verdonschot JAJ et al. e Razinia Z et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> B) Gráfico mostrando tipos de mutação e fenótipos cardíacos. C) Estrutura da proteína codificada pelo gene FLNC e seus respectivos domínios. CMA: cardiomiopatia arritmogênica; CMD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; CMR: cardiomiopatia restritiva.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Em uma era de medicina de precisão, entender as complexidades das cardiomiopatias genéticas é crucial para aumentar a eficácia do tratamento cardiológico e fornecer tratamento individualizado ao paciente. À medida que o campo da cardiologia avança, entender as correlações genótipo-fenótipo nas cardiomiopatias se tornou cada vez mais importante. Variantes genéticas específicas estão vinculadas a desfechos clínicos diferentes. A integração de testes genéticos na prática clínica oferece o potencial para uma estratificação de risco mais precisa, permitindo que os cardiologistas personalizem estratégias de tratamento para pacientes com cardiomiopatias. A filamina C (<italic>FLNC</italic>) é uma proteína citoesquelética essencial para manter a integridade estrutural das células musculares, particularmente dentro do sarcômero cardíaco. Nos últimos anos, variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> surgiram como contribuintes significativos para uma gama diversificada de cardiomiopatias, incluindo cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD), cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), cardiomiopatia arritmogênica (CMA) e cardiomiopatia restritiva (CMR). Essas condições, que frequentemente apresentam características clínicas variáveis e sobrepostas, representam desafios significativos para os clínicos em termos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento. Esta revisão visa fornecer uma análise aprofundada de como essas alterações genéticas influenciam na manifestação da doença e nos desfechos clínicos, com ênfase em sua relevância para a medicina de precisão.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Gene <italic>FLNC</italic> e papel estrutural da filamina C</title>
					<p>O gene <italic>FLNC</italic> está localizado no cromossomo 7q32.1, se estende por 29,5 Kb de DNA genômico e compreende 48 éxons codificadores no transcrito canônico (ENST00000325888.13/NM_001458.5).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A expressão tecidual da proteína filamina C é aumentada predominantemente no músculo esquelético, ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e apêndice atrial, conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>. O gene <italic>FLNC</italic> codifica a proteína filamina C, uma proteína específica do músculo sarcomérico envolvida na diferenciação do miócito e na função muscular, interagindo com proteínas do disco Z e do sarcolema. A filamina C desempenha um papel crítico na preservação da integridade estrutural do sarcômero por meio da ligação cruzada dos filamentos de actina e da ancoragem de proteínas do sarcolema<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ao citoesqueleto em células musculares cardíacas e esqueléticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A proteína é composta de um domínio de ligação à actina amino-terminal e por 24 domínios semelhantes a imunoglobulina de folha β-pregueada interrompidos por duas regiões Hinge entre os domínios 15 e 16 (hinge 1) e domínios 23 e 24 (hinge 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os domínios semelhantes a Ig são subdivididos em ROD1 e ROD2, que se ligam a diferentes ligantes devido a diferenças organizacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A dimerização de duas proteínas filamina idênticas ocorre por meio do domínio semelhante a Ig 2 e é necessária para a função apropriada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Localização cromossômica do gene FLNC em 7q32.1, os transcritos incluindo o transcrito canônico e o mais curto e expressão tecidual em massa do FLNC de acordo com GTEx, indicando aumento da expressão no músculo esquelético e no coração.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Padrões de herança e mecanismos de doenças de variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
					<p>Cardiomiopatias associadas ao gene da Filamina C podem exibir vários padrões de herança, incluindo padrões autossômicos recessivos e autossômicos dominantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Enquanto <italic>FLNC</italic> foi inicialmente associado a formas dominantes de miopatia e cardiomiopatia, dois casos foram relatados de variantes bialélicas neste gene em associação com miopatia isolada ou cardiomiopatia. Variantes recessivas de <italic>FLNC</italic> foram relatadas em pacientes com o fenótipo de cardiomiopatia e miopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, curadorias de genes nos bancos de dados no Omim e ClinGen ainda não incluem padrões autossômicos recessivos. O fenótipo associado a variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> é altamente heterogêneo, com formas de herança recessiva e variantes bialélicas geralmente exibindo início mais precoce e maior gravidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> <italic>FLNC</italic> é altamente intolerante a variantes de perda de função,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> enquanto haploinsuficiência foi sugerida como a razão mais provável para o fenótipo da doença em vários pacientes com miopatia induzida por <italic>FLNC.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Variantes em heterozigose no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> foram inicialmente vinculadas apenas com miopatia esquelética e miofibrilar isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As descrições iniciais de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> foram primariamente relacionadas a miopatias associadas à doença do músculo esquelético, como uma forma particular de miopatia miofibrilar. O envolvimento cardíaco foi mencionado sem características específicas. Esse quadro evoluiu, e agora é reconhecido que a Filamina C é amplamente expressa em miócitos cardíacos, e diferentes variantes genéticas parecem estar associadas a fenótipos específicos de cardiomiopatia.</p>
					<p>Por exemplo, a variante <italic>FLNC</italic> c.2389+1C &gt; A, afeta o sítio doador de <italic>splice</italic> no final do éxon 15 causando <italic>exon skipping</italic>, criando um <italic>stop codon</italic> e, consequentemente, uma proteína truncada. Essa variante leva a uma quantidade reduzida de proteína Filamina-C associada a fenótipos altamente penetrantes e mais agressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na próxima sessão, revisaremos sistematicamente a correlação entre variantes no <italic>FLNC</italic> e os marcadores fenotípicos, que estão ajudando a elucidar as principais características clínicas das cardiomiopatias induzidas por filamina C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Expressão fenotípica específica de variantes em cardiomiopatias relacionadas a <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
					<p>A correlação genótipo-fenótipo em cardiomiopatias relacionadas em <italic>FLNC</italic> depende da natureza da modificação da proteína devido ao tipo e local da variante genética patogênica. Por exemplo, variantes truncadas de <italic>FLNC</italic>, causadas por variantes <italic>frameshift, nonsense</italic> e <italic>splice-site</italic>, geralmente se manifestam como CMD ou CMA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> enquanto os fenótipos de CMH ou CMR relacionados a <italic>FLNC</italic> geralmente estão ligados a alterações na proteína causadas por variantes genéticas <italic>missense</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A visão geral das variantes genéticas em associação com seu fenótipo cardíaco está resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Variantes truncadas em <italic>FLNC</italic>: associação com CMD e CMA</title>
						<p>Conforme mencionado, as variantes truncadas de <italic>FLNC</italic> (<italic>FLNCtv</italic>) estão associadas à haploinsuficiência e aos fenótipos de CMD e CMA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> esquerda, e a localização da variante parece não modificar a gravidade do fenótipo, pois os relatos de <italic>FLNCtv</italic> incluem variantes espalhadas por vários exons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As variantes previstas para resultar em um <italic>stop-codon</italic> prematuro estão mais frequentemente associadas a CMD. A prevalência de variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> em pacientes com CMD varia de 1% a 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variantes <italic>missense</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic>: relação com CMH e CMR</title>
				<p>As variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> do tipo <italic>missense</italic>, são principalmente associadas a CMH e CMR com uma prevalência variando de 1,3% a 8,7% em coortes de CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> É digno de nota que as variantes <italic>FNLC</italic> do tipo <italic>missense</italic> em indivíduos com CMH, mostram um agrupamento no domínio ROD2 do gene, sugerindo um possível hotspot e indicando que a localização da variante pode influenciar o desenvolvimento deste fenótipo específico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Variantes <italic>missense</italic> em outros domínios, embora menos comuns, também foram relatadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterização de fenótipos de cardiomiopatia em variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
				<p>Vimos que o gene <italic>FLNC</italic> está associado a diferentes formas de cardiomiopatia autossômica dominante, incluindo CMD, CMH, formas de CMR e miopatia miofibrilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia por <italic>FLNCtv</italic> parece ser uma doença com apresentação fenotípica heterogênea, variando de CMD típica a CMA, com formas frequentemente sobrepostas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</title>
					<p>A CMD é caracterizada pela dilatação do VE e disfunção sistólica que não podem ser explicadas por condições de sobrecarga ventricular ou doença arterial coronária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A etiologia da CMD é heterogênea, abrangendo causas adquiridas e hereditárias e pode envolver uma interação complexa entre fatores genéticos e adquiridos. Notavelmente, 30% dos casos de CMD estão ligados a variantes patogênicas raras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O gene <italic>TTN</italic> que codifica a proteína titina, consiste no gene mais frequentemente afetado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> seguido por <italic>DSP, MYH7, LMNA, BAG3, TNNT2, TNNC1, TNNI3, PLN, ACTC1, ACTN2, NEXN, JPH2, SCN5A, TPM1, RBM20, DES, FLNC e VCL.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Indivíduos com CMD com variantes genéticas patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas apresentam piores desfechos clínicos e uma maior incidência de eventos arrítmicos maiores em comparação com pacientes sem variantes genéticas causais/ de interesse, especialmente quando com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤ 35%. Certos genótipos, particularmente aqueles que envolvem proteínas do envelope nuclear, desmossômicas e citoesqueléticas, apresentam um risco elevado de eventos arrítmicos, independentemente da FEVE. Variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> também foram associadas ao aumento do risco arrítmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Consequentemente, o teste genético pode ser ferramenta importante na consideração do cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) em CMD, e um CDI deve ser considerado para pacientes com CMD com variantes patogênicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A este respeito, os CDIs devem ser considerados para prevenção primária em pacientes com CMD que abrigam variantes genéticas de alto risco (<italic>LMNA, EMD, TMEM43, DSP, RBM20, PLN, FLNCtv</italic>), mesmo em limiares de FEVE acima de 35%, especialmente quando fatores de risco adicionais estão presentes (por exemplo, taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS), aumento de extrassístoles ventriculares, sexo masculino, realce tardio por gadolínio significativo em ressonância, variante genética específica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Quando as duas cópias do gene <italic>FLNC</italic> são afetadas, em variantes bialélicas, o fenótipo é devastador com insuficiência cardíaca em estágio terminal precoce, como visto em crianças com CMD congênita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A variante <italic>FLNC p.Ile1937Asn</italic> está associada à penetrância total da CMH e a um fenótipo caracterizado por hipertrofia e desfechos graves. 50% dos pacientes portadores dessa variante apresentaram insuficiência cardíaca terminal, necessitando de transplante, e um terço dos familiares apresentou morte súbita cardíaca (MSC). Outras características particulares da <italic>FLNC-p.Ile1937Asn</italic> incluem um início precoce da doença (idade média de 19 anos) e o desenvolvimento de uma miopatia atrial acentuada com dilatação atrial grave com remodelação e múltiplas arritmias atriais complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia arritmogênica</title>
					<p>A CMA é uma doença genética caracterizada por alto risco de arritmias ventriculares ameaçadoras a vida, MSC e insuficiência cardíaca progressiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A prevalência de variantes patogênicas na CMA pode chegar a 50%, sendo os genes mais comumente identificados os genes desmossomais (<italic>PKP2, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, JUP</italic>), seguidos por <italic>TTN, FLNC, LMNA, DES, BAG3, PLN, TMEM43</italic> e proteína de ligação ao RNA 20 (<italic>RBM20</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O fenótipo CMA se expressa como uma sobreposição de cardiomiopatias dilatadas e arritmogênicas, caracterizadas por graus variáveis de dilatação do VE e disfunção sistólica, fibrose subepicárdica ou mesocárdica proeminente do VE, arritmias ventriculares frequentes e MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A fibrose miocárdica do VE é principalmente subepicárdica com distribuição inferoposterolateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A forma clássica predominantemente direita de CMA não foi observada em cardiomiopatias causadas por <italic>FLNCtv</italic>. As anormalidades de condução cardíaca parecem cair entre os defeitos de condução graves observados em laminopatias e a ausência de tais defeitos vistos em CMA desmossômica. A CMD associada a <italic>FLNC</italic> é mais maligna, caracterizada por arritmias ventriculares, fibrose miocárdica e alto risco de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A idade média de início é na quarta década de vida, com presença de ondas T negativas inferolaterais no eletrocardiograma, disfunção de VE leve a moderada, discinesia regional e padrão de cicatriz em anel no VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A presença de certas características de CMA, como ondas T negativas em parede anterior, TVNS ou ondas T negativas em parede anterior, levanta suspeita de um <italic>FLNCtv</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> subjacente. Além disso, achados de ECG de baixa voltagem podem servir como um marcador diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Complexos QRS de baixa voltagem são um marcador de risco para eventos arrítmicos em CMA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e também podem ser relevantes para cardiomiopatias relacionadas a <italic>FLNC</italic>.</p>
					<p>Há uma forte correlação entre disfunção do VE e um risco aumentado de resultados adversos de insuficiência cardíaca, como mortalidade relacionada à insuficiência cardíaca, transplante cardíaco e uso de dispositivos de assistência do VE. No entanto, eventos arrítmicos, incluindo MSC e arritmias ventriculares importantes, ocorrem independentemente de baixa FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A marca registrada do fenótipo são as arritmias ventriculares, que são independentes do grau de disfunção do VE, conforme indicado pela falta de correlação com FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essa falta de correlação destaca a necessidade de estratégias alternativas para estratificar o risco arrítmico e a importância de identificar novos biomarcadores para prever o risco arrítmico.</p>
					<p><italic>FLNCtv</italic> apresenta um risco significativo de arritmias ventriculares com risco de vida, incluindo MSC e arritmias ventriculares graves, comparável a outros genes de alto risco, como <italic>LMNA</italic> e <italic>DSP.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As diretrizes da Heart Rhythm Society de 2019 sobre CMA incluíram o <italic>FLNC</italic>, sugerindo que ele seja considerado um marcador de alto risco para MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recomendações genéticas específicas de CDI foram incluídas nas diretrizes mais recentes. Existem recomendações específicas para prevenção primária de MSC nesses pacientes quando a FEVE é menor que 45% (Classe de Recomendação IIa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Estão associadas a um risco aumentado de MSC variantes patogênicas e provavelmente patogênicas em genes específicos: <italic>FLNC, DES, DSP, PLN, LMNA, TMEM43, RMB20.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Evidências recentes sugerem que o fenótipo desempenha um papel no risco de MSC, com pacientes abrigando variantes causadoras de doenças em <italic>PLN, DSP, LMNA, FLNC, TMEM43</italic> e <italic>RBM20</italic> tendo uma taxa substancialmente maior de eventos arrítmicos graves do que outras causas de CMD, independentemente da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Miocardite, por critérios clínicos e histológicos, é uma apresentação comum em pacientes com variantes patogênicas de <italic>FLNC.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O risco arrítmico e o risco de MSC parecem ser elevados durante períodos de inflamação miocárdica em pacientes com variantes em <italic>FLNC.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A prevalência de variantes patogênicas pode chegar a 50% dos casos de miocardite, dependendo da população estudada, sendo os genes mais comumente identificados <italic>DSP</italic>, <italic>TTN</italic>, <italic>FLNC</italic> e <italic>RBM20</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em uma coorte de 21 casos de miocardite recorrente, foi descoberto que aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes apresentava uma variante patogênica ou provavelmente patogênicas sem descrição prévia na literatura, afetando principalmente o gene <italic>DSP</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica</title>
					<p>CMH é uma doença cardíaca hereditária comum, caracterizada principalmente por hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) na ausência de outras doenças cardíacas, sistêmicas ou metabólicas que possam produzir a magnitude de hipertrofia observada em um determinado paciente. Nessas condições, uma variante do sarcômero causadora da doença (ou relacionada a ele) é identificada, ou a etiologia genética permanece indeterminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A CMH é considerada uma doença hereditária com um padrão de herança autossômico dominante. Vários genes, principalmente genes que codificam proteínas do sarcômero, são responsáveis por mais da metade dos casos de CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Variantes <italic>missense</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic> foram associadas ao fenótipo de CMH desde a co-segregação da variante p.Ala1539Thr com CMH, sendo posteriormente descritas seis variantes <italic>missense</italic> adicionais segregando em 8 famílias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses autores também demonstraram que as variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> afetam a estrutura do músculo cardíaco, mostrando que a análise histológica do músculo cardíaco revelou anormalidades sarcoméricas marcantes, incluindo desordem miofibrilar, agregados sarcoméricos e fibrose não observadas em corações de controle de três pacientes com CMH sem variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> ou de um indivíduo saudável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essas variantes <italic>missense</italic> são distribuídas em vários domínios da proteína filamina C; no entanto, como afirmado anteriormente, parece haver um <italic>cluster</italic> em ROD2.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Pacientes com cardiomiopatia relacionada a <italic>FLNC</italic> raramente apresentam miopatia esquelética. Os pacientes afetados por variantes <italic>missense FLNC</italic> apresentam um risco maior de MSC do que pacientes com CMH sem variantes patogênicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora as variantes <italic>FLNC</italic> sejam responsáveis por apenas 2% dos casos de CMG com variantes identificadas, os indivíduos afetados frequentemente apresentam fenótipos e resultados clínicos graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora alguns estudos tenham vinculado variantes <italic>missense</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic> à CMH, a prevalência dessas variantes <italic>missense</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic> em bancos de dados populacionais é significativamente maior (4%) do que o esperado com base na prevalência conhecida de CMH (0,2%). Consequentemente, as variantes do <italic>FLNC</italic> são comuns em pacientes com CMH e indivíduos saudáveis e, inicialmente, esse assunto levantou questões sobre a associação dessas variantes com manifestações clínicas e prognóstico em pacientes com CMH. Um estudo de triagem em larga escala em <italic>FLNC</italic> em 448 pacientes com CMH e 450 controles saudáveis identificou 20 variantes candidatas em <italic>FLNC</italic> (1 nonsense e 19 <italic>missense</italic>). As análises de patogenicidade classificaram 6 das variantes candidatas como provavelmente patogênicas, 10 como variante de significado incerto e 4 como provavelmente benignas. Os autores propuseram que as variantes <italic>missense</italic> do <italic>FLNC</italic> podem estar associadas ao desenvolvimento do fenótipo CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A variante <italic>FLNC: p.Ile1937Asn</italic> foi recentemente identificada em uma grande família de descendência franco-canadense com excelentes dados de segregação. Os dados de caracterização clínica mostram que nenhum dos pacientes afetados apresentou obstrução dinâmica do VE. O fenótipo CMH é caracterizado por hipertrofia septal ou difusa do VE, e não há casos de CMH apical isolada ou aneurismas apicais do VE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia restritiva</title>
					<p>CMR é uma forma rara de doença do músculo cardíaco caracterizada por disfunção diastólica ventricular com função sistólica preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Análises genéticas revelaram várias variantes genéticas patogênicas candidatas em pacientes com CMR, principalmente nos genes <italic>TNNI3, TNNT2, MYL2, FLNC</italic> e <italic>MYH7.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Padrões restritivos de enchimento do VE foram observados no início do curso da doença. Estudos anteriores mostraram que formas restritivas de CMH representam um subtipo incomum, respondendo por cerca de 1,5% dos casos de CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A associação entre CMR e variante em <italic>FLNC</italic> foi descrita em associação com outros fenótipos, incluindo arritmias supraventriculares, alta prevalência de fibrilação atrial, cardiomiopatias atriais, disfunção diastólica e graus variáveis de miopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma revisão de todas as variantes anteriormente <italic>missense</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic> associadas ao CMR mostra um ponto crítico “mutacional” localizado nos domínios de repetição semelhantes a Ig 18 a 21, uma região-chave para interações com diversas proteínas estruturais e de sinalização.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Variantes raras do tipo <italic>missense</italic> no domínio ROD2 do gene <italic>FLNC</italic>, afetando domínios semelhantes a Ig de 18 a 21 (d18-21), apresentam um fenótipo singular de “miocárdio dente de serra”, consistindo em um fenótipo CMH/CMR grave com uma hipertrofia incomum de VE em dente de serra e recessos miocárdicos profundos, sintomas de IC e disfunção diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Este domínio ROD2 é essencial para a dimerização do <italic>FLNC</italic> e aquisição de estrutura de proteína secundária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Este <italic>cluster</italic> d18-21 interage com proteínas do disco Z, desenvolvimento muscular e proteínas relacionadas à contração e é um ponto crítico para a fosforilação de proteínas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Portanto, variantes do tipo <italic>missense</italic> no subdomínio ROD2 podem precipitar uma proteína mal dobrada e reticulação prejudicada, levando à desordem do sarcômero e comprometimento da mecanotransdução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na apresentação pediátrica da CMR, variantes patogênicas ou provavelmente patogênicas são identificadas em 50% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca se desenvolvem em idade jovem, resultando em transplante cardíaco precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Miopatias esqueléticas e miofibrilares</title>
					<p>O termo filaminopatia foi introduzido após uma mutação truncada no domínio de dimerização <italic>FLNC</italic> ter se mostrado responsável por uma doença muscular devastadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os primeiros sintomas de fraqueza muscular proximal precedem os músculos distais e respiratórios que são afetados ao longo da progressão da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os sintomas geralmente se apresentam após a quarta década de vida, possivelmente como resultado de deficiências relacionadas ao tempo na maquinaria que é responsável pelo descarte de proteínas danificadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> As biópsias musculares demonstram sinais típicos de miopatia miofibrilar, incluindo desintegração de miofibrilas e agregação intracelular de proteínas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Essa formação de agregados de proteínas desmina-positivos é necessária para o diagnóstico de miopatia miofibrilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Variantes nonsense no domínio ROD que levam à instabilidade do RNA, haploinsuficiência com diminuição dos níveis de expressão de <italic>FLNC</italic> nas fibras musculares e anormalidades miofibrilares estão associadas a anormalidades miopáticas inespecíficas sem patologia de miopatia miofibrilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As características musculares da miopatia miofibrilar associada a <italic>FLNC</italic> são o envolvimento simétrico dos músculos proximais nas extremidades inferiores, fraqueza respiratória durante o curso da doença e um conjunto específico de características de imagem para envolvimento muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Cerca de um terço da miopatia miofibrilar da <italic>FLNC</italic> mostrou envolvimento cardíaco. Já as miopatias distais devido a variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> são caracterizadas por fraqueza nos músculos da mão e da panturrilha com início no início da idade adulta. As variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> previamente identificadas na miopatia miofibrilar são, em sua maioria, variantes sem perda de função, incluindo <italic>missense</italic> e <italic>in-frame indels</italic>. O mecanismo dessas variantes para miopatia induzida por FLNC é atribuído à agregação de FLNC e proteínas de ligação a <italic>FLNC</italic> no músculo e no sarcômero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os diferentes fenótipos clínicos das miopatias estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Tipo de Variantes Genéticas de FLNC e Características das Miopatias</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Gene</th>
										<th>Tipo de variante</th>
										<th>Fisiopatologia</th>
										<th>Fenótipo clínico</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><italic>FLNC</italic></td>
										<td align="center"><italic>Misssense</italic> ou <italic>In-frame</italic> indels</td>
										<td align="center">Formação de agregados proteicos desmina-positivos</td>
										<td align="center">miopatia miofibrilar</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><italic>FLNC</italic></td>
										<td align="center"><italic>Nonsense</italic></td>
										<td align="center">Diminuição dos níveis de expressão de FLNC nas fibras musculares</td>
										<td align="center">miopatia distal</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca e cardiomiopatias por <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
					<p>Ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) é uma ferramenta poderosa para avaliar o impacto de mutações em <italic>FLNC</italic> no tecido cardíaco. A RMC pode fornecer insights detalhados sobre estrutura e função do miocárdio. A RMC permite a avaliação precisa da fibrose miocárdica, anormalidades do movimento da parede e outras alterações fisiopatológicas que resultam de cardiomiopatias genéticas. Particularmente, o uso do realce tardio de gadolínio (RTG) surgiu como uma técnica de imagem crítica para detectar áreas de fibrose miocárdica, que é um marcador de risco importante. Ao integrar testes genéticos com achados de RMC, os clínicos podem obter uma compreensão mais precisa da doença, melhorando a previsão de risco e informando estratégias de gerenciamento individualizadas para pacientes com cardiomiopatias relacionadas a <italic>FLNC</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caso clínico com descrição do fenótipo</title>
				<p>Paciente de 44 anos sofreu uma parada cardiorrespiratória enquanto estava parado com sua motocicleta no semáforo. Outros motoristas observaram a motocicleta tombando e auxiliaram nas manobras de ressuscitação. A parada cardiorrespiratória ocorreu quase em frente ao hospital e o paciente foi transportado prontamente ao setor de emergência. Foi identificado ritmo de fibrilação ventricular procedendo-se com desfibrilação e retorno à circulação espontânea. O paciente foi submetido a cineangiocoronariografia sem doença coronariana obstrutiva evidente. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem do QRS e inversão da onda T nas derivações laterais e de membros, além de extrassístoles ventriculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>). A RMC revelou realce tardio de gadolínio com padrão ring-like nas paredes inferior e lateral do VE, juntamente com função ventricular limítrofe, com uma fração de ejeção de 45%. Foi realizado teste genético por um exoma com análise de painel de miocardiopatias e foi identificada uma variante patogenica FLNC: c.5558_5559delAT p.Tyr1853fs. O paciente foi submetido ao implante de CDI.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Eletrocardiograma mostrando ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem do QRS e inversão da onda T nas derivações laterais e dos membros, além de extrassístoles ventriculares.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-e20240059-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Relevância clínica das variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic> em cardiomiopatias</title>
					<p>Variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> estão associadas a um espectro de fenótipos de cardiomiopatia, incluindo dilatada, arritmogênica, hipertrófica e restritiva. Na prática, vários graus de sobreposição fenotípica podem ser observados, particularmente entre CMD e CMA, bem como entre CMH e CMR. Fenótipos cardíacos por <italic>FLNC</italic> estão relacionados a um curso clínico mais agressivo, e essa preocupação não se limita apenas as variantes truncadas <italic>FLNC</italic>, mas também pode ser causada por variantes <italic>missense</italic>, que são importantes no manejo clínico e desfecho desses pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Perspectivas: Direções futuras na pesquisa e gestão clínica da <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
					<p>Esta revisão destaca a necessidade de expandir os mecanismos subjacentes associados às variantes <italic>FLNC</italic>, seus tipos e apresentações fenotípicas associadas. A contribuição potencial de variantes genéticas adicionais e a melhor compreensão da interação complexa com outros fatores genéticos e ambientais são desafios-chave a serem enfrentados.</p>
					<p>Em conjunto, fica claro que indivíduos e famílias com cardiomiopatias hereditárias de alto risco requerem cuidados integrados especializados para incorporar perfeitamente as crescentes evidências genéticas benéficas para melhorar a estratificação de risco e o manejo desses pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Agradecemos profundamente aos pacientes e familiares afetados por cardiomiopatias, cuja resiliência e coragem inspiram nossa pesquisa.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>