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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250008i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Multiple Faces of Cardiomyopathy Due to Filamin C Gene Variants (<italic>FLNC</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6561-1818</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Frank</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4779-9716</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Couto</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel Germer Toja</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7935-7966</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torbey</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Flavia Malheiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-8414</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Luciano</surname>
						<given-names>Kárila Scarduelli</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5420-2482</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Estevão Lanna</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mesquita</surname>
						<given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cesar Leite Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Manhuaçu</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cesar Leite Hospital, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">FACMAR</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Univassouras</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Maricá</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">FACMAR - Univassouras, Maricá, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Orizonti</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Frank Nunes • Hospital César Leite – Praça Dr. César Leite, 383. Postal Code 36900-000, Centro, Manhuaçu, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>nunesfk@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p> Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>20250008</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Filamin C is an essential protein for the integrity of the sarcomere and cytoskeleton of cardiomyocytes. Pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene are associated with a wide range of cardiomyopathies and may present distinct phenotypes depending on the type of genetic alteration. Truncated variants are frequently associated with dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, while missense variants are more related to hypertrophic and restrictive forms. These phenotypic differences reflect the molecular and structural impact of the <italic>FLNC</italic> variant on filamin C protein, with direct implications for clinical management. Diagnosis and risk stratification are challenging, requiring a multimodal approach that integrates clinical, genetic, and imaging data, especially cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which is essential for the detection of myocardial fibrosis and for prognostic assessment. Recent evidence indicates that pathogenic <italic>FLNC</italic> variants have also been rarely associated with severe acute myocarditis, often presenting with malignant ventricular arrhythmias and systolic dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis, continuous monitoring, and family counseling are essential to define the best therapeutic and prognostic approach for patients, especially those at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), thus allowing personalized and preventive interventions.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Filamins</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
				<kwd>Sudden Cardiac Death</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="43"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The Multiple Faces of Cardiomyopathy Due to Filamin C Gene Variants (<italic>FLNC</italic>)</title>
							<p>Truncating and missense variants and the different phenotypes of cardiomyopathy due to variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene<italic>.</italic></p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Filamins participate in the preservation of cellular three-dimensional structure and architecture. In particular, filamin C (<italic>FLNC</italic>) is expressed in striated cells of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, and is an essential protein in the stabilization of the sarcomere and the integrity of the cellular cytoskeleton by binding actin filaments to plasma adhesion receptors on the cell membrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The protein is encoded by the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene, present on chromosome 7, and the first description of a pathological condition related to a variant present in the gene was published in 2005, in which members of a family of German origin presented myofibrillar pathology manifested by progressive musculoskeletal weakness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Another 31 patients from four German families affected by pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene with a myofibrillar myopathy phenotype had one-third of them with cardiac abnormalities indicative of cardiovascular involvement by filaminopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The first report of an isolated cardiac phenotype was in 2014, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Since then, other phenotypes of cardiomyopathies (dilated, arrhythmogenic, and restrictive) associated with variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene have been described, with some carriers exhibiting phenotype changes as the disease naturally progresses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The growing knowledge of pathogenic variants in genes related to different cardiomyopathies, combined with greater access to genetic testing, reinforces the role of genetics in myocardial diseases. <italic>FLNC</italic> gene variants are particularly relevant due to their diverse phenotypic manifestations and potential malignant course. This article aims to review the participation of filamin C in the structure and function of cardiomyocytes, the pathogenic variants in its gene, and the pathogenesis associated with them, typical characteristics in imaging exams, and risk stratification of its carriers.</p>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Clinical Case</title>
				<p>A 37-year-old woman complained of palpitations since adolescence and was initially diagnosed with benign ventricular extrasystoles, without structural cardiac alterations. Despite the use of multiple antiarrhythmic medications, the symptoms persisted. Family history: father with sudden death (SD) at 34 years of age; grandmother with SD before age 50; 35-year-old brother with similar symptoms and at 33 years of age had a stroke.</p>
				<p>During the etiological investigation of the ventricular extrasystole, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed, which showed sinus rhythm and low QRS voltage in peripheral leads. Doppler echocardiogram (ECHO): diffuse hypokinesia with systolic dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by Teichholz method at 39%; 24-hour Holter monitoring with findings of frequent ventricular extrasystoles: 4339 isolated, 112 pairs and 2 episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT); exercise test: episode of NSVT; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR): extensive foci of late enhancement of diffuse midwall and subepicardial distribution, compatible with non-ischemic fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). PET-CT with 18F-FDG ruled out the hypothesis of sarcoidosis or active myocarditis.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Electrocardiogram (low voltage in peripheral leads) and cardiac magnetic resonance (arrows highlighting non-ischemic, midwall late enhancement).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Due to the clinical suspicion of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, she underwent genetic sequencing (NGS), which detected a probably pathogenic variant in the FLNC in heterozygosis: NM_001458.4:c.6663_6664del;p. (Phe2222Trpfs*22).</p>
				<p>After her diagnosis, her brother underwent CMR, which showed the presence of fibrosis with a non-ischemic distribution pattern. A 24-hour Holter and exercise test showed ventricular extrasystoles and episodes of NSVT. He underwent the Sanger technique, through family screening, which confirmed the presence of the same variant in the <italic>FLNC</italic>. After genetic diagnosis, both patients underwent an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) as primary prophylaxis for SCD.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic aspects of FLNC variants</title>
				<p><italic>FLNC</italic> is an essential structural protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the mechanical and functional integrity of the cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton. Encoded by the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene, located on chromosome 7q32.1, this protein is responsible for the intertwining of actin filaments and the regulation of interactions between structural and signaling proteins, promoting sarcomere stability and coordinated muscle function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene can be classified into two main groups: truncating and missense. While both classes result in severe functional alterations in the protein, they contribute differently to a range of clinical phenotypes, from inherited cardiomyopathies to skeletal muscle diseases. Truncating variants include nonsense variants, which often result in the production of shortened proteins. These variants are mainly associated with arrhythmogenic and dilated cardiomyopathies. The molecular impact includes impairment of cytoskeletal organization and activation of apoptotic processes in the cardiomyocyte, leading to contractile dysfunction and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> One example is the p.W2710X variant, which leads to the loss of the terminal 16 amino acids of filamin C, impairing its dimerization capacity. This deficiency results in the formation of protein aggregates containing the abnormal form of filamin C and other Z-disc proteins, characterizing myofibrillar myopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Additionally, truncating variants, such as p.Arg650X and Val2715fs87X, are associated with high penetrance, early onset of symptoms, and increased risk of SCD, with a mean age of fatal events of approximately 42 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Missense variants cause amino acid substitutions, most frequently associated with HCM and overlapping phenotypes, including restrictive cardiomyopathy. These variants alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein, impairing its interaction with cytoskeletal components and cellular signaling pathways. One example is the p.A1186V variant, implicated in early-onset restrictive cardiomyopathies, often accompanied by severe heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Studies show that missense variants affecting the ROD2 domain of filamin C are more likely to generate protein aggregates. These aggregates, composed of dysfunctional proteins, activate cellular stress pathways, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, exacerbating myofibrillar degeneration and contributing to a more severe clinical phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Influence of location and age</title>
				<p>The severity of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants is closely linked to their specific location within the gene and the carrier’s age. Alterations in the C-terminal end of the protein are associated with more severe phenotypes, including increased risk of cardiac fibrosis, ventricular dilation, and malignant arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> While truncating variants have greater penetrance in middle-aged adults, some missense variants manifest in childhood. For example, the FLNC-Ile1937Asn alteration causes end-stage HF in young patients, with a mean age of symptom onset of 19 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Molecular impact and cardiac remodeling</title>
				<p>At the molecular level, pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene trigger dysregulation of mechanical stress pathways and sarcomere disorganization. This leads to progressive myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular dilation, and eventual loss of contractile function. The formation of toxic protein aggregates in the cytoplasm aggravates cellular dysfunction and increases susceptibility to local inflammatory events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Advances in NGS have allowed the identification of variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS) in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene, especially in families with a history of cardiomyopathy. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies, combined with protein structural analysis, have been instrumental in reclassifying many of these variants as benign or pathogenic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical and imaging aspects of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</title>
				<p>In Roman mythology, the god Janus, a deity with two different symmetrically opposed faces, represents the duality and transitions of the universe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Similarly, the molecular etiology, characterized by the presence of pathogenic variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene – whether truncated or missense –, contributes to a broad phenotypic diversity, encompassing hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic, and dilated cardiomyopathies, in addition to possible overlaps between these phenotypes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although initially described as a pathogenic variant in patients with myofibrillar myopathy, its most prevalent association was found to be with isolated cardiomyopathy. However, some cohorts have demonstrated myopathy associated with cardiomyopathy in some clusters of families carrying <italic>FLNC</italic> variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with skeletal myofibrillar myopathy frequently present missense and indel variants, manifesting slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness in isolation or associated with hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy. Less frequently, frameshift and nonsense variants that result in truncated proteins cause arrhythmogenic or dilated cardiomyopathy and myofibrillar structural derangement with muscle atrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Electrocardiogram</title>
				<p>The main abnormalities in carriers of pathogenic variants of the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene are low voltage, changes in ventricular repolarization, and ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
				<p>In a cohort of 145 patients with heart disease associated with <italic>FLNC</italic>, the prevalence of low voltage on the ECG was 37% and T wave inversion in inferolateral and lateral leads was 24%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> There was a correlation between the presence of changes in ventricular repolarization and an increased risk for SCD. Another 167 consecutive patients with truncating variants of <italic>FLNC</italic>, 95.7% of whom were in sinus rhythm, 4.5% had complete left bundle branch block, 23.9% had abnormal T wave inversion, and 22.3% had low QRS voltage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A cohort study assessing the relationship between truncating <italic>FLNC</italic> variants and the risk of arrhythmogenic or high-risk dilated cardiomyopathy in 28 probands and 54 relatives found that 82% of affected patients exhibited ventricular arrhythmias, primarily NSVT and frequent ventricular extrasystoles (&gt;500/24h).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>FLNC</italic> and cardiomyopathy phenotypes</title>
				<p>Knowledge of the multiple facets of cardiomyopathy due to <italic>FLNC</italic> variants comes mainly from observational studies of patients with cardiomyopathies related to variants of this gene. A common factor in these observational studies is the use of CMR as an imaging method.</p>
				<p>CMR has become an indispensable pillar in cardiology, particularly regarding cardiomyopathies, with implications for diagnosis and prognosis. The presence, extent, and distribution pattern of myocardial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium enhancement provide prognostic information independent of LVEF. A common distribution pattern of late enhancement in genetic cardiomyopathies is the ring-like pattern, characterized by the presence of late enhancement in the midwall-epicardium involving at least three contiguous segments in the same short-axis view.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Ring-like scarring is considered a highly specific feature of arrhythmogenic LV cardiomyopathy and represents an important diagnostic criterion in the recently published European Task Force Consensus Report.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It is associated with a high rate of malignant ventricular arrhythmias when compared with other LGE distribution patterns, and an additional risk may be observed in patients who, in addition to this pattern, present with an ECG with Q waves in the anterior wall, QRS widening, and ECHO with increased LV end-diastolic volume index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In addition, it is known that the particularly high risk of malignant arrhythmic events in the presence of a ring-like pattern is independent of the total late enhancement burden and LVEF, which would be risk factors commonly used in the prognostic evaluation of other etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although still imprecise, some observational studies have sought to estimate the prevalence of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants in the population with cardiomyopathies. In a cohort that evaluated the presence of truncated variants of the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene in 2877 patients with hereditary heart diseases, the prevalence was 3.9%, 3.2% and 2.2% for dilated, arrhythmogenic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy, respectively, and there were no cases of HCM. There was high penetrance (97%) in patients over 40 years of age who presented with the following main symptoms: dyspnea on exertion and palpitations. Most affected patients (probands and relatives with truncated variants) presented ventricular dilation, LVEF &lt; 55% and delayed enhancement mainly in the epicardial region of the left ventricle (LV) on CMR. This phenotype was associated with a high potential for malignant arrhythmias, with 40 SCD in 21 of the 28 families analyzed. Structural alterations in the right ventricle (RV) occurred in a minority of cases. Of these, all also had LV involvement. No patient presented clinically relevant skeletal myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In another cohort of 1150 patients, which evaluated the prevalence of pathogenic variants of <italic>FLNC</italic> and their genotype-phenotype correlation in different cardiomyopathies, 1.3% of patients had a hypertrophic phenotype, 3% had dilated phenotypes, and 8% had restrictive phenotypes. Carriers of truncating variants exclusively exhibited the dilated phenotype, while missense variants were associated with the hypertrophic phenotype. There was no manifestation of skeletal myopathy in any of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Indeed, in light of current evidence, the hypertrophic phenotype is infrequent in carriers of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants, and in most of these cases, the presentation is with mild symptoms, non-severe forms, and incomplete penetrance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A combined analysis of individual data from 145 patients with arrhythmogenic and/or dilated cardiomyopathy associated with <italic>FLNC</italic> evaluated the clinical profile and factors related to the risk of SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The main findings of this study were: (1) predominance of arrhythmogenic LV cardiomyopathy (67%), but RV dominance forms were also found; (2) most patients (75%) had late enhancement suggestive of non-ischemic pattern myocardial fibrosis on CMR; (3) SCD occurred in 19% (28/145) of individuals and was associated with the presence of repolarization changes in inferolateral/lateral leads on the ECG and late enhancement/myocardial fibrosis in the LV; (4) frequent ventricular extrasystoles, LV dilation and LVEF &lt; 35% were not associated with the SCD outcome. The lack of correlation between LVEF and the risk of serious arrhythmic events was validated in another observational study in which the frequency of malignant ventricular arrhythmia (SCD, aborted SCD, ICD shock, and sustained ventricular tachycardia) was similar in the group with mild to moderate LV dysfunction when compared to the group with LVEF ≤ 35% assessed by ECHO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A summary of the main findings of these retrospective cohorts is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Summary of major cohort studies of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study</th>
									<th align="left">Objective of the study</th>
									<th align="left">Sample</th>
									<th align="left">Main findings</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Ortiz-Genga et al.<sup>7</sup> (2016)</td>
									<td>To evaluate the association of truncating <italic>FLNC</italic> variants with high-risk ACMP or DCMP phenotype</td>
									<td>2877 people with hereditary heart disease</td>
									<td>tvFLNC in 3.9% of DCMP, 3.2% of ACMP, 2.2% of RCMP carriers. SCD in 40 individuals from 21 of the 28 families analyzed with tvFLNC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gómez et al.<sup>27</sup> (2017)</td>
									<td>To assess the prevalence of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants in a sample of HCM carriers</td>
									<td>448 HCM patients and 450 healthy controls</td>
									<td>HCM x control group (3.1 x 0.2%) p= 0.007 HCM group: 20 variants in 22 patients (19 missense; 1 nonsense, being 6 PP, 10 VUS) Control group: 1 missense variant</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ader et al.<sup>26</sup> (2019)</td>
									<td>To assess the prevalence of the <italic>FLNC</italic> variant in a sample of patients with cardiomyopathies</td>
									<td>1150 patients with cardiomyopathies of different phenotypes</td>
									<td><italic>FLNC</italic> variants in 1.3% of HCM, 3% of DCMP, and 8% of RCMP patients</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Akhtar et al.<sup>22</sup> (2021)</td>
									<td>To assess risk factors associated with serious adverse events in patients with tvFLNC</td>
									<td>167 tvFLNC carriers</td>
									<td>Increased risk of serious adverse events in probands, presence of late enhancement on CMR, and reduction of LVEF &gt; 10% compared to LVEF of 50%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Celeghin et al.<sup>21</sup> (2021)</td>
									<td>To evaluate risk factors associated with SCD in carriers of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</td>
									<td>145 patients with DCMP and ACMP related to variants in <italic>FLNC</italic></td>
									<td>Increased risk associated with repolarization changes in inferolateral/lateral leads on ECG and late enhancement/myocardial fibrosis in the LV</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>FLNC: filamin C; ACMP: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; DCMP: dilated cardiomyopathy; tvFLNC: truncating variants of FLNC; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; PP: likely pathogenic; VUS: variant of undetermined significance; RCMP: restrictive cardiomyopathy; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SCD: sudden cardiac death; ECG: electrocardiogram; LV: left ventricle.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Another important use of CMR is in the differential diagnosis between genetic cardiomyopathies that may present different patterns of delayed enhancement distribution. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref> describes the distribution pattern of delayed enhancement of some of the main variants related to genetic cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Differences in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings of genetic cardiomyopathies. Abbreviations: FLNC: Filamin C; TTN: Titin; LMNA: Lamin A/C; DSP: Desmoplakin.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A cohort study compared the role of CMR in carriers of truncated <italic>FLNC</italic> and titin (<italic>TTN</italic>) variants, two of the main causes of genetic cardiomyopathy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The frequency and extent of myocardial fibrosis, assessed by the delayed enhancement technique, were significantly higher in carriers of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants than in carriers of <italic>TTN</italic> variants. There was also a difference in relation to the location of the area of fibrosis. In carriers of <italic>FLNC</italic> variants, there was a predominance of non-ischemic fibrosis, i.e., epicardial, midwall, or a combination of both, in the inferior and lateral region of the LV. In contrast, in carriers of <italic>TTN</italic>, the interventricular septum was the most affected region. The ring-like distribution pattern was found in 84% of the <italic>FLNC</italic> group and in only one patient with a truncated <italic>TTN</italic> variant, thus being a useful tool in differentiating between the two. The phenotypic pattern of late ring-like enhancement is associated with an increased risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>FLNC</italic> and myocarditis</title>
				<p>Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease of infectious or non-infectious etiology, such as induced by drug hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease, or immune-mediated disease related to vaccines. It presents a heterogeneous clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic/oligosymptomatic presentation to septic shock or SD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Recent evidence suggests that greater susceptibility to myocarditis after exposure to external factors and the heterogeneity of clinical presentation may depend on a genetic predisposition.</p>
				<p>Pathogenic/probably pathogenic variants of the <italic>TTN</italic> and <italic>DSP</italic> genes have been identified as the most prevalent in case series of patients affected by acute myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Truncated variants of <italic>FLNC</italic> have also been described and are generally related to severe forms manifesting with malignant ventricular arrhythmias, alteration of left ventricular or biventricular systolic function, and SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<named-content content-type="access-date">There also appears to be a correlation with greater severity in carriers of genetic variants who present with acute myocarditis when compared to individuals who do not carry genetic variants who present with acute myocardial inflammatory disease, with a higher prevalence of acute HF, reduced LVEF, and malignant ventricular arrhythmias.</named-content><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Therefore, patients who present with severe or recurrent acute myocarditis or who have a family history of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy or SD in young people should be investigated for the presence of associated genetic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>FLNC</italic> and mitral valve prolapse</title>
				<p>Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has historically been considered a benign entity and is the most common valvular abnormality. Recently, a small subgroup of an arrhythmogenic form of this abnormality has attracted attention due to the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD in its carriers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In a case report study with familial segregation of relatives with a similar phenotype, through genetic testing with exome analysis, a new truncating variant related to the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene (p.Trp34*-FLNC) was identified in this family.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Affected patients presented prolapse of both leaflets, mitral annular disjunction, frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmias, and mild to moderate LV enlargement. Although this is the only report in the literature, it raises the possibility of future studies that may consolidate the association, in some cases, of both entities: cardiac manifestation due to a pathogenic variant in <italic>FLNC</italic> and Arrhythmogenic MVP Syndrome.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk stratification of <italic>FLNC</italic> carriers</title>
				<p>SCD is frequently reported in <italic>FLNC</italic> carriers, especially with truncating variants, and may be the initial presentation in 5% of cases or seen during clinical follow-up in 15% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Although LVEF ≤ 35% is an independent risk marker for cardiac death and all-cause death in several cardiomyopathies, some genetic etiologies, including <italic>FLNC</italic> variants, confer a higher risk of SCD, regardless of the LVEF value, suggesting that additional risk factors should be taken into account when deciding on the indication for an ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The 2023 European Society of Cardiology Guideline on the management of cardiomyopathies endorses this approach with a recommendation IIa, level of evidence C that ICD implantation should be considered for primary prevention of SCD in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with LVEF ≥ 35% and <italic>FLNC</italic> truncating variant genotype when in the presence of the following additional risk factors for SCD: delayed enhancement on CMR and LVEF &lt; 45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Among the clinical criteria described as risk predictors for SCD in patients with truncating variants in <italic>FLNC</italic>, the proband has a higher risk when compared to diagnosed family members, in addition to the presence of a family history of SCD being an important predictor of events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The ECG with characteristics that may be useful in the diagnostic suspicion also helps in the risk assessment for SCD when low QRS voltages of V1–V3 and T wave inversion are present in inferolateral/lateral leads, possibly correlating with myocardial scarring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition, the presence of NSVT and high density of ventricular extrasystoles, which may be a reflection of electrical instability, also help to guide ICD implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Late enhancement CMR is the main imaging modality for risk stratification, as it provides confirmation of the presence of myocardial fibrosis and describes the extent and pattern of its scar distribution. The phenotypic pattern of delayed ring-like enhancement is associated with a higher risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and SCD, and is an important finding with prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Therefore, even with preserved LVEF, these factors should be considered together to determine the individual risk of adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Patients with variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene should be stratified and monitored, for example, for indication of primary prophylaxis and adequate preventive follow-up. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in carriers of pathogenic <italic>FLNC</italic> variants</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th align="left">Risk</th>
									<th align="left">Action</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Variant type</bold></td>
									<td>Truncated variant in <italic>FLNC</italic> is associated with arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy and increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.</td>
									<td>Genetic evaluation and counseling</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Family history</bold></td>
									<td>Early SCD</td>
									<td>Family screening and monitoring</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Phenotype</bold></td>
									<td>Arrhythmogenic or dilated, often with left ventricular dysfunction</td>
									<td>Transthoracic echocardiogram. Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart at rest with a ring-like distribution pattern</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Arrhythmias</bold></td>
									<td>Documented ventricular fibrillation or SVT.</td>
									<td>Holter or implantable devices. Electrophysiological study if necessary.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold></td>
									<td>Abnormalities such as inverted T wave, repolarization changes in inferolateral and lateral leads, low voltage, or bundle branch blocks. Ventricular extrasystoles in high incidence.</td>
									<td>Periodic ECG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Syncope</bold></td>
									<td>Unexplained syncope may indicate high risk</td>
									<td>Electrophysiological study</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Ventricular dysfunction</bold></td>
									<td>Reduced LVEF implies high SCD risk</td>
									<td>Consider ICD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Myocardial fibrosis</bold></td>
									<td>Fibrosis implies high risk</td>
									<td>CMR and late enhancement monitoring, consider ICD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Exercise</bold></td>
									<td>High intensity implies high risk</td>
									<td>Restriction of competitive physical activity</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Dyspnea</bold></td>
									<td>Presence of heart failure</td>
									<td>Optimized clinical management and regular follow-up</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>SVT: sustained ventricular tachycardia; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SCD: sudden cardiac death; ECG: electrocardiogram; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Variants in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene represent a clinical and diagnostic challenge due to their wide phenotypic heterogeneity and high risk of SCD, even in patients with preserved ejection fraction. Early identification of these variants, combined with advanced imaging tools and genetic testing, is crucial for risk stratification and implementation of preventive strategies. Management should be integrated, considering clinical, genetic, and structural aspects, to optimize the prevention of fatal events and improve the quality of life of carriers.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
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					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cesar Leite Hospital, Manhuaçu, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">FACMAR - Univassouras, Maricá, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Frank Nunes • Hospital César Leite – Praça Dr. César Leite, 383. CEP 36900-000, Centro, Manhuaçu, MG – Brasil E-mail: nunesfk@terra.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A Filamina C é uma proteína essencial para a integridade do sarcômero e do citoesqueleto dos cardiomiócitos. Variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> estão associadas a uma ampla gama de cardiomiopatias, podendo apresentar fenótipos distintos de acordo com o tipo de alteração genética. As variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> estão frequentemente associadas à cardiomiopatia dilatada e arritmogênica, enquanto as variantes <italic>missense</italic> são mais relacionadas às formas hipertrófica e restritiva. Essas diferenças fenotípicas refletem o impacto molecular e estrutural da variante <italic>FLNC</italic> na proteína filamina C, com implicações diretas no manejo clínico. O diagnóstico e a estratificação de risco são desafiadores e exigem uma abordagem multimodal que integre dados clínicos, genéticos e de imagem. A ressonância magnética cardíaca, em especial, é fundamental para a detecção de fibrose miocárdica e para a avaliação prognóstica. Evidências recentes indicam que variantes patogênicas no FLNC também podem estar associadas, raramente, a casos de miocardite aguda de apresentação grave, frequentemente acompanhada de arritmias ventriculares malignas e disfunção sistólica. O diagnóstico preciso, o acompanhamento contínuo e o aconselhamento familiar são fundamentais para definir a melhor abordagem terapêutica e prognóstica dos pacientes, em especial daqueles com alto risco de morte súbita cardíaca (MSC), permitindo desta forma, intervenções personalizadas e preventivas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Filaminas</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Morte Súbita Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>As Múltiplas Faces da Cardiomiopatia por Variantes do Gene da Filamina C (<italic>FLNC</italic>)</title>
							<p>Variantes truncadas e missense e os diferentes fenótipos da cardiomiopatia por variantes no gene FLNC<italic>.</italic></p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As filaminas participam da preservação da estrutura e da arquitetura tridimensional celular. Particularmente a filamina C (<italic>FLNC</italic>) é expressa nas células estriadas do músculo esquelético e do músculo cardíaco, sendo uma proteína essencial na estabilização do sarcômero e na integridade do citoesqueleto celular ao fazer a ligação entre o filamento de actina a receptores de adesão plasmática na membrana celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A proteína é codificada pelo gene FLNC, localizado no cromossomo 7. A primeira descrição de uma condição patológica associada a uma variante desse gene foi publicada em 2005, descrevendo membros de uma família alemã com patologia miofibrilar e fraqueza musculoesquelética progressiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outros 31 pacientes de quatro famílias alemãs, portadores de variantes patogênicas no gene FLNC e fenótipo de miopatia miofibrilar, apresentavam anormalidades cardíacas em um terço dos casos, sugerindo acometimento cardiovascular pela filaminopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O primeiro relato de um fenótipo cardíaco isolado foi em 2014, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desde então, outros fenótipos de miocardiopatias (dilatada, arritmogênica e restritiva), associadas a variantes no gene da <italic>FLNC</italic>, foram descritas, sendo que em alguns portadores ocorre mudança de fenótipo com a evolução natural da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O crescente conhecimento das variantes patogênicas nos genes relacionados às diferentes cardiomiopatias, aliados ao maior acesso aos testes genéticos, reforçam o papel da genética nas doenças miocárdicas. As variantes do gene <italic>FLNC</italic> estão entre as mais relevantes, pois, além de manifestarem-se em diferentes fenótipos, podem ter perfil maligno. Este artigo visa revisar a participação da filamina C na estrutura e função do cardiomiócito, as variantes patogênicas em seu gene e patogênese a elas associadas, características típicas nos exames de imagem e estratificação de risco de seus portadores.</p>
				<sec sec-type="cases">
					<title>Caso Clínico</title>
					<p>Mulher, 37 anos, com queixa de palpitações desde a adolescência, diagnosticada inicialmente com extrassístoles ventriculares benignas, sem alterações cardíacas estruturais. Apesar do uso de múltiplas medicações antiarrítmicas, os sintomas persistiram. História familiar: pai com morte súbita (MS) aos 34 anos de idade; avó com MS antes dos 50 anos; irmão de 35 anos apresenta sintomas semelhantes e aos 33 anos de idade apresentou acidente vascular encefálico.</p>
					<p>Durante investigação etiológica do quadro de extrassistolia ventricular realizou eletrocardiograma (ECG), que evidenciou ritmo sinusal, baixa voltagem do QRS em derivações periféricas. Ecodopplercardiograma (ECO): hipocinesia difusa com disfunção sistólica com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) por método Teichholz em 39%; Holter de 24 horas com achado de frequentes extrassístoles ventriculares: 4339 isoladas, 112 pares e 2 episódios taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS); teste ergométrico: episódio de TVNS; ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC): extensos focos de realce tardio de distribuição mesocárdica e subepicárdica difusa, compatíveis com fibrose de padrão não isquêmico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). O PET-CT com FDG-18F afastou a hipótese de sarcoidose ou miocardite em atividade.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Eletrocardiograma (baixa voltagem em derivações periféricas) e ressonância cardíaca magnética (setas destacando o realce tardio não isquêmico, mesocárdico).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Devido à suspeita clínica de miocardiopatia arritmogênica, foi submetida ao sequenciamento genético (NGS) que detectou variante provavelmente patogênica no <italic>FLNC</italic> em heterozigose: NM_001458.4:c.6663_6664del;p.(Phe2222Trpfs*22).</p>
					<p>Após o diagnóstico, seu irmão realizou uma RMC, que revelou fibrose com padrão de distribuição não isquêmica. Holter de 24 horas e teste ergométrico apresentavam extrassístoles ventriculares e episódios de TVNS. Foi submetido à técnica de Sanger, através do rastreio familiar, que confirmou a presença da mesma variante no <italic>FLNC</italic>.</p>
					<p>Após o diagnóstico genético ambos os pacientes foram submetidos ao implante do cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI) como profilaxia primária para MS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aspectos genéticos das variantes FLNC</title>
					<p>A <italic>FLNC</italic> é uma proteína estrutural essencial que desempenha papel crucial na manutenção da integridade mecânica e funcional do citoesqueleto dos cardiomiócitos. Codificada pelo gene <italic>FLNC</italic>, localizado no cromossomo 7q32.1, esta proteína é responsável pelo entrelaçamento de filamentos de actina e pela regulação das interações entre proteínas estruturais e sinalizadoras, promovendo a estabilidade do sarcômero e a função muscular coordenada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> podem ser classificadas em dois grupos principais: <italic>truncadas e missense.</italic> Ambas as classes resultam em alterações funcionais graves na proteína, contribuindo para uma gama de fenótipos clínicos, desde cardiomiopatias hereditárias até doenças musculares esqueléticas.</p>
					<p>As variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> incluem variantes <italic>nonsense</italic>, que frequentemente resultam na produção de proteínas encurtadas. Essas variantes associam-se principalmente a cardiomiopatias arritmogênicas e dilatadas. O impacto molecular inclui o comprometimento da organização do citoesqueleto e a ativação de processos apoptóticos no cardiomiócito, levando à disfunção contrátil e remodelamento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um exemplo é a variante p.W2710X leva à perda dos 16 aminoácidos terminais da filamina C, comprometendo sua capacidade de dimerização. Essa deficiência resulta na formação de agregados proteicos contendo a forma anormal da filamina C e outras proteínas do disco Z, caracterizando miopatias miofibrilares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, variantes <italic>truncadas</italic>, como p.Arg650X e Val2715fs87X, estão associadas a alta penetrância, início precoce dos sintomas e risco elevado de MSC, com idade média de ocorrência de eventos fatais em torno de 42 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As variantes <italic>missense</italic>causam substituições de aminoácidos, mais frequentemente associadas à CMH e a fenótipos sobrepostos, incluindo a cardiomiopatia restritiva. Essas variantes alteram a estrutura tridimensional da proteína, prejudicando sua interação com componentes do citoesqueleto e vias de sinalização celular. Um exemplo é a variante p.A1186V, implicada em cardiomiopatias restritivas de início precoce, frequentemente acompanhadas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Estudos mostram que variantes <italic>missense</italic> que afetam o domínio ROD2 da filamina C têm maior probabilidade de gerar agregados proteicos. Esses agregados, compostos por proteínas disfuncionais, ativam vias celulares de estresse, como o sistema ubiquitina-proteassoma e a autofagia, exacerbando a degeneração miofibrilar e contribuindo para um fenótipo clínico mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Influência da localização e idade</title>
					<p>A gravidade das variantes <italic>FLNC</italic> está intimamente ligada à localização específica da variante no gene e à idade do portador. Alterações na extremidade C-terminal da proteína são associadas a fenótipos mais graves, incluindo risco elevado de fibrose cardíaca, dilatação ventricular e arritmias malignas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Enquanto variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> apresentam maior penetrância em adultos de meia-idade, algumas variantes <italic>missense</italic> manifestam-se ainda na infância. Por exemplo, a alteração FLNC-Ile1937Asn causa insuficiência cardíaca terminal em pacientes jovens, com idade média de início dos sintomas de 19 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Impacto molecular e remodelamento cardíaco</title>
					<p>No nível molecular, variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> desencadeiam desregulação das vias de estresse mecânico e desorganização do sarcômero. Isso leva à fibrose miocárdica progressiva, dilatação ventricular esquerda e eventual perda de função contrátil. A formação de agregados proteicos tóxicos no citoplasma agrava a disfunção celular e aumenta a suscetibilidade a eventos inflamatórios locais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Os avanços no NGS permitiram identificar variantes de significado clínico incerto (VUS) no gene <italic>FLNC</italic>, especialmente em famílias com histórico de cardiomiopatia. Estudos de correlação genótipo-fenótipo, combinados com análise estrutural da proteína, têm sido fundamentais para a reclassificação de muitas dessas variantes como benignas ou patogênicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aspectos clínicos e de imagem das variantes FLNC</title>
					<p>Na mitologia romana, o deus Janus, uma divindade de duas faces diferentes simetricamente opostas, representa a dualidade e as transições do universo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> De maneira similar, a etiologia molecular, caracterizada pela presença de variantes patogênicas no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> – sejam elas <italic>truncada</italic> ou <italic>missense</italic> –, contribui para uma ampla diversidade fenotípica, abrangendo cardiomiopatias hipertrófica, restritiva, arritmogênica e dilatada, além de possíveis sobreposições entre esses fenótipos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
					<p>Apesar de inicialmente descrita como variante patogênica em portadores de miopatia miofibrilar, descobriu-se que sua associação mais prevalente é com a cardiomiopatia isolada. Entretanto, alguns coortes evidenciam miopatia associada à cardiopatia em alguns clusters de famílias portadoras de variantes da <italic>FLNC</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com miopatia miofibrilar esquelética frequentemente apresentam variantes <italic>missense</italic> e indel, manifestando fraqueza muscular proximal lentamente progressiva de forma isolada ou associada à CMH ou restritiva. Menos frequentemente, variantes <italic>frameshift</italic> e <italic>nonsense</italic> que resultam em proteínas <italic>truncadas</italic> causam cardiomiopatia arritmogênica ou dilatada e desarranjo estrutural miofibrilar com atrofia muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
					<p>As principais anormalidades em portadores de variantes patogênicas do gene <italic>FLNC</italic> são baixa voltagem, alterações da repolarização ventricular e arritmias ventriculares.</p>
					<p>Numa coorte de 145 pacientes com cardiopatia associada à <italic>FLNC,</italic> a prevalência de baixa voltagem ao ECG foi de 37% e inversão de onda T em derivações inferolateral e lateral em 24%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Houve correlação entre a presença da alteração da repolarização ventricular com risco aumentado para MSC. Outros 167 pacientes consecutivos de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic>, 95,7% dos quais estavam em ritmo sinusal, 4,5% apresentavam bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo, 23,9% inversão anormal de onda T e QRS baixa voltagem em 22,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em um estudo coorte que avaliou a associação entre variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic> e o risco para cardiomiopatia arritmogênica ou dilatada de alto risco em 28 probandos e 54 parentes, encontrou-se arritmias ventriculares em 82% dos pacientes afetados, principalmente TVNS e extrassístoles ventriculares frequentes (&gt; 500/24h).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>FLNC e fenótipos da cardiomiopatia</title>
					<p>O conhecimento das múltiplas faces da cardiomiopatia por variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> advém principalmente de estudos observacionais de portadores de cardiomiopatias relacionadas a variantes desse gene. Fator comum nesses estudos observacionais é a utilização da RMC como método de imagem.</p>
					<p>A RMC tornou-se um pilar indispensável na cardiologia, particularmente no que diz respeito às cardiomiopatias, com implicações para o diagnóstico e prognóstico. A presença, extensão e padrão de distribuição da fibrose miocárdica detectada pelo realce tardio com gadolínio fornecem informações prognósticas independentemente da FEVE. Um padrão comum de distribuição do realce tardio nas cardiomiopatias genéticas é o padrão <italic>ring like</italic>, caracterizado pela presença de realce tardio no meso-epicárdio envolvendo pelo menos três segmentos contíguos no mesmo corte de eixo curto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A cicatriz em <italic>ring like</italic> é considerada uma característica altamente específica da cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do VE e representa um critério diagnóstico relevante no <italic>European Task Force Consensus Report</italic> publicado recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Está associada a uma alta taxa de arritmias ventriculares malignas quando comparada a outros padrões de distribuição de LGE e um risco adicional pode ser observado em pacientes que além deste padrão apresentam ECG com ondas Q em parede anterior, alargamento do QRS e ECO com índice de volume diastólico final do VE aumentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Além disso, sabe-se que o risco particularmente alto de eventos arrítmicos malignos na presença de um padrão <italic>ring like</italic> é independente da carga total de realce tardio e da FEVE, estes que seriam fatores de risco comumente utilizados na avaliação prognóstica de outras etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora ainda imprecisos, alguns estudos observacionais tentam estimar a prevalência de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> na população com cardiomiopatias. Em um coorte que avaliou a presença de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> do gene <italic>FLNC</italic> em 2877 portadores de cardiopatias hereditárias, a prevalência foi de 3,9%, 3,2% e 2,2% para cardiomiopatia dilatada, arritmogênica e restritiva, respectivamente, e nenhum caso de CMH. Houve alta penetrância (97%) nos pacientes acima de 40 anos de idade que apresentavam como principais sintomas: dispneia aos esforços e palpitações. A maioria dos pacientes afetados (probandos e parentes portadores de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic>) apresentava dilatação ventricular, FEVE &lt; 55% e realce tardio principalmente em região epicárdica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) à RMC. Esse fenótipo associou-se a um alto potencial para arritmias malignas, com 40 MSC em 21 das 28 famílias analisadas. Alterações estruturais no ventrículo direito (VD) ocorreram na minoria dos casos. Desses, todos também possuíam acometimento do VE. Nenhum paciente apresentou miopatia esquelética clinicamente relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em outra coorte de 1150 pacientes, que avaliou a prevalência de variantes patogênicas da <italic>FLNC</italic> e sua correlação genótipo-fenótipo em diferentes cardiomiopatias, observou-se 1,3% em pacientes com fenótipo hipertrófico, 3% em dilatados e 8% em restritivos. Portadores de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> exibiam exclusivamente o fenótipo dilatado, enquanto variantes <italic>missense</italic> estavam associadas ao fenótipo hipertrófico. Em nenhum dos casos houve manifestação de miopatia esquelética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> De fato, à luz da evidência atual, o fenótipo hipertrófico é infrequente em portadores de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic>, e na maioria desses casos a apresentação é com sintomas leves, formas não graves e penetrância incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Uma publicação de análise combinada de dados individuais de 145 pacientes com cardiomiopatia arritmogênica e/ou dilatada associada à <italic>FLNC</italic> avaliou o perfil clínico e os fatores relacionados a risco de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os principais achados desse estudo foram: (1) predomínio de cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do VE (67%), mas formas de dominância do VD também foram encontradas; (2) a maioria dos portadores (75%) apresentavam realce tardio sugestivo de fibrose miocárdica padrão não-isquêmico à RMC; (3) MSC ocorreu em 19% (28/145) dos indivíduos e associou-se à presença de alterações da repolarização em derivações inferolateral/lateral no ECG e realce tardio/fibrose miocárdica no VE; (4) extrassístoles ventriculares frequentes, dilatação do VE e FEVE &lt; 35% não se associaram ao desfecho MSC.</p>
					<p>Outro estudo observacional validou a ausência de correlação entre FEVE e risco de eventos arrítmicos graves. Nele, a frequência de arritmias ventriculares malignas (MSC, MSC abortada, choque por CDI e taquicardia ventricular sustentada) foi semelhante entre pacientes com disfunção leve a moderada do VE e aqueles com FEVE ≤ 35%, conforme avaliação ecocardiográfica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Um resumo dos principais achados desses coortes retrospectivos é apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Resumo dos principais estudos coortes de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo</th>
										<th align="left">Objetivo do estudo</th>
										<th align="left">Amostra</th>
										<th align="left">Principais achados</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Ortiz-Genga et al.<sup>7</sup> (2016)</td>
										<td>Avaliar a associação de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic> com fenótipo de CMPA ou CMPD de alto risco</td>
										<td>2877 portadores de cardiopatias hereditárias</td>
										<td>vtFLNC em 3,9% dos portadores de CMPD, 3,2% de CMPA, 2,2% de CMPR. MSC em 40 indivíduos de 21 das 28 famílias analisadas com vtFLNC</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Gómez et al.<sup>27</sup> (2017)</td>
										<td>Avaliar a prevalência de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> em uma amostra de portadores de CMH</td>
										<td>448 portadores de CMH e 450 controles saudáveis</td>
										<td>Grupo CMH x controle (3,1 x 0,2%) p= 0,007 Grupo CMH: 20 variantes em 22 pacientes (19 <italic>missense</italic>; 1 <italic>nonsense</italic> sendo 6 PP, 10 VSI) Grupo controle: 1 variante <italic>missense</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ader et al.<sup>26</sup> (2019)</td>
										<td>Avaliar a prevalência de variante de <italic>FLNC</italic> em uma amostra de pacientes com cardiomiopatias</td>
										<td>1150 pacientes com cardiomiopatias de diferentes fenótipos</td>
										<td>Variantes de FLNC em 1,3% dos pacientes com CMH, 3% de CMPD e 8% de CMPR</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Akhtar et al.<sup>22</sup> (2021)</td>
										<td>Avaliar os fatores de risco associados a eventos adversos graves em portadores de vtFLNC</td>
										<td>167 portadores de vtFLNC</td>
										<td>Risco aumentado de eventos adversos graves em probandos, presença de realce tardio em RMC e redução de FEVE &gt; 10% em relação à FEVE de 50%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Celeghin et al.<sup>21</sup> (2021)</td>
										<td>Avaliar os fatores de risco associados a MSC em portadores de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic></td>
										<td>145 pacientes com CMPD e CMPA relacionadas a variantes em <italic>FLNC</italic></td>
										<td>Risco aumentado associado a alterações da repolarização em derivações inferolateral/lateral no ECG e realce tardio/fibrose miocárdica no VE</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>FLNC: filamina C; CMPA: cardiomiopatia arritmogênica; CMPD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; vtFLNC: variantes truncadas de FLNC; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; PP: provavelmente patogênica; VSI: variante de significado indeterminado; CMPR: cardiomiopatia restritiva; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; MSC: morte súbita cardíaca; ECG: eletrocardiograma; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Outra importante utilidade da RMC é no diagnóstico diferencial entre cardiomiopatias genéticas que podem apresentar padrões diferentes de distribuição de realce tardio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref> descreve o padrão de distribuição do realce tardio de algumas das principais variantes relacionadas a cardiomiopatias genéticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Diferenças nos achados à ressonância magnética cardíaca das cardiomiopatias genéticas. FLNC: Filamina C; TTN: Titina, LMNA: Lamina A/C; DSP: Desmoplaquina.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-2-20250008-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Um estudo coorte comparou o papel da RMC em portadores de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic> e titina (<italic>TTN</italic>), duas das principais causas de cardiomiopatia genética em pacientes com fenótipo dilatado e arritmogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A frequência e a extensão da fibrose miocárdica, avaliada através da técnica de realce tardio, foi significativamente maior em portadores de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> do que em portadores de variantes da <italic>TTN</italic>. Houve diferença também em relação à localização da área de fibrose. Nos portadores de variantes de <italic>FLNC</italic> houve predomínio não-isquêmico, ou seja, epicárdico, mesocárdico ou combinação de ambos, na região inferior e lateral do VE, enquanto em portadores de <italic>TTN</italic>, o septo interventricular foi a região mais acometida. O padrão de distribuição <italic>ring-like</italic> foi encontrado em 84% no grupo <italic>FLNC</italic> e somente em um paciente com variante truncada de <italic>TTN</italic>, sendo dessa forma, uma ferramenta útil na diferenciação entre ambas. O padrão fenotípico de realce tardio em <italic>ring-like</italic> associa-se a um maior risco de arritmias ventriculares malignas e MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>FLNC</italic> e miocardite</title>
					<p>Miocardite é uma doença inflamatória do coração de etiologia infecciosa ou não infecciosa como induzida por hipersensibilidade a medicamentos, doença autoimune ou imune-mediada relacionada a vacinas. Apresenta quadro clínico heterogêneo, variando desde apresentação assintomática/oligossintomática a quadro de choque séptico ou MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Evidências recentes sugerem que uma maior suscetibilidade de manifestar miocardite após exposição a fatores externos e a heterogeneidade da apresentação clínica podem depender de uma predisposição genética.</p>
					<p>Variantes patogênicas/provavelmente patogênicas dos genes <italic>TTN</italic> e <italic>DSP</italic> tem sido identificada como as mais prevalentes em séries de casos de pacientes acometidos por miocardite aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de <italic>FLNC</italic> também tem sido descritas em geralmente relacionadas a formas graves manifestando com arritmias ventriculares malignas, alteração da função sistólica ventricular esquerda ou biventricular e MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Parece também haver uma correlação com maior gravidade em portadores de variantes genéticas que apresentam miocardite aguda quando comparado a indivíduos não-portadores de variantes genéticas que apresentam o quadro inflamatório miocárdico aguda, com uma maior prevalência de IC aguda, FEVE reduzida e arritmias ventriculares malignas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Dessa forma, pacientes com miocardite aguda grave ou recorrente, ou com histórico familiar de cardiomiopatia não isquêmica ou MS em jovens, devem ser investigados quanto à presença de cardiomiopatia genética associada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>FLNC</italic> e prolapso da valva mitral</title>
					<p>Prolapso da valva mitral (PVM) é historicamente considerada uma entidade benigna, sendo a anormalidade valvar mais comum. Recentemente, um pequeno subgrupo de uma forma arritmogênica dessa anormalidade chama a atenção pelo risco de arritmias ventriculares e MSC em seus portadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Em um estudo de relato de caso com segregação familiar de parentes com fenótipo similar, através de teste genético com análise de exoma, identificou-se nessa família uma nova variante truncada relacionada ao gene <italic>FLNC</italic> (p.Trp34*-FLNC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Os pacientes afetados apresentavam prolapso de ambas as cúspides, disjunção anular mitral, arritmias ventriculares frequentes e complexas e aumento leve a moderado do VE. Apesar de ser relato único na literatura, levanta-se a possibilidade para estudos futuros que possam consolidar a associação, em alguns casos, de ambas as entidades: a manifestação cardíaca por variante patogênica em <italic>FLNC</italic> e a Síndrome do PVM Arritmogênico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estratificação de risco dos portadores de <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
					<p>A MSC é frequentemente relatada em portadores de <italic>FLNC</italic>, especialmente com variantes <italic>truncadas</italic>, podendo ser a apresentação inicial em 5% dos casos ou vista durante o seguimento clínico em 15% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Embora a FEVE ≤ 35% seja um marcador de risco independente de morte cardíaca e morte por todas as causas em diversas cardiomiopatias, algumas etiologias genéticas, dentre elas variantes da <italic>FLNC</italic> conferem um risco maior de MSC, independentemente do valor da FEVE, sugerindo que fatores de risco adicionais devam ser levados em consideração ao decidir sobre a indicação de CDI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A Diretriz da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> sobre manuseio de cardiomiopatias de 2023 endossa essa conduta com uma recomendação IIa, nível de evidência C para que o implante de CDI deva ser considerado para prevenção primária de MSC em portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada com FEVE ≥ 35% e genótipo de variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> de FLNC quando na presença dos seguintes fatores de risco adicionais para MSC: realce tardio em RMC e FEVE &lt; 45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Dentre os critérios clínicos descritos como preditores de risco para MSC em pacientes com variantes <italic>truncadas</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic>, o probando apresenta maior risco quando comparado aos familiares diagnosticados, além da presença da história familiar de MSC ser um importante preditor de eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O ECG com características que podem ser úteis na suspeita diagnóstica, também auxilia na avaliação de risco para MSC quando presente baixas voltagens de QRS de V <sub>1</sub> –V <sub>3</sub> e inversão de onda T em derivações inferolateral/lateral, possivelmente correlacionando-se a cicatrizes miocárdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Além disso, a presença de TVNS e alta densidade de extrassístoles ventriculares, que podem ser reflexo de instabilidade elétrica e também ajudam a orientar o implante de CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A RMC com realce tardio é a principal modalidade de imagem para estratificação de risco, pois fornece confirmação da presença de fibrose miocárdica, descreve a extensão e o padrão de sua distribuição da cicatriz. O padrão fenotípico de realce tardio em <italic>ring-like</italic> está relacionado com maior risco de arritmias ventriculares malignas e MSC, sendo um importante achado de valor prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Portanto, mesmo com FEVE preservada, esses fatores descritos devem ser considerados em conjunto para determinar o risco individual de eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os pacientes com variantes no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> devem ser estratificados e monitorados, como por exemplo, para indicação de profilaxia primária e seguimento adequado preventivo. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fatores de risco para morte súbita cardíaca em portadores de variantes patogênicas de <italic>FLNC</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th align="left">Risco</th>
										<th align="left">Ação</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Tipo de variante</bold></td>
										<td>Variante <italic>truncada</italic> em <italic>FLNC</italic> está associada a cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo esquerdo e risco elevado de arritmias ventriculares.</td>
										<td>Avaliação genética e aconselhamento</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>História familiar</bold></td>
										<td>MSC precoce</td>
										<td>Rastreio familiar e monitoramento</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Fenótipo</bold></td>
										<td>Arritmogênica ou dilatada, frequentemente com disfunção ventricular esquerda</td>
										<td>Ecocardiograma transtorácico. Ressonância magnética do coração em repouso com padrão <italic>ring-like</italic> de distribuição</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Arritmias</bold></td>
										<td>Fibrilação ventricular ou TVS documentada.</td>
										<td>Holter ou dispositivos implantáveis. Estudo eletrofisiológico se necessário.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold></td>
										<td>Anormalidades como onda T invertida, alterações de repolarização em derivações inferolateral e lateral, baixa voltagem, ou bloqueios de ramo. Extrassístoles ventriculares em alta incidência.</td>
										<td>ECG periódico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Síncope</bold></td>
										<td>Síncope inexplicada pode indicar alto risco</td>
										<td>Estudo eletrofisiológico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Disfunção ventricular</bold></td>
										<td>FEVE reduzida implica alto risco MSC</td>
										<td>Considerar CDI</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Fibrose miocárdica</bold></td>
										<td>Fibrose implica alto risco</td>
										<td>RMC e monitoramento do realce tardio, considerar CDI</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Exercício</bold></td>
										<td>Alta intensidade implica alto risco</td>
										<td>Restrição de atividade física competitiva</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Dispneia</bold></td>
										<td>Presença de insuficiência cardíaca</td>
										<td>Manejo clínico otimizado e acompanhamento regular</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>FLNC: filamina C; MSC: Morte súbita; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implantável.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>As variantes no gene <italic>FLNC</italic> representam um desafio clínico e diagnóstico devido à sua ampla heterogeneidade fenotípica e ao risco elevado de MSC, mesmo em pacientes com fração de ejeção preservada. A identificação precoce dessas variantes, aliada a ferramentas avançadas de imagem e testes genéticos, é crucial para a estratificação de risco e a implementação de estratégias preventivas. O manejo deve ser integrado, considerando aspectos clínicos, genéticos e estruturais, para otimizar a prevenção de eventos fatais e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos portadores.</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>