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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240048i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Integrative Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bispo</surname>
						<given-names>Irving Gabriel Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9457-2488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chaves</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6878-2457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7053-9722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Hiromi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6054-654X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia Amorim</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USCS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Caetano do Sul</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS), São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address</label>: Irving Gabriel Araújo Bispo • Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - Rua Santo Antônio, 50. Postal Code 09550-051, Centro, Sao Caetano do Sul, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>20240048</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Heart failure (HF) is characterized as a clinical syndrome comprised of different etiologies. HF can be classified according to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Studies have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can collaborate in the treatment of HF. To conduct a bibliographic survey in the form of an integrative qualitative review on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure. This study was carried out through the elaboration of an integrative literature review. Articles published in the last five years were selected from the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases, using the following descriptors: “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Heart Failure”, “Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction” and “Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors” A total of 1,504 articles, published in the PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases, were found. After analysis, in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria; reading of the abstracts or full text; and exclusion of duplicate articles, 17 studies were selected, In the past five years, there has been a lack of conclusive studies on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors. Studies, such as DAPA-HF, have shown that dapagliflozin reduces hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths in patients with HF, regardless of their glycemic status. Recent guidelines have already incorporated SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of HFrEF due to strong scientific evidence.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: The Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Integrative Review</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health concern. It is defined, according to the American Heart Failure Society, the European Society of Cardiology, and the Japanese Heart Failure Society, as a clinical syndrome with different etiologies, causing multiple structural and functional dysfunctions that result in the inability of the ventricle to fill and eject sufficient blood volume to meet tissue metabolic demands.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The main clinical manifestations include dyspnea, fatigue, and peripheral edema, which can directly impact exercise tolerance and the practice of daily activities, resulting in frequent hospitalizations and substantial overload of the health system.</p>
			<p>These changes, present in HF, are related to the activation of neurohormonal regulatory systems, such as the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as by the dysfunction of endogenous natriuretic mechanisms. At first, this activation acts to maintain blood pressure and kidney function. However, in the chronic activation scenario, deleterious effects are observed that contribute to the progression of HF, causing an increase in afterload and vascular and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The prevalence of HF is closely linked to an improved treatment of causative events, such as acute myocardial infarction. In Brazil, HF caused 252,000 deaths between 2008 and 2018, costing the health system approximately R$3 billion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>HF can be classified according to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as follows: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), the latter being a recently established term. In this classification, HFpEF is defined as LVEF ≥50%. HFrEF presents LVEF &lt;40% and HFmrEF is defined as between 41% and 49%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another form of assessment is the New York Heart Association’s (NYHA) functional classification. It stratifies HF into four classes based on the manifestation of symptoms related to daily activities and exercise tolerance. In simplified terms, class I is defined as the absence of symptoms; class II presents mild limitation; Class III is characterized by significant limitation, with moderate symptoms; and Class IV is marked by the presence of severe symptoms, in which there is an inability to perform simple daily activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The third form of assessment of HF is known as the stage classification, developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) / American Heart Association (AHA), and is based on the development and progression of the disease. HF occurs in four stages: stage A, in which there is a risk of developing HF; stage B, which consists of the presence of structural heart disease and the absence of HF symptoms; stage C, which presents structural heart disease associated with previous or current HF symptoms; and, finally, stage D, in which HF is refractory to clinical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The main causes of HF include ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Other related etiologies include genetic cardiomyopathies, amyloidosis, cardiotoxicity associated with cancer treatment, alcohol abuse, tachycardia, myocarditis, autoimmune diseases, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pharmacological treatment for HF is already well established in medical practice and has some common pillars for HFrEF and HFpEF, such as the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and beta-blockers. Specifically for HFrEF, the updated Brazilian Guideline for Heart Failure (2021) recommends the use of sacubitril-valsartan (recommendation IB) and SGLT2 inhibitors (recommendation IA), the latter being associated with a reduction in cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF. BY contrast, specific treatment for HFpEF has not advanced as much as that for HFrEF; therefore, the current recommendation is based on the administration of diuretics to reduce congestion and improve symptoms, according to the ACC/AHA guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>SGLT2 inhibitors were initially studied for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, studies have shown that their effects can also contribute to the treatment of HF. The exact mechanism of action of this drug is still uncertain, but studies show that it inhibits glucose reabsorption, inducing glycosuria, reducing the insulin/glucagon ratio and promoting lipolysis through the oxidation of free fatty acids. As a consequence, there is an increase in the hepatic production of ketone bodies. These, in turn, are considered superfuels for the myocardium, leading to greater availability of beta-hydroxybutyrate to the cardiomyocyte, thus providing an improvement in cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Furthermore, it appears to promote osmotic diuresis and natriuresis in patients with or without T2DM. It also serves to induce glycosuria, thereby reducing preload, and to improve endothelial function, thus decreasing afterload. Some theories about its actions have been highlighted: 1) the improvement of myocardial metabolism, increasing cardiac energy reserve through myocardial substrate exchange; 2) the inhibition of sodium-hydrogen transporter isoform 1, increasing mitochondrial calcium levels; 3) the reduction of cardiac fibrosis; 4) the reduction of cytokine and adipokine production; and 5) the reduction of the risk of developing atrial arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In this context, considering the scientific evidence referent to the impact of drug treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing mortality and hospitalization for HF, the difference in the effects of their applicability in patients with HFrEF has been questioned.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Objective</title>
			<p>To conduct a qualitative integrative literature review on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure and identify the impact of medication use on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), demonstrating the main differences in cardiovascular impacts in the most recent clinical trials and meta-analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This study was conducted through a qualitative integrative review of national and international literature in order to establish a synthesis of scientific production on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the context of heart failure.</p>
			<p>Initially, the theme of the study was defined and the guiding question was developed, following the PICO format (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>), as well as the definition of the search strategy, descriptors, and databases that would be used.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– PICO strategy applied to define the guiding question.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Next, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined; articles were searched in the databases and pre-selected; and selected studies were identified, based on reading the abstract, keywords, and title of the publications in order to assess whether or not the study was relevant to the guiding question. When the information contained in the abstract was not sufficient, the full text was read.</p>
			<p>The criteria used after a careful reading of the abstracts or full texts were based on the type of study, excluding those with little scientific relevance and those in which there was no correlation with the use of the drug analyzed for heart failure, given that many of them presented analyses directly related to other associated comorbidities and were therefore excluded from the research.</p>
			<p>In the next stage, the selected studies were categorized according to the degree of recommendation and strength of evidence into: 1) Degree of recommendation A: experimental or observational studies with better consistency (comprised of meta-analyses or randomized clinical trials) and 2) Degree of recommendation B: experimental or observational studies with less consistency (comprised of other non-randomized clinical trials or observational studies or case-control studies), as recommended by the Brazilian Medical Association (<italic>Associação Médica Brasileira</italic> – AMB). Studies related to degrees C and D were not included.</p>
			<p>The limitation of the chosen articles was essential in order to highlight the scientific rigor that supports the research and to provide a clear understanding of the robustness of the analyzed data, thus reinforcing the credibility of the conclusions and the relevance of the discussions presented.</p>
			<p>The studies were then arranged in a table using a synthesis matrix for critical analysis of the selected studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Based on the interpretation and synthesis of the results, the findings were compared with the theoretical framework in a descriptive manner, enabling the assessment of the applicability of the integrative review and formulation of the discussion in order to achieve the objective of this study. Finally, a document was created to summarize the evidence found in the study and prepare the integrative review.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Core characteristics of the main studies included in the integrative review</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Article Title</th>
								<th>Year of publication / database</th>
								<th>Number of patients in the study / included studies</th>
								<th>Relevant topics</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes and heart failure. Are type two sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors the future of treatment?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2022 Scielo</td>
								<td align="center">EMPAREG-OUTCOME: 7020 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17160 DAPA-HF: 4744 CANVAS R: 10142</td>
								<td align="center">Reduction in the rate of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF. Reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Reduction in HbA1c levels.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes and cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2021 Scielo</td>
								<td align="center">EMPAREG-OUTCOME: 7020 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17160 DAPA-HF: 4744 CREDENCE: 4401</td>
								<td align="center">DM therapy is constantly advancing, including new drugs that act as an additional tool to reduce blood glucose levels and major cardiovascular events.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Results of DAPA-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2021 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744</td>
								<td align="center">Mortality, morbidity, and symptoms were improved by dapagliflozin in patients with HFrEF compared with placebo, regardless of baseline renal function.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a paradigm shift towards dual cardio-renal protection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 SOLOIST-WHF: 1222 EMPULSE-HF: 530 EMPIRE-HF: 190</td>
								<td align="center">Considered together, the studies suggest that the early administration of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients hospitalized for acute HF may reduce hospitalization and mortality. DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced were associated with similar risk reduction, regardless of advanced age, etiology, and duration of HF, as well as the presence of COPD, DM, and impaired renal function. The renal protective effect is an important development in the treatment of HFrEF.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SGLT2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure – A Review of the State of the Art<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2023 Scielo</td>
								<td align="center">EMPAREG: 7020 CANVAS: 10.142 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17.160 DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 EMPEROR-Preserved: 5988 DELIVER Trial: 6263</td>
								<td align="center">SGLT2 inhibitors have shown significant benefits in reducing cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for HF, regardless of the presence or absence of T2DM and the HF phenotype based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">EMPEROR-Preserved: 5988 SOLOIST-WHF: 256 DELIVER Trial: 6263 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 808 VERTIS-CV: 1007 SCORED: 1667</td>
								<td align="center">This meta-analysis of patients with heart failure and LVEF &lt;40% showed that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of the combination of cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to heart failure but not cardiovascular death and all-cause death. However, given that SGLT2 inhibitors can reduce the risk of hospitalization due to heart failure, they should be considered the mainstay of treatment for all patients with HFrEF.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Efficacy of sacubitril valsartan and SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2023 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 EMPIRE-HF: 190 Hsiao et al: 2312 Jiang et al: 136 Karabulut et al: 244</td>
								<td align="center">The combination of sacubitril-valsartan (SV) and SGLT2 inhibitors may have a greater cardiovascular protective effect and minimize the risk of death or hospitalization due to HFrEF. An improvement wsa also observed in LVEF. The combination was even more effective when compared to treatment with SV alone.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Evaluation of the effect of SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin on morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: rationale for and design of the EMPEROR-Reduced trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2019 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial and EMPEROR-Reduced trial</td>
								<td align="center">Empagliflozin may significantly contribute to current approaches that have established benefits in the treatment of chronic heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>The dawn of the four-drug era? SGLT2 inhibition in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2021 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">EMPAREG: 7020 CANVAS: 10.142 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17.160 DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 VERTIS-CV: 1007</td>
								<td align="center">Publication approval of cardiovascular outcome data for three of these agents (canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin) showed an unexpected improvement in cardiovascular outcomes, including hospitalization due to heart failure and mortality, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease or risk factors.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients with Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2020 Cochrane</td>
								<td align="center">EMPEROR-Reduced Trial: 3730</td>
								<td align="center">In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, empagliflozin reduced the risk and total number of inpatient and outpatient worsening of heart failure events, with benefits observed shortly after onset of treatment and maintained during double-blind therapy.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effect of Dapagliflozin in Patients With HFrEF Treated With Sacubitril/Valsartan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2020 Cochrane</td>
								<td align="center">DAPA-HF Trial: 4744</td>
								<td align="center">Dapagliflozin was equally effective and safe in patients who were and were not taking sacubitril/valsartan in the DAPA-HF trial, which suggested that using both agents together could further reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HFrEF. (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on nutritional status in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
								<td align="center">153</td>
								<td align="center">In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction who are symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment, the addition of a SGLT2 inhibitors for treatment can significantly improve nutritional and functional status.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The inclusion criteria were studies published in Portuguese and English, in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and LILACS databases, according to the MeSH descriptors contained in the DeCS platform: “diabetes mellitus”, “heart failure”, “heart failure with reduced ejection fraction” and “sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors”, published in the last 5 years. The consultation period took place from September 2023 to February 2024. The following characteristics were considered exclusion criteria: experimental articles, editorials, communications from reviewers, and articles published in duplicate in the databases.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>A total of 1,504 articles published in the PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases were found. After analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected, 11 from PubMed, 3 from SciELO, 2 from the Cochrane Library, and 1 from LILACS, which fully met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>). Among the selected articles were literature reviews, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, double-blind randomized clinical trials, and prospective cohort studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flowchart of the selection of included articles.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Categorization of the analyzed articles according to type of study.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents a summary of the main articles selected in this integrative literature review, containing the title of the work, year of publication, database, and relevant topics of the article.</p>
			<p>Among the studies analyzed for HFrEF (LVEF &lt; 40%) in the last five years, most analyzed two large trials (DAPA-HF and EMPEROR), which concluded that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly benefited patients with chronic HFrEF. In addition, the studies recommend early initiation for those with chronic and symptomatic HFrEF, with dapagliflozin or empagliflozin, whether diabetic or not, as the studies found that there was an improvement in the rate of hospitalization for HF, mortality, clinical conditions, and decline in renal function.</p>
			<p>Finally, among the selected articles, few adverse effects were noted due to the use of SGLT2 inhibitors. Furthermore, only one study emphasized that the use of the medication in anemic patients led to an increase in hematocrit and improvement in clinical conditions. However, another study addressed the high cost of the medication, and its cost-benefit advantages if there were a near 43% reduction, possibly improving the analyzed outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>SGLT2 inhibitors are a relatively new class of antihyperglycemic medications with similar effects on glucose control, body weight, and blood pressure. Emerging evidence now suggests that these medications may have a beneficial effect on outcomes in HFrEF.</p>
			<p>Post-approval cardiovascular outcome data for three of these agents (canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin) have shown unexpected improvements in cardiovascular outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and mortality, among patients with or without T2DM and established cardiovascular disease or risk factors. This context is related to the EMPEROR-Reduced study, which included 3,730 symptomatic patients with HFrEF (EF ≤ 40%), who were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin or placebo. After a median of 16 months, empagliflozin showed a 25% reduction in combined cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, highlighting the beneficial effect of such medications in patients with HFrEF. As for canagliflozin, the same research cites that, in CANVAS, canagliflozin caused a 14% reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular events of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke over 3.6 years of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The exact mechanism for the cardiovascular benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors, which reduce sodium and glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney, remains unknown, although diuretic properties and favorable changes in cardiac metabolism by altering cardiac substrate use have been postulated. Although the exact mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors leading to cardiovascular benefit is unknown, one study demonstrated that “sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT-)2 inhibitors prevent incident hospitalization for HF in patients with diabetes. Dapagliflozin recently proved to reduce the combination of cardiovascular death or worsening HF in patients with HFrEF in the DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) trial.”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In addition, in the EMPAREG OUTCOME trial, empagliflozin reduced the risk of sudden myocardial infarction and sudden death. In none of the three studies could the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure be explained by the actions of these drugs when used as diuretics or antihyperglycemic agents. These observations raise the possibility that SGLT2 inhibitors may reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with established heart failure, including those without diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The selected studies definitively demonstrated that empagliflozin and dapagliflozin, respectively, reduce the risk and total number of inpatients and outpatients with worsening HF events, with benefits observed soon after beginning treatment and maintained during double-blind therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The DAPA-HF study followed 4,744 patients, comparing the effect of dapagliflozin with placebo on the incidence of worsening HF and mortality in patients with chronic HF.</p>
			<p>As with other SGLT2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin causes small reductions in blood pressure and weight, a small initial increase in creatinine (although long-term treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors appears to be renoprotective in T2DM), and an increased risk of genital fungal infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
			<p>What mechanisms could possibly be responsible for such a marked cardioprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFrEF?</p>
			<p>SGLT2 inhibitors increase fasting ketone body levels and have therefore been hypothesized to improve the use of this efficient metabolic fuel in HF. However, results from experimental studies have provided inconsistent support for this hypothesis. Instead, it has been proposed that SGLT2 inhibitors may slow the course of cardiomyocyte injury and loss by inhibiting sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) in the myocardium, the overactivity of which can lead to increases in intracellular sodium and calcium, which may impair cardiomyocyte function and viability. Interestingly, empagliflozin has also proven to inhibit the activation of Ca++/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, which contributes to NHE-1 activation in the heart. Empagliflozin’s actions to prevent calcium overload may explain why the drug prevents the time-dependent decline in systolic cardiac function observed in experimental pressure-overload-induced heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Regardless of the mechanisms that may be at play, the EMPEROR-Reduced trial is well positioned to determine whether the addition of SGLT2 inhibitors could meaningfully add to current approaches that have established benefits in the treatment of chronic HF. The findings from the trial are likely to advance both our understanding of the disease and our treatment options.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>This study has a bias in selecting more recent articles on the subject that have only ratified previous studies on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors. There is also a lack of standardization of the selected studies, with a greater number of articles from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. New randomized studies with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFrEF contexts in different scenarios, such as Acute HF or HF in patients with improved ejection fraction, are necessary.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>It can therefore be concluded that SGLT2 inhibitors have obtained significant benefits for patients with HFrEF. Studies, such as DAPA-HF, have shown that dapagliflozin reduces hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths in patients with HF, regardless of their glycemic status. Recent guidelines already incorporate SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of HFrEF due to strong scientific evidence. Therefore, it is understood that the drug has had a positive impact on quality of life and morbidity and mortality, and is currently considered an essential part of the treatment for HF.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Uso de Inibidores do Cotransportador Sódio-Glicose 2 (ISGLT2) nos Pacientes com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida: Uma Revisão Integrativa</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0107-8104</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bispo</surname>
						<given-names>Irving Gabriel Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9457-2488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chaves</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-6878-2457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-7053-9722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Hiromi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6054-654X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia Amorim</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS), São Caetano do Sul, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Irving Gabriel Araújo Bispo • Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - Rua Santo Antônio, 50. CEP 09550-051, Centro, Sao Caetano do Sul, SP - Brasil E-mail: irvingbispo@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é caracterizada como uma síndrome clínica composta por diferentes etiologias. A IC pode ser classificada de acordo com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) em insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr). Estudos demonstram que os inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (ISGLT2) podem colaborar com o tratamento da IC. Realizar um levantamento bibliográfico como revisão integrativa qualitativa sobre a utilização dos inibidores de SGLT2 no tratamento da IC. Trata-se de um estudo realizado por meio da elaboração de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Foram selecionados artigos das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e Cochrane Library, publicados nos últimos 5 anos, sendo utilizados os seguintes descritores: “diabetes mellitus”, “insuficiência cardíaca”, “insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida” e “inibidores do transportador 2 de sódio-glicose”. Foram encontrados 1.504 artigos publicados nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library e LILACS. Após análise conforme os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, leitura dos resumos ou texto na íntegra e exclusão de artigos duplicados, foram selecionados 17 trabalhos. Nos últimos cinco anos, houve uma escassez de estudos conclusivos sobre o uso de inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose 2 (ISGLT2). Estudos como o DAPA-HF evidenciaram que a dapagliflozina reduz hospitalizações e mortes cardiovasculares em pacientes com IC, independentemente de seu status glicêmico. Recentes diretrizes já incorporam os ISGLT2 para o tratamento da ICFER devido às fortes evidências científicas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: O Uso de Inibidores do Cotransportador Sódio-Glicose 2 (ISGLT2) nos Pacientes com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida: Uma Revisão Integrativa</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) representa uma crescente preocupação da saúde global. É definida como uma síndrome clínica composta por diferentes etiologias, causando múltiplas disfunções estruturais e funcionais que resultam na incapacidade do ventrículo de se encher e ejetar volume de sangue suficiente para suprir as demandas metabólicas teciduais, segundo a Sociedade Americana de Insuficiência Cardíaca, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e a Sociedade Japonesa de Insuficiência Cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Dentre as principais manifestações clínicas destacam-se dispneia, fadiga e edema periférico, que podem impactar diretamente na tolerância aos exercícios e na prática de atividades diárias, resultando em hospitalizações frequentes e sobrecarga substancial do sistema de saúde.</p>
				<p>Tais alterações presentes na IC estão relacionadas com a ativação de sistemas regulatórios neuro-hormonais, como o sistema nervoso simpático e sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; e também pela disfunção dos mecanismos natriuréticos endógenos. A princípio, essa ativação atua na manutenção da pressão arterial e da função renal. Contudo, no cenário de ativação crônica, são observados os efeitos deletérios que contribuem para a progressão da IC, causando um aumento da pós-carga e remodelação vascular e cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A prevalência da IC está intimamente ligada ao tratamento melhorado de eventos causadores como o infarto agudo do miocárdio. No Brasil, a IC causou 252 mil óbitos entre 2008 e 2018, com um custo cerca de 3 bilhões de reais ao sistema de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A IC pode ser classificada de acordo com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) em: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp), insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção intermediária (ICFEi), sendo esta última uma denominação estabelecida recentemente. Nessa classificação, a ICFEp é definida como FEVE ≥50%. Já a ICFEr apresenta FEVE &lt;40% e a ICFEi delimita-se entre 41 e 49%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outra forma de avaliação é a classificação funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Ela estratifica a IC em quatro classes com base na manifestação de sintomas relacionados a atividades diárias e tolerância ao exercício. De maneira simplificada, a classe I é definida pela ausência de sintomas; a classe II apresenta limitação leve; a classe III é caracterizada por limitação importante, com sintomas moderados, e a classe IV é marcada pela presença de sintomas graves, no qual há incapacidade para realização de atividades diárias simples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A terceira forma de avaliação da IC é conhecida como classificação por estágios, foi elaborada pela American College of Cardiology (ACC) / American Heart Association (AHA), e baseia-se no desenvolvimento e progressão da doença. A IC ocorre em quatro estágios: estágio A, no qual há risco de desenvolver IC; estágio B, que consiste na presença de uma doença estrutural cardíaca e ausência de sintomas de IC; estágio C, que apresenta doença estrutural cardíaca associada a sintomas prévios ou atuais de IC; e, por fim, estágio D, no qual a IC é refratária ao tratamento clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dentre as principais causas de IC destacam-se doença cardíaca isquêmica, hipertensão arterial e doença cardíaca valvar. Outras etiologias relacionadas são cardiomiopatias genéticas, amiloidose, cardiotoxicidade associada ao tratamento oncológico, abuso de álcool, taquicardia, miocardite, doenças autoimunes e outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O tratamento farmacológico para IC já é bem estabelecido na prática médica e apresenta alguns pilares em comum para ICFEr e ICFEp, como o uso inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), antagonista dos receptores mineralocorticoides e betabloqueadores. Especificamente para ICFEr, a Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca atualizada (2021) orienta o uso de sacubitril-valsartana (recomendação IB) e inibidores de SGLT2 (recomendação IA), sendo esta última associada com redução da morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC. Em contrapartida, o tratamento específico da ICFEp não avançou tanto quanto o da ICFEr, de modo que a recomendação atual se baseia na administração de diuréticos para redução da congestão e melhora dos sintomas, segundo as diretrizes da ACC/AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os inibidores de SGLT2 foram inicialmente estudados para o tratamento da diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2. No entanto, estudos demonstram que seus efeitos também podem colaborar com o tratamento da IC. O exato mecanismo de ação desse fármaco ainda é incerto, porém estudos mostram que este inibe a reabsorção da glicose, induzindo à glicosúria, reduzindo a razão insulina/glucagon e promovendo a lipólise por meio da oxidação de ácidos graxos livres. Como consequência, há um aumento na produção hepática de corpos cetônicos. Estes, por sua vez, são considerados supercombustíveis para o miocárdio, levando à maior disponibilidade de beta-hidroxibutirato ao cardiomiócito, e proporcionando, assim, uma melhora na função cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além disso, parece promover a diurese osmótica e natriurese em pacientes com ou sem DM, assim como induz a glicosúria, reduzindo a pré-carga; e também melhora a função endotelial, diminuindo a pós-carga. Algumas teorias sobre suas ações foram pontuadas: 1) melhora do metabolismo miocárdico, aumentando a reserva energética cardíaca por meio da troca de substrato miocárdico; 2) inibe o transportador sódio-hidrogênio isoforma 1, elevando os níveis de cálcio mitocondrial; 3) promove redução da fibrose cardíaca; 4) diminui a produção de citocinas e adipocinas; e 5) reduz risco de desenvolvimento de arritmias atriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diante desse contexto, considerando-se as evidências científicas sobre o impacto do tratamento medicamentoso com inibidores de SGLT2 na redução da mortalidade e hospitalização por IC, questiona-se a diferença nos efeitos de sua aplicabilidade nos pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Objetivo</title>
				<p>Realizar uma revisão de literatura integrativa qualitativa acerca da utilização dos inibidores de SGLT2 na IC e identificar o impacto do uso da medicação na insuficiência cardíaca de fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER), demonstrando as principais diferenças de impacto cardiovascular nos ensaios clínicos e metanálises mais recentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Trata-se de um estudo realizado por meio de uma revisão integrativa qualitativa da literatura nacional e internacional, a fim de estabelecer uma síntese da produção científica sobre a utilização dos inibidores de SGLT2 no contexto da IC.</p>
				<p>Inicialmente, foi realizada a definição do tema do trabalho e a elaboração da pergunta norteadora, seguindo o formato PICO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>), assim como a definição da estratégia de busca, dos descritores e das bases de dados que seriam utilizadas.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Estratégia PICO aplicada para a definição da pergunta norteadora.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em seguida, houve a definição dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, busca dos artigos nas bases de dados e identificação dos estudos pré-selecionados e selecionados, a partir da leitura do resumo, palavras-chave e título das publicações de modo a avaliar a pertinência ou não do estudo à questão norteadora. Quando as informações contidas no resumo não foram suficientes, realizou-se a leitura integral.</p>
				<p>Os critérios utilizados sob uma leitura criteriosa dos resumos ou textos na íntegra foram baseados tanto no tipo de estudo, sendo excluídos aqueles com pouca relevância científica, e aqueles em que não havia correlação com a utilização do fármaco analisado perante a IC, tendo em vista que muitos deles apresentavam análise diretamente relacionada com outras comorbidades associadas, sendo assim, excluídos da pesquisa.</p>
				<p>Na etapa seguinte, foi realizada a categorização dos estudos selecionados de acordo com o grau de recomendação e força de evidência em: 1) Grau de recomendação A: estudos experimentais ou observacionais de melhor consistência (composto por metanálises ou ensaios clínicos randomizados) e 2) Grau de recomendação B: estudos experimentais ou observacionais de menor consistência (composto por outros ensaios clínicos não-randomizados ou estudos observacionais ou estudos caso-controle), conforme a recomendação da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB). Os estudos referentes aos graus C e D não foram incluídos.</p>
				<p>A delimitação dos artigos escolhidos foi fundamental para evidenciar o rigor científico que sustenta a pesquisa, para proporcionar uma compreensão clara da robustez dos dados analisados, reforçando a credibilidade das conclusões e a relevância das discussões apresentadas.</p>
				<p>Em seguida, os trabalhos foram dispostos numa tabela por meio do uso da matriz de síntese para análise crítica dos estudos selecionados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). A partir da interpretação e síntese dos resultados, foi realizada a comparação dos achados com o referencial teórico de forma descritiva, possibilitando a avaliação da aplicabilidade da revisão integrativa elaborada e formulação da discussão, de forma a atingir o objetivo deste estudo. Por fim, foi criado um documento para síntese das evidências encontradas no estudo e elaboração da revisão integrativa.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Principais características dos principais estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> Título do Artigo </th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal"> Ano de publicação Base de dados </th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal"> Nº de pacientes do estudo / Estudos incluídos </th>
									<th>Tópicos Relevantes</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes and heart failure. Are type two sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors the future of treatment?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2022 Scielo</td>
									<td align="center">EMPAREG-OUTCOME: 7020 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17160 DAPA-HF: 4744 CANVAS R: 10142</td>
									<td align="center">Redução da taxa de morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC. Diminuição do risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores. Redução dos níveis de HbA1c.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2021 Scielo</td>
									<td align="center">EMPAREG-OUTCOME: 7020 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17160 DAPA-HF: 4744 CREDENCE: 4401</td>
									<td align="center">A terapêutica na DM está em constante avanço, inclusive com novos fármacos que atuam como uma ferramenta a mais para diminuição da glicemia e eventos cardiovasculares maiores.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Results of DAPA-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2021 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744</td>
									<td align="center">A mortalidade, a morbidade e os sintomas foram melhorados pela dapagliflozina em pacientes com ICFER, em comparação com placebo, apesar da função renal basal.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction:a paradigm shift towards dual cardio-renal protection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 SOLOIST-WHF: 1222 EMPULSE-HF: 530 EMPIRE-HF: 190</td>
									<td align="center">Considerados juntos, os estudos sugerem que o início precoce de iSGLT2 em pacientes hospitalizados por IC aguda pode reduzir a hospitalização e mortalidade. DAPA-HF e EMPEROR-Reduced associados à redução de risco de modo similar, independentemente da idade avançada, etiologia e duração da IC, assim como da presença de DPOC, DM e função renal prejudicada. O efeito protetor renal é uma evolução importante no tratamento da ICFEr.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter Type 2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure A Review of the State of the Art<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2023 Scielo</td>
									<td align="center">EMPAREG: 7020 CANVAS: 10.142 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17.160 DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 EMPEROR-Preserved: 5988 DELIVER Trial: 6263</td>
									<td align="center">Os iSGLT2 têm demonstrado benefícios significativos na redução da mortalidade cardiovascular e das hospitalizações por IC, independentemente da presença ou ausência de DM2, e do fenótipo de IC com base na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">EMPEROR-Preserved: 5988 SOLOIST-WHF: 256 DELIVER Trial: 6263 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 808 VERTIS-CV: 1007 SCORED: 1667</td>
									<td align="center">Essa metanálise de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca de FEVE menor que 40% mostrou que os inibidores de SGLT2 reduziram significativamente o risco do composto de morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca, mas não a morte cardiovascular e morte por todas as causas. No entanto, dado que os inibidores de SGLT2 podem reduzir o risco de hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca, eles devem ser considerados o tratamento fundamental para todos os pacientes com ICFER.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Efficacy of sacubitril-valsartan and SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2023 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 EMPIRE-HF: 190 Hsiao et al: 2312 Jiang et al: 136 Karabulut et al: 244</td>
									<td align="center">A combinação de sacubitril-valsartana (SV) e iSGLT2 pode ter um efeito cardiovascular protetor maior e minimizar o risco de morte ou hospitalização devido à ICFEr. Além disso, houve melhora na FEVE. A combinação foi, inclusive, mais eficaz em comparação ao tratamento com SV isoladamente.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Evaluation of the effect of sodium–gluc ose co-transport er 2 inhibition with empagliflozi n on morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: rationale for and design of the EMPEROR-R educed trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2019 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial and EMPEROR-Reduced trial</td>
									<td align="center">A empagliflozina pode contribuir significativamente para as abordagens atuais que estabeleceram benefícios no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca crônica com disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>The dawn of the four-drug era? SGLT2 inhibition in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2021 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">EMPAREG: 7020 CANVAS: 10.142 DECLARE-TIMI 58: 17.160 DAPA-HF: 4744 EMPEROR-Reduced: 3730 VERTIS-CV: 1007</td>
									<td align="center">Aprovação de publicações dados de resultados cardiovasculares para três desses agentes (canagliflozina, empagliflozina e dapagliflozina) mostrou uma melhoria inesperada nos desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca e mortalidade, entre pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e doenças cardiovasculares ou fatores de risco estabelecidos.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effect of Empagliflozi n on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2020 Cochrane</td>
									<td align="center">EMPEROR-Reduced Trial: 3730</td>
									<td align="center">Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção reduzida, a empagliflozina reduziu o risco e o número total de pacientes internados e ambulatoriais agravamento dos eventos de insuficiência cardíaca, com benefícios observados logo após o início do tratamento e mantidos durante a terapia duplo-cega.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effect of Dapagliflozin in Patients With HFrEF Treated With Sacubitril/Valsartan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2020 Cochrane</td>
									<td align="center">DAPA-HF Trial: 4744</td>
									<td align="center">A dapagliflozina foi igualmente eficaz e segura em pacientes que estavam e que não estavam tomando sacubitril/valsartana no ensaio DAPA-HF, que sugeriu que o uso de ambos os agentes em conjunto poderia reduzir ainda mais morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEr. (Dapagliflozina e prevenção de resultados adversos na insuficiência cardíaca).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporte r-2 inhibitors on nutritional status in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">2022 PubMed</td>
									<td align="center">153</td>
									<td align="center">Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida sintomáticos, apesar do tratamento médico ideal, a adição de um inibidor do cotransportador-2 de sódio-glicose para o tratamento pode melhorar significativamente o estado nutricional e funcional.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos publicados em português e inglês, nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO e LILACS, de acordo com os descritores MeSH constantes na plataforma DeCS: “diabetes mellitus”, “insuficiência cardíaca”, “insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida” e “inibidores do transportador 2 de sódio-glicose”, publicados nos últimos 5 anos. O período de consulta ocorreu de setembro de 2023 a fevereiro de 2024. Constituíram critérios de exclusão as seguintes características: artigos experimentais, artigos como editorial, comunicações de revisores e artigos publicados de forma duplicada nas bases de dados.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram encontrados 1.504 artigos publicados nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library e LILACS. Após análise conforme os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 17 trabalhos, sendo 11 da PubMed, 3 da SciELO, 2 da Cochrane Library e 1 da LILACS, os quais atenderam integralmente aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxograma da seleção de artigos incluídos.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240048-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dentre os artigos selecionados, encontram-se revisões de literatura, metanálises, revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados duplo cegos e estudo de coorte prospectivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Categorização dos artigos analisados conforme tipo de estudo.</title>
						</caption>
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				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta um resumo dos principais artigos selecionados nesta revisão integrativa da literatura, contendo o título do trabalho, ano de publicação, base de dados e tópicos relevantes do artigo.</p>
				<p>Dentre os estudos analisados para ICFER (FEVE &lt; 40%) nos últimos cinco anos, grande parte analisou dois grandes ensaios (DAPA-HF e EMPEROR), os quais concluíram que os inibidores de SGLT2 beneficiaram significativamente os pacientes com ICFER crônica. Além disso, os estudos recomendam o início precoce para aqueles que apresentam ICFER crônica e sintomática, com dapaglifozina ou empaglifozina, sejam diabéticos ou não, pois se constatou nos estudos que houve melhora a taxa de hospitalização por IC, mortalidade, quadro clínico e declínio da função renal.</p>
				<p>Por finalidade, dentre os artigos selecionados, foram notados poucos efeitos adversos por uso dos inibidores de SGLT2. Além do mais, foi dada ênfase em apenas um estudo que o uso da medicação em pacientes anêmicos levou ao aumento do hematócrito e melhora do quadro clínico. Contudo, abordou-se em outro estudo o elevado custo da medicação, e suas vantagens no custo-benefício se houver uma redução em torno de 43%, fazendo com que possivelmente os desfechos analisados seriam melhores.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose tipo 2 (SGLT2) são uma classe relativamente nova de medicamentos anti-hiperglicêmicos com efeitos semelhantes no controle da glicose, peso corporal e pressão arterial. Evidências emergentes indicam agora que esses medicamentos podem ter um efeito benéfico nos resultados da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr).</p>
				<p>Dados de resultados cardiovasculares pós-aprovação para três desses agentes (canagliflozina, empagliflozina e dapagliflozina) mostraram uma melhora inesperada nos desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo hospitalização por IC e mortalidade, entre pacientes com ou sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e doença ou fator de risco cardiovascular estabelecido. Esse contexto relaciona-se ao estudo EMPEROR-Reduced, que incluiu 3730 pacientes sintomáticos com ICFEr (FE ≤ 40%), aleatoriamente designados para receber empagliflozina ou placebo. Após uma mediana de 16 meses, a empagliflozina mostrou uma redução de 25% na morte cardiovascular combinada ou hospitalização por IC, evidenciando o efeito benéfico de tais medicações em pacientes com ICFER. Quanto à canaglifozina, a mesma pesquisa cita que, no CANVAS, a canagliflozina causou uma redução de 14% no desfecho combinado de eventos cardiovasculares de morte cardiovascular, infarto do miocárdio ou acidente vascular cerebral ao longo de 3,6 anos de acompanhamento”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O exato mecanismo para o benefício cardiovascular dos inibidores de SGLT-2, que reduzem a reabsorção de sódio e glicose no túbulo proximal dos rins, permanece desconhecido, embora as propriedades diuréticas e alterações favoráveis no metabolismo cardíaco por alteração do uso de substrato cardíaco tenham sido postuladas. Apesar de não se saber exatamente o mecanismo dos inibidores de SGLT2 que levam a um benefício cardiovascular, um estudo demonstrou que os “inibidores do transportador de sódio-glicose-(SGLT-)2 previnem a hospitalização incidente por IC em pacientes com diabetes. Foi observado recentemente que a dapagliflozina reduz o composto de morte cardiovascular ou agravamento da IC em pacientes com ICFEr no DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozina e prevenção de resultados adversos em IC)”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além disso, no estudo EMPAREG OUTCOME, a empagliflozina reduziu o risco de infarto e morte súbitas. Em nenhum dos três estudos, os benefícios dos inibidores de SGLT2 na IC puderam ser explicados pelas ações desses medicamentos como diuréticos ou agentes anti-hiperglicêmicos. Essas observações levantam a possibilidade de que os inibidores de SGLT2 possam reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade em pacientes com IC estabelecida, incluindo aqueles sem diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os estudos selecionados, demonstraram definitivamente que a empagliflozina e a dapagliflozina, respectivamente, reduzem o risco e o número total de pacientes internados e ambulatoriais com agravamento dos eventos de IC, apresentando benefícios observados logo após o início do tratamento e mantida durante a terapia duplo-cega.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No estudo DAPA-HF, foram acompanhados 4.744 pacientes, comparando o efeito da dapagliflozina com o do placebo, na incidência de agravamentos na insuficiência cardíaca e na Mortalidade em pacientes com IC crônica.</p>
				<p>Tal como acontece com outros inibidores do SGLT2, a dapagliflozina provoca pequenas reduções na pressão arterial e no peso, um pequeno aumento inicial na creatinina (embora o tratamento a longo prazo com inibidores do SGLT2 pareça ser renoprotetor na diabetes tipo 2), bem como um aumento no risco de infecção micótica genital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Que mecanismos podem então ser responsáveis por um efeito cardioprotetor tão marcante dos inibidores de SGLT2 na ICFER?</p>
				<p>Os inibidores de SGLT2 aumentam os níveis de corpos cetônicos em jejum e, portanto, foi levantada a hipótese de que eles melhorem a utilização desse eficiente combustível metabólico na IC. No entanto, os resultados de estudos experimentais forneceram suporte inconsistente para esta hipótese. Em vez disso, foi proposto que os inibidores de SGLT2 podem retardar o curso da lesão e perda de cardiomiócitos, inibindo o sódio- trocador de hidrogênio-1 (NHE-1) no miocárdio, cuja hiperatividade pode levar a aumentos de sódio e cálcio intracelulares, o que pode prejudicar a função e a viabilidade dos cardiomiócitos. Curiosamente, a empagliflozina também demonstrou inibir a ativação de Ca ++ / quinase II dependente de calmodulina, que contribui para a ativação de NHE-1 no coração. As ações da empagliflozina para prevenir a sobrecarga de cálcio podem explicar por que a droga previne o declínio dependente do tempo na função cardíaca sistólica observada em IC experimental induzida por sobrecarga de pressão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Independentemente dos mecanismos que possam estar em jogo, o estudo EMPEROR-Reduced está bem posicionado para determinar se a adição de inibidores de SGLT2 poderia adicionar significativamente às abordagens atuais que estabeleceram benefícios no tratamento da IC crônica. É provável que as conclusões do ensaio avancem tanto na nossa compreensão da doença como nas nossas opções de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>Esse estudo tem um viés de seleção de artigos mais recentes sobre o tema que apenas ratificaram estudos pregressos sobre o uso de ISGLT2. Também temos uma falta de padronização dos estudos selecionados, com uma maior quantidade de artigos de revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. Tornam-se necessários novos estudos randomizados com uso de ISGLT2 em contextos de ICFER em diferentes cenários, como IC Aguda ou IC em pacientes com fração de ejeção melhorada.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Conclui-se que os inibidores de SGLT2 obtiveram benefícios significativos para os pacientes com ICFER. Estudos como o DAPA-HF evidenciaram que a dapagliflozina reduz hospitalizações e mortes cardiovasculares em pacientes com IC, independentemente de seu status glicêmico. As recentes diretrizes já incorporam os ISGLT2 para o tratamento da ICFER devido às fortes evidências científicas. Portanto, entende-se que o medicamento teve um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida e morbimortalidade, sendo considerado atualmente uma parte essencial do tratamento para IC.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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