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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.2024045i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sodium Effects on Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Compensated Heart Failure Patients During 12 Months of Follow-Up: A Randomized and Double-Masked Study</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2046-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5888-3585</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fasullo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-0184</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Argo</surname>
						<given-names>Antonina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5048-0474</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maringhini</surname>
						<given-names>Giorgio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ganci</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Scalzo</surname>
						<given-names>Sebastiano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cosenza</surname>
						<given-names>Gioacchino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mirko Luparelli</surname>
						<given-names>M</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vetrano</surname>
						<given-names>Graziella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Francesco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriele di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zarcone</surname>
						<given-names>Antonino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9415-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nugara</surname>
						<given-names>Cinzia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Voi</surname>
						<given-names>Annamaria Lo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1101-0864</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zerbo</surname>
						<given-names>Stefania</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6677-7448</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rubino</surname>
						<given-names>Manfredi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8617-0155</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paterna</surname>
						<given-names>Salvatore</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3963-8565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pasquale</surname>
						<given-names>Pietro Di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Buccheri La Ferla fatebenefratelly Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Buccheri La Ferla fatebenefratelly Hospital, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology “Paolo Borsellino”</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">GF Ingrassia Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology “Paolo Borsellino”, GF Ingrassia Hospital, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Forensic Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Palermo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Emergency Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Palermo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Palermo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address</label>: Filippo M. Sarullo • Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Via Salvatore Puglisi n.15; 90143 Palermo – Italy E-mail: <email>fsarullo@neomedia.it</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>13</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240045</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Few studies compared different sodium (Na) diets associated with high furosemide doses (FHD) and fluid intake restriction (FIR) on the PCWC in compensated heart failure (HF) patients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives</title>
					<p> The study was aimed to verify FHD effects, 120 mmol/Na/day and FIR (1.000 ml day) vs FHD, FIR, and 80 mmol/Na/day on the PCWP, during 12 months of follow-up.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> 289 patients with HF were randomized: Group A (n =146) received 120 mmol Na/day, FIR, and 125-250 mg bid of furosemide. Group B (n = 143): 80 mmol Na/day, FIR and 125-250 mg bid of furosemide. Clinical and laboratory assessments were evaluated at baseline, every week for the 1st month, every 2 weeks for the next 2 months, and then every month. Patients performed echocardiograms at entry, at 6 and 12 months.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Result</title>
					<p> Group A, during 12 months, maintained diuresis as at baseline, whereas Group B showed a significant reduction, as well as for natriuresis and serum Na; renal function did not show a substantial difference in Group A. PCWP was stable in Group A, whereas it increased in Group B. Readmissions and mortality showed 22 and 11 patients in Group A versus 63 and 27 deaths in Group B (p&lt; 0.001, p &lt;0.004)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> Our data suggest that a moderate Na diet combined with FHD and FIR have beneficial effects on the PWCP and clinical outcomes. Readmissions and mortality were considered exploratory variables; in fact, the study was underpowered to analyze the prognosis, and results had to be considered with caution. NCT01738659.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Sodium</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sodium Effects on Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Compensated Heart Failure Patients During 12 Months of Follow-Up: A Randomized and Double-Masked Study</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240045-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Study flowchart.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The restriction of dietary Na and diuretics has long been accepted as first-line treatment for patients with severe heart failure (HF) and fluid retention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Further, we observed that the patients receiving a moderate restriction of Na diet (120 mmol/d), compared with patients receiving a low-Na diet (80 mmol) combined with furosemide high doses (FHD) and water intake restriction (1,000 mL/d), after discharge were less likely to require subsequent hospitalization and more likely to be alive. The moderate Na restriction combination was also effective in reducing neurohormonal activation (BNP, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone) compared to a low-sodium diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Relief of symptoms and a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is generally considered one of the main therapeutic targets in HF to verify compensation and to monitor the disease. The echocardiographic estimation of PCWP (echo-PCWP) is deemed to be an interesting, noninvasive, and repeatable parameter for exploring central hemodynamics. The study was aimed to verify, in a randomized, double-masked study, including compensated HF patients (NYHA class II) associated with FHD, moderate Na restriction intake compared with FHD with a restricted Na diet on the PCWP during 12 months of follow-up. Moreover, we also investigated the incidence of readmissions and mortality.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient population</title>
				<p>Of the 354 patients who were discharged in a compensated state, 289 were randomized.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Inclusion criteria</title>
					<p>The study included compensated HF (II NYHA class) patients hospitalized in the previous 30 days for recently decompensated congestive HF (IV NYHA Class). They had to have a suitable echocardiographic window (for PWCP calculation). Patients were considered clinically compensated if they showed NYHA Class II, and the compensation fluid balance was determined by a tetra polar impedance plethysmography (BIA-101, Akern, Firenze, Italy).</p>
					<p>At discharge, all the patients underwent a complete physical and laboratory examination and echocardiography. Diuretic doses were 125 to 250 mg bid because these doses allowed maintenance of BW and water balance during hospitalization and after discharge.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exclusion criteria</title>
					<p>Patients with unsuitable echocardiographic windows, cerebral vascular disease, dementia, cancer, uncompensated diabetes, severe hepatic disease, and alcoholic habits were excluded. Patients were also excluded if they declined to take part in the study protocol, were unable to follow the assigned treatment, or did not attend the scheduled clinical visits. In addition, patients with side effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment (cough), even if these patients were given angiotensin II-receptor blockers, were also excluded.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pre-randomization and study protocol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>)</title>
			<p>After discharge, all the patients suitable for the study (NYHA Class II) carried out clinical evaluations as outpatients every week for the first 30 days, and 30 days after the discharge, those who met the eligibility criteria (NYHA Class II and dry weight) were included in the study. During the 30 days after discharge, an expert independent team, according to clinical variables, BIA parameters, and abdominal ultrasound findings (pleural or abdominal effusion) titrated the medical treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). For this reason, it was not necessary to correct the assigned treatments during the next follow-up. In fact, all of the enrolled patients were stable in NYHA Class II and received the best treatments, and they were able to maintain the dry profile. The ambulatory expert team used the same clinical and instrumental items, including BIA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> of congestion and clinical stability and were blinded to evaluated parameters. During the follow-up, other treatments were not added except for readmitted patients, who received treatment correction. A preliminary computer algorithm was applied for the patients’ assignment at the baseline (30 days after discharge) and before performing clinical and laboratory measurements. We obtained 2 groups: Group A (n 146): 1000 mL/day of fluid intake combined with 120 mmol (2.8 g) Na/day and 125 to 250 mg bid of furosemide. Group B (n 143): 1000 mL/day of fluid intake combined with 80 mmol (1.8 g) Na/day and 125 to 250 mg bid of furosemide. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before starting the study. The local ethics committee approved the protocol.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Clinical Characteristics and etiology of chronic heart failure. Data are expressed as mean ± SD</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Total cohort</th>
								<th>Group A (120 mmol/day)</th>
								<th>Group B (80 mmol/day)</th>
								<th>p&lt;</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Patients No.</td>
								<td align="center">289</td>
								<td align="center">146</td>
								<td align="center">143</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Age (years)</td>
								<td align="center">74.9±11</td>
								<td align="center">75.5±11</td>
								<td align="center">74.4±12</td>
								<td align="center">0.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sex Female</td>
								<td align="center">110</td>
								<td align="center">54 (37.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">56 (39.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">45 (30.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">47 (32.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Captopril (75-150 mg day)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">146 (100%)</td>
								<td align="center">143 (100%)</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Carvedilol (6.25-25 mg bid)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">88 (60.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">86 (60.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.98</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Digitalis (0.125-0.25 day)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">31 (21.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">28 (19.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.72</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Furosemide (125 mg bid)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">101 (69.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">97 (67.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Furosemide (250 mg bid)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">45 (30.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">46 (32.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Spironolactone (25 mg day)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">103 (70.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">105 (73.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.58</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>CHF Etiology</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CAD</td>
								<td align="center">146</td>
								<td align="center">75 (51.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">71 (49.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.77</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>HHD</td>
								<td align="center">101</td>
								<td align="center">49 (33.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">52 (36.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DCM</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">22 (15.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">20 (14.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>AF</td>
								<td align="center">65</td>
								<td align="center">34 (23.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">31 (21.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.76</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>CHF: chronic heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; HHD: hypertensive heart disease; DCM: dilative cardiomyopathy; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Baseline characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Tables 1 and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. After randomization (double-masked), patients were evaluated every week for the first month, every 2 weeks for the next 2 months, and then every month for the remainder of the study period. A complete physical examination, with a careful assessment of signs and symptoms of congestive HF, including measurement of BW (in the morning before breakfast), supine and standing arterial blood pressure (mean of 3 measurements), heart rate, and BIA evaluation, was performed at every follow-up assessment. At baseline (before receiving the scheduled treatments), fasting blood samples were drawn to determine serum laboratory parameters, urinary Na excretion, diuresis volume, BNP, and BIA. A chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram were also evaluated at baseline and 180 days and 1 year of follow-up in both groups.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Clinical and laboratory parameters at entry (before treatment). Data are expressed as mean ± SD</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>A (120 mmol/day)</th>
								<th>B (80 mmol/day)</th>
								<th>p&lt;</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Patients No.</td>
								<td align="center">146</td>
								<td align="center">143</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>HR</td>
								<td align="center">72±11</td>
								<td align="center">73±12</td>
								<td align="center">0.46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Body Weight (Kg)</td>
								<td align="center">87.1±15</td>
								<td align="center">85.2±14</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diuresis (ml/24h)</td>
								<td align="center">2410±350</td>
								<td align="center">2225±250</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serum Na (mEq/L)</td>
								<td align="center">140±4</td>
								<td align="center">141±5</td>
								<td align="center">0.061</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serum K (mEq/L)</td>
								<td align="center">3.8±0.2</td>
								<td align="center">3.9±0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.0009</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Urinary Na (mEq/24h)</td>
								<td align="center">103.1±13</td>
								<td align="center">106.4±11.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.023</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="center">63±4</td>
								<td align="center">61±3</td>
								<td align="center">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="center">1.44±0.3</td>
								<td align="center">1.41±0.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Uric Acid (mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="center">7.3±2.1</td>
								<td align="center">7.6±2.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>GFR</td>
								<td align="center">55±4</td>
								<td align="center">56±3</td>
								<td align="center">0.017</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>HR: heart rate; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>After randomization, all patients received multiple written standard diets containing 80 mmol of Na prepared by our dieticians and also received a diary where they had to report the amount of daily fluid intake and diet variation. In the case of diet variation, patients had to report the amount of the changed or added food (patients were also given a list of equivalent food in sodium they could use as a substitute). At every programmed control, blinded physicians received the diary, and a new diary was given to patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Group A and B received the same diets (80 mmol of Na), but Group A received the addition of 40 mmol/Na/day to obtain a 120 mmol of Na diet, whereas Group B received 80 mmol of Na and placebo addition to administer only 80 mmol of Na diet. In this way, all patients received the same amount of saturated fat, fruit, and vegetables. In addition, the patients were contacted every week during follow-ups by physicians and dieticians for a telephone interview to determine their adherence to the study protocol. Other information was also obtained by regular contact with family doctors, who were informed about the endpoints of the study. The patients experiencing worsening congestive HF, according to their family doctor, were invited to attend the hospital for evaluation and hospitalized again if indicated.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiographic study design</title>
			<p>Echocardiographic data were collected at entry (just after randomization), 6, and 12 months after.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
				<p>A 2-dimensional echocardiographic examination was performed with a commercially available system (Vivid Seven Dimension; General Electric). Images were acquired in the left lateral decubitus position with a phased-array transducer in the standard parasternal and apical views. Standard 2-dimensional and Doppler data, triggered to the QRS complex, were digitally stored in a cine-loop format.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
				<p>The analyses were performed offline by two independent investigators experienced in echocardiographic measurements, who were blinded to clinical data and randomization. All reported echocardiographic measurements were averaged from three consecutive cycles. In case of any discrepancy, the echocardiographic images were reviewed again and a decision was made by consensus. The inter-observer and intra-observer coefficients of variation were 4% and 3%, respectively. LV volumes, LVEF, mitral regurgitation, and left atrial maximum volume were assessed, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The following formulas to calculate PCWP were used: PCWP = 1.21 (E/Ea) + 1.91 (for patients with sinus rhythm);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and PCWP = 0.821 (E/Ea + 6.489 (for patients with atrial fibrillation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Endpoints</title>
			<p>The primary endpoint was PCWP changes, and exploratory secondary endpoints were death or first hospitalization for worsening HF for cardiac causes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Statistical analysis</title>
			<p>We performed a multiple regression sample size calculation based on a b value of 0.10 (90% power) and a p-value of 0.05. Therefore, the sample size obtained was 67 for each group, and this number was assumed as a minimum for this study. We estimated a 20% reduction in readmissions for worsening congestive HF based on findings from our previous study. Analysis was by intention to treat and according to absolute risk reduction. Event distributions were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the independent predictors of readmission rate. The results were expressed as hazard ratio and their 95% confidence interval. Nominal data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. All calculations were done using PASW Statistics version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois), and the results are expressed as mean ±SD.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Of the 354 acute HF patients discharged in compensate state and dry profile,18 patients refused to consent to participate in to study after discharge, 31 showed unsuitable echocardiographic window for PCW calculation, and 18 patients during the 30 days after discharge did not follow the prescribed limited drink fluid intake (1000 mL) and were also excluded from the study. We obtained 289 (female/male: 110/179, mean age 74.9 years) compensated congestive HF patients (NYHA Class II) and dry weight of different etiologies (146 coronary artery disease, 101 hypertensive heart disease, 42 dilatative cardiomyopathy) and were randomized in 2 groups:</p>
			<p>Group A (146 patients) received moderate Na restriction (120 mmol), and Group B (143 patients) received a low-sodium diet (80 mmol) in combination with 1000 mL/day of fluid intake and 125 to 250 mg bid of furosemide in both groups.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical characteristics</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that both groups were homogeneous and well-matched in general characteristics, clinical and laboratory parameters, and HF etiology. All the patients maintained the prescribed treatments as well as the Na diet and the daily fluid intake assigned during the follow-up. No corrections in treatments were required after randomization and at the assigned visits. During the run-in period, no patient required admission for HF worsening. The analysis (performed at the end of the study) of diaries given to patients showed good compliance with assigned diet and fluid intake. The range of 95-110 mmol Na/day and 65-70 mmol Na/day was observed in groups assigned to moderate and low sodium restriction, respectively. The range of 1000 to 1150 mL/day in fluid intake was observed in both groups. All patients continued the tailored treatments obtained during hospitalization and run-in period, as indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. No patient in either group was excluded during follow-up for renal deterioration (creatinine &gt;2.0 mg), but only a readmitted patient had an increase in plasma creatinine levels &gt;2.0 mg.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Laboratory parameters</title>
				<p>Tables 2, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> and 4 show the baseline clinical and laboratory values after 12 months of follow-up. Group A maintained during the follow-up daily diuresis as at baseline, whereas Group B showed a significant reduction in daily diuresis compared with baseline. The same result was observed for natriuresis as well as serum Na. Serum K values remained in the normal range in both groups. Group A did not show a significant difference in renal function after 12 months, in contrast with the increase in creatinine and BUN values in Group B. Both groups group showed a substantial reduction in BW, but Group A had a more important decrease in BW. In both groups, systolic and values of blood pressure were decreased without important clinical manifestations, whereas diastolic values were stable in Group A and increased in Group B.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical and laboratory parameters after 12 months. Data are expressed as mean ± SD</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>A (120 mmol/day)</th>
									<th>B (80 mmol/day)</th>
									<th>p &lt;</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Patients No</td>
									<td align="center">132</td>
									<td align="center">116</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR</td>
									<td align="center">73±6</td>
									<td align="center">86±11</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Body Weight (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">77.2±9</td>
									<td align="center">81.8±12</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diuresis (ml/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">2150±450</td>
									<td align="center">1450±350</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Plasma Na</td>
									<td align="center">139±5</td>
									<td align="center">132±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Plasma K</td>
									<td align="center">3.8+0.3</td>
									<td align="center">3.6±0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Urinary Na (mEq/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">108±9</td>
									<td align="center">65±8</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">63±7</td>
									<td align="center">105±12</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">1.5±0.2</td>
									<td align="center">2.1±0.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uric Acid (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">10.3±2.7</td>
									<td align="center">9.9±3.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GFR (ml/min)</td>
									<td align="center">54±6</td>
									<td align="center">45.6±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospitalization Time</td>
									<td align="center">6.5±2</td>
									<td align="center">11.5±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>HR: heart rate; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The BNP values showed a significant intra-group increase in Group B, whereas Group A did not show considerable variation, and the comparison after 12 months evidenced a substantial reduction in Group A in comparison with Group B (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows that PCWP was stable during follow-up in Group A, whereas this parameter increased significantly in Group B as well as the end-diastolic volume, respectively. In addition, EF showed an increase in both groups, but Group A showed a more significant improvement.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical, echocardiographic, and BIA data during the study period</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Baseline</th>
									<th>6 months</th>
									<th>12 months</th>
									<th>p&lt;</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Patients No.</td>
									<td align="center">146</td>
									<td align="center">138</td>
									<td align="center">132</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Patients No.</td>
									<td align="center">143</td>
									<td align="center">127</td>
									<td align="center">116</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SBP</td>
									<td align="center">118±11</td>
									<td align="center">115±12</td>
									<td align="center">116±12</td>
									<td align="center">0.09</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SBP</td>
									<td align="center">121+13</td>
									<td align="center">118±14</td>
									<td align="center">112±11</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.035</td>
									<td align="center">0.062</td>
									<td align="center">0.007</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBP</td>
									<td align="center">71±6</td>
									<td align="center">72±7</td>
									<td align="center">72±6</td>
									<td align="center">0.39</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBP</td>
									<td align="center">72±7</td>
									<td align="center">80±11</td>
									<td align="center">78±9</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCWP</td>
									<td align="center">13.1±2</td>
									<td align="center">13.07±1.5</td>
									<td align="center">13.5±1.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.80</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCWP</td>
									<td align="center">13.5±3</td>
									<td align="center">16.3±2.5</td>
									<td align="center">18.7±3.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EDV/ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">101±13</td>
									<td align="center">103±12</td>
									<td align="center">104±11</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EDV/ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">99±11</td>
									<td align="center">109±15</td>
									<td align="center">115±14</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.159</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EF</td>
									<td align="center">34.5±5</td>
									<td align="center">38.6±5</td>
									<td align="center">38.4±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>EF</td>
									<td align="center">35.1±4</td>
									<td align="center">36.6±4</td>
									<td align="center">36.5±5</td>
									<td align="center">0.007</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>W-Body R</td>
									<td align="center">565±33</td>
									<td align="center">555±31</td>
									<td align="center">544±23</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>W-Body R</td>
									<td align="center">570±32</td>
									<td align="center">478±28</td>
									<td align="center">467±21</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.19</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>W-Body Xc</td>
									<td align="center">56.4±5</td>
									<td align="center">55.2±6</td>
									<td align="center">53±7</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>W-Body Xc</td>
									<td align="center">55.8±5</td>
									<td align="center">44.9±5</td>
									<td align="center">42±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.30</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP</td>
									<td align="center">375±125</td>
									<td align="center">385+105</td>
									<td align="center">405±135</td>
									<td align="center">0.11</td>
									<td>A (120 mmol Na/Day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP</td>
									<td align="center">381±132</td>
									<td align="center">505+115</td>
									<td align="center">655±145</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td>B (80 mmol Na/day)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">0.62</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; EDV: end-diastolic volume/m<sup>2</sup>; EF: ejection fraction; W-Body R: whole body resistance; W-Body Xc: whole body reactance; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Bioelectrical data</title>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, the bioelectrical data resistance and reactance showed that Group A maintained during follow-up the dry state reached at discharge and during the run-in period. In contrast, Group B showed a significant reduction in data resistance and data reactance (p &lt; 0.0001), respectively.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical outcomes</title>
				<p>During follow-up, Group A showed a significant reduction in readmissions (p&lt; 0.001) and mortality (p&lt;0.004) in comparison with Group B. During the follow-up, 22 patients from Group A were readmitted for worsening HF (NYHA Class III-IV), and 11 patients died (4 sudden death, 7 irreversible HF). Group B showed 63 patients readmitted for clinical signs of HF (NYHA Class III/IV), and 27 patients died (8 sudden death, 19 irreversible HF) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier cumulative event curves for readmissions and mortality during 12 months of follow-up in both groups. In addition, the number of patients needed to be treated to reduce readmission and mortality (NTT) resulted in 3 (95% CI 3 to 5) and 9 (95% CI 5 to 28), respectively. Cox regression analysis with an unadjusted hazard ratio for one year of hospital readmission in patients allocated to the low-sodium diet arm was statistically significant. In the final adjusted model, the following covariates were included: furosemide dose, age above 80 years, diabetes, and sex. After adjustment, a low sodium diet remained a significant risk factor (HR = 3.169, 95% CI, 2.003 to 5.014, p&lt; 0.001). The furosemide lower dose (125 mg) resulted in a risk factor for readmission (HR = 5.419; 95% CI, 1.359 to 21.602, p = 0.017) - the protective influence FHD is just a non-significant trend (HR = 0,498, 95% CI, 0,245 to 1,011, p=0 0.052), age above 80 years was also a significant risk factor for readmission (HR 1.708, CI 95% 1.085 to 2.689, p= 0.021) on the other hand diabetes and sex does not influence the outcomes in our study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Results of the study (12 months): Readmissions and Mortality</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>A (120 mmol Na/day)</th>
									<th>B (80 mmol Na/Day)</th>
									<th>p &lt;</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Patient No.</td>
									<td align="center">146</td>
									<td align="center">143</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sex F/M</td>
									<td align="center">54/92</td>
									<td align="center">56/87</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Readmissions</td>
									<td align="center">22 (15.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">63 (44.1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mortality</td>
									<td align="center">11 (7.5%)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (18.9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sudden death</td>
									<td align="center">4 (2.7%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (5.6%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Irreversible heart failure</td>
									<td align="center">7 (4.8%)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (13.3%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.012</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Kaplan Meier curves for hospital readmission (panel A) and mortality (panel B) in the chronic heart failure population.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240045-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Adjusted analysis of factors associated with hospital readmission in patients with heart failure</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th rowspan="2">Sig.</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Exp (B)</th>
									<th colspan="2">95% CI for Exp (B)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Lower</th>
									<th>Upper</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Low Na</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
									<td align="center">3.169</td>
									<td align="center">2.003</td>
									<td align="center">5.014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Female</td>
									<td align="center">0.731</td>
									<td align="center">1.078</td>
									<td align="center">0.702</td>
									<td align="center">1.657</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Furosemide</td>
									<td align="center">0.036</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Furosemide (125 mg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.017</td>
									<td align="center">5.419</td>
									<td align="center">1.359</td>
									<td align="center">21.602</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Furosemide (250 mg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.052</td>
									<td align="center">0.496</td>
									<td align="center">0.245</td>
									<td align="center">1.007</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">0.172</td>
									<td align="center">1.373</td>
									<td align="center">0.872</td>
									<td align="center">2.164</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Age-above 80</td>
									<td align="center">0.021</td>
									<td align="center">1.708</td>
									<td align="center">1.085</td>
									<td align="center">2.689</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No patient of either group during follow-up was excluded from the study for renal deterioration (creatinine &gt; 2.0 mg) but the readmitted patients. All patients showed good compliance with the prescribed treatments; only 19 patients (8 from Group A and 11 from Group B) during the first month increased drinking fluid intake (1.500 mL); this violation of the protocol was corrected at subsequent control (7 days after).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>To our knowledge, this is the first investigation to assess the effects of 2 different sodium diets in compensated HF and dry weight on PWCP during 12 months of follow-up. Furthermore, this study has demonstrated in the long term for the first time the cross relationships occurring between echo-PCWP, BNP plasma levels, and BIA parameters, thus confirming a strict correlation between fluid accumulation, clinical compensation, and body hydration in HF. Group A showed a significant reduction in mortality and readmissions in comparison to Group B. In agreement with these results, Group A showed no significant variations in PCWP, while Group B showed a significant increase during follow-up. This finding suggests that patients from Group B had a higher incidence of congestion. In addition, the renal function parameters in Group A did not show significant differences from baseline values, in contrast with increased creatinine and BUN values in Group B. These data suggest that a moderate Na restriction may be able to maintain the plasma volume and impede neurohormonal activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> This also could improve long-term diuresis and natriuresis in patients with chronic HF. A moderate Na restriction was likely able to maintain fluid balance and inhibit vasoconstrictor systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In fact, Na and water-retaining hormonal systems are activated in HF, and cardiac forward flow is impaired during Na restriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The marked increase and/or normalization in serum Na levels observed in patients with normal Na intake is consistent with vasopressin and RAAS inhibition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The origins of HF are rooted in a salt-avid state largely mediated by the RAAS system, whose activation is based on reduced renal perfusion. Stimuli that normally lead to RAAS activation keep working in patients with HF. Treatments that minimize, interfere with, or reverse RAAS activation are integral to the optimal management of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Is salt beneficial, or is extensive use of diuretics dangerous? There is not a solely true or a solely false concept, but it is probable that the diuretics use in relation to Na intake (or Na intake in relation to diuretics use) is crucial to get adequate intravascular volumes. Our results seem to justify the effects of Na on plasma volume maintenance, RAAS inhibition, and maintenance of PCWP and clinical outcome. Plasma volume measurements during follow-up could be useful; unfortunately, such measurements are not easily feasible in large-scale studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The patients showed good compliance with the Na diet, fluid intake, and diuretic dose controlled by diary examination, family physician contacts, and 24-hour natriuresis checked at the programmed follow-up visits. In addition, at the follow-up controls, beta-blocker, ACE-inhibitor, and anti-aldosterone administration were also checked, and no significant variation in doses was observed. To date, an important controversy exists on sodium diet in the general population and patients with HF. Previous and recent studies evidenced no difference in outcome and metabolic parameters in HF patients randomized to low sodium diet and control without sodium reduction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> while in the previous observational study, was showed a significantly better outcome in patients receiving the usual sodium diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In agreement, another study regarding HF patients with cardiac EF preserved showed that patients treated with a low sodium diet showed an outcome worse in comparison with patients without sodium reduction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> as well as other reports, showed interesting results in maintaining volume balance and preserving plasmatic sodium values. In agreement, it was shown that patients maintaining middle sodium values had a better outcome<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and showed that correct hydration was important to obtain a regular effective plasmatic volume with subsequent better outcomes, in HF patients receiving diuretic treatment. Recent studies have rekindled the debate, spotlighting a divided scientific community, while other reports showed that a low-sodium diet could be harmful in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In recent years authors have started to study to evaluate the role of sodium in HF patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and some studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> showed interesting results. All studies mostly evidenced the end of low sodium in HF dogma. In agreement, the recent “OSPREY-AHF” study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> showed that increasing the oral salt intake in HF patients hospitalized undergoing aggressive diuretic therapy did not affect how much fluid they retain or their kidney function. Recent studies show that sodium loading in HF patients resulted in a significant reduction in plasma renin compared to healthy subjects, while no significant changes in skin sodium content, total glycosaminoglycan content, or sulfated glycosaminoglycan content were observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Our data suggest that a moderate Na restriction with a limited drink fluid intake (1 L) associated with loop diuretic is able to maintain a dry status associated with normal values of PWCP during 12 months of follow-up in patients compensated after recently worsened congestive HF. The beneficial effects obtained with this association suggest that a low-sodium diet and free water intake usually recommended in clinical practice may not be the best treatment for these patients. This counterintuitive approach underlines the need for a better understanding of factors that regulate Na and water handling in chronic congestive HF. Therefore it is conceivable that the combination of FHD with moderate sodium restriction maintains PWCP and may improve clinical outcome and does not determine significant detrimental effects in renal function.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Our data suggest that the association of moderate dietary sodium restriction associated with high doses of diuretics was probably able to maintain a compensatory state in high-risk hospitalized patients (NYHA class IV). In fact, in response to the compensatory neurohormonal activity stimulated by higher sodium restriction, we hypothesize that a moderate sodium diet allows both the maintenance of a better effective plasma volume and more efficient renal perfusion. That would lead to a reduction of the RAAS-dependent sodium avidity.</p>
			<p>Furthermore, it is reasonable to believe that a balance between ingested and excreted liquids could be obtained and maintained; thus, the evidence of a mutual relationship between PWC and clinical course is the representation of the effects of this balance.</p>
			<p>Our findings may not be applicable in all heart failure patients, in which comorbidities should always be considered. Further multi-center studies with larger patients’ samples and a wider heart failure stages’ record are needed to verify the effects of the different diuretic plus fluids’ strategies on clinical endpoints.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efeitos do Sódio na Pressão Capilar Pulmonar em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Compensada durante 12 Meses de Acompanhamento: Um Estudo Randomizado e Duplo-Cego</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2046-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Os autores contribuíram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5888-3585</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fasullo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Os autores contribuíram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-0184</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Argo</surname>
						<given-names>Antonina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5048-0474</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sarullo</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maringhini</surname>
						<given-names>Giorgio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ganci</surname>
						<given-names>Filippo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Scalzo</surname>
						<given-names>Sebastiano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cosenza</surname>
						<given-names>Gioacchino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mirko Luparelli</surname>
						<given-names>M</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vetrano</surname>
						<given-names>Graziella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Francesco</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriele di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zarcone</surname>
						<given-names>Antonino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9415-2360</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nugara</surname>
						<given-names>Cinzia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Voi</surname>
						<given-names>Annamaria Lo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1101-0864</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zerbo</surname>
						<given-names>Stefania</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6677-7448</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rubino</surname>
						<given-names>Manfredi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8617-0155</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paterna</surname>
						<given-names>Salvatore</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3963-8565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pasquale</surname>
						<given-names>Pietro Di</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, Buccheri La Ferla fatebenefratelly Hospital, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology “Paolo Borsellino”, GF Ingrassia Hospital, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo – Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Filippo M. Sarullo • Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Via Salvatore Puglisi n.15; 90143 Palermo – Itália E-mail: fsarullo@neomedia.it </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> Poucos estudos compararam diferentes dietas de sódio (Na) associadas a altas doses de furosemida (ADF) e restrição de ingestão de líquidos (RIL) na pressão capilar pulmonar (PCP) em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) compensada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos</title>
					<p> O estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da ADF, 120 mmol/Na/dia e RIL (1.000 ml dia) vs ADF, RIL e 80 mmol/Na/dia na PCP, durante 12 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> 289 pacientes com IC foram randomizados: O Grupo A (n = 146) recebeu 120 mmol Na/dia, RIL e 125-250 mg duas vezes ao dia de furosemida. O Grupo B (n = 143) 80 mmol Na/dia, RIL e 125-250 mg duas vezes ao dia de furosemida. As avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais foram feitas no início do estudo, semanalmente no primeiro mês, a cada 2 semanas nos 2 meses seguintes e, então, mensalmente. Os pacientes realizaram ecocardiogramas na entrada, aos 6 e 12 meses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultado</title>
					<p> O grupo A, durante 12 meses, manteve a diurese como no início, enquanto o grupo B apresentou redução significativa, assim como para natriurese e Na sérico; a função renal não apresentou diferença substancial no grupo A. A PCP foi estável no grupo A, enquanto aumentou no grupo B. As readmissões e mortalidade apresentaram 22 e 11 pacientes no grupo A versus 63 e 27 óbitos no grupo B (p&lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,004)</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> Nossos dados sugerem que uma dieta moderada em Na combinada com ADF e RIL tem efeitos benéficos sobre a PCP e os resultados clínicos. Readmissões e mortalidade foram consideradas variáveis exploratórias; de fato, o estudo não teve poder estatístico suficiente para analisar o prognóstico, e os resultados tiveram que ser considerados com cautela. NCT01738659.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Diuréticos</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Sódio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Efeitos do Sódio na Pressão Capilar Pulmonar em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Compensada durante 12 Meses de Acompanhamento: Um Estudo Randomizado e Duplo-Cego</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240045-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Fluxograma do estudo.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A restrição de Na dietético e diuréticos tem sido aceita há muito tempo como tratamento de primeira linha para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) grave e retenção de fluidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Além disso, observamos que os pacientes que receberam uma restrição moderada de dieta de Na (120 mmol/d), em comparação com pacientes que receberam uma dieta baixa em Na (80 mmol) combinada com altas doses de furosemida (ADF) e restrição de ingestão de água (1.000 mL/d), após a alta, tiveram menos probabilidade de necessitar de hospitalização subsequente e mais probabilidade de estarem vivos. A combinação de restrição moderada de Na também foi eficaz na redução da ativação neuro-hormonal (BNP, atividade da renina plasmática e aldosterona) em comparação com uma dieta baixa em sódio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O alívio dos sintomas e a redução da pressão capilar pulmonar (PCP) são geralmente considerados um dos principais alvos terapêuticos na IC para verificar a compensação e monitorar a doença. A estimativa ecocardiográfica de PCP (eco-PCP) é considerada um parâmetro interessante, não invasivo e repetível para explorar a hemodinâmica central. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar, em um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, incluindo pacientes com IC compensada (classe II da NYHA) associada à ADF, a ingestão moderada de restrição de Na em comparação com a ADF com dieta restrita em Na no PCP durante 12 meses de acompanhamento. Além disso, também investigamos a incidência de readmissões e mortalidade.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População de pacientes</title>
					<p>Dos 354 pacientes que receberam alta em estado compensado, 289 foram randomizados.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Critérios de inclusão</title>
						<p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com IC compensada (classe II NYHA) hospitalizados nos últimos 30 dias por IC congestiva recentemente descompensada (classe IV NYHA). Eles tiveram que ter uma janela ecocardiográfica adequada (para cálculo de PCP). Os pacientes foram considerados clinicamente compensados se apresentassem classe II NYHA, e o balanço de fluidos de compensação foi determinado por uma pletismografia de impedância tetrapolar (BIA-101, Akern, Firenze, Itália).</p>
						<p>Na alta, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame físico e laboratorial completo e ecocardiografia. As doses de diuréticos foram de 125 a 250 mg duas vezes ao dia porque essas doses permitiram a manutenção do peso corporal (PC) e do equilíbrio hídrico durante a hospitalização e após a alta.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Critérios de exclusão</title>
						<p>Pacientes com janelas ecocardiográficas inadequadas, doença vascular cerebral, demência, câncer, diabetes descompensado, doença hepática grave e hábitos alcoólicos foram excluídos. Pacientes também foram excluídos se eles se recusaram a participar do protocolo do estudo, não conseguiram seguir o tratamento designado ou não compareceram às visitas clínicas programadas. Além disso, pacientes com efeitos colaterais do tratamento com inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (tosse), mesmo que esses pacientes tenham recebido bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II, também foram excluídos.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pré-randomização e protocolo do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>)</title>
				<p>Após a alta, todos os pacientes adequados para o estudo (NYHA Classe II) realizaram avaliações clínicas como pacientes ambulatoriais semanalmente durante os primeiros 30 dias, e 30 dias após a alta, aqueles que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade (NYHA Classe II e peso seco) foram incluídos no estudo. Durante os 30 dias após a alta, uma equipe independente de especialistas, de acordo com variáveis clínicas, parâmetros da BIA e achados de ultrassom abdominal (derrame pleural ou abdominal), titulou o tratamento médico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Por esse motivo, não foi necessário corrigir os tratamentos atribuídos durante o próximo acompanhamento. De fato, todos os pacientes inscritos estavam estáveis na NYHA Classe II e receberam os melhores tratamentos, e foram capazes de manter o perfil. A equipe de especialistas ambulatoriais usou os mesmos itens clínicos e instrumentais, incluindo BIA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> de congestão e estabilidade clínica e foram cegados para os parâmetros avaliados. Durante o acompanhamento, outros tratamentos não foram adicionados, exceto para pacientes readmitidos, que receberam correção de tratamento. Um algoritmo de computador preliminar foi aplicado para a designação dos pacientes na linha de base (30 dias após a alta) e antes de realizar medições clínicas e laboratoriais. Obtivemos 2 grupos: Grupo A (n 146): 1000 mL/dia de ingestão de fluidos combinados com 120 mmol (2,8 g) Na/dia e 125 a 250 mg duas vezes ao dia de furosemida. Grupo B (n 143): 1000 mL/dia de ingestão de fluidos combinados com 80 mmol (1,8 g) Na/dia e 125 a 250 mg duas vezes ao dia de furosemida. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de cada paciente antes de iniciar o estudo. O comitê de ética local aprovou o protocolo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características clínicas e etiologia da insuficiência cardíaca crônica. Os dados são expressos como média ± DP</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Coorte total</th>
									<th>Grupo A (120 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>Grupo B (80 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>p&lt;</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
									<td align="center">289</td>
									<td align="center">146</td>
									<td align="center">143</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos)</td>
									<td align="center">74,9±11</td>
									<td align="center">75,5±11</td>
									<td align="center">74,4±12</td>
									<td align="center">0,41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo Feminino</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">54 (37,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">56 (39,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">45 (30,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">47 (32,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Captopril (75-150 mg dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">146 (100%)</td>
									<td align="center">143 (100%)</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Carvedilol (6,25-25 mg duas vezes ao dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">88 (60,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">86 (60,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,98</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Digitalis (0,125-0,25 dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">31 (21,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">28 (19,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Furosemida (125 mg duas vezes ao dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">101 (69,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">97 (67,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Furosemida (250 mg duas vezes ao dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">45 (30,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">46 (32,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Espironolactona (25 mg dia)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">103 (70,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">105 (73,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Etiologia da ICC</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DAC</td>
									<td align="center">146</td>
									<td align="center">75 (51,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">71 (49,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,77</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DCH</td>
									<td align="center">101</td>
									<td align="center">49 (33,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">52 (36,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CMD</td>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">22 (15,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (14,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FA</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
									<td align="center">34 (23,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">31 (21,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,76</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>ICC: insuficiência cardíaca crônica; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DCH: doença cardíaca hipertensiva; CMD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; FA: fibrilação atrial.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As características basais dos sujeitos do estudo são mostradas nas Tabelas 1 e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref>. Após a randomização (duplo cego), os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente durante o primeiro mês, a cada 2 semanas durante os 2 meses seguintes e, então, mensalmente durante o restante do período do estudo. Um exame físico completo, com uma avaliação cuidadosa dos sinais e sintomas de IC congestiva, incluindo medição do PC (pela manhã antes do café da manhã), pressão arterial em decúbito dorsal e em pé (média de 3 medições), frequência cardíaca e avaliação da BIA, foi realizado em cada avaliação de acompanhamento. No início do estudo (antes de receber os tratamentos programados), amostras de sangue em jejum foram coletadas para determinar parâmetros laboratoriais séricos, excreção urinária de Na, volume de diurese, BNP e BIA. Uma radiografia de tórax, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma também foram avaliados no início do estudo e 180 dias e 1 ano de acompanhamento em ambos os grupos.</p>
				<p>Após a randomização, todos os pacientes receberam várias dietas padrão escritas contendo 80 mmol de Na preparadas por nossos nutricionistas e também receberam um diário onde eles tinham que relatar a quantidade de ingestão diária de líquidos e a variação da dieta. No caso de variação da dieta, os pacientes tinham que relatar a quantidade do alimento alterado ou adicionado (os pacientes também receberam uma lista de alimentos equivalentes em sódio que eles poderiam usar como substituto). Em cada controle programado, médicos cegos receberam o diário, e um novo diário foi dado aos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O Grupo A e B receberam as mesmas dietas (80 mmol de Na), mas o Grupo A recebeu a adição de 40 mmol/Na/dia para obter uma dieta de 120 mmol de Na, enquanto o Grupo B recebeu 80 mmol de Na e adição de placebo para administrar apenas 80 mmol de dieta de Na. Dessa forma, todos os pacientes receberam a mesma quantidade de gordura saturada, frutas e vegetais. Além disso, os pacientes foram contatados semanalmente durante os acompanhamentos por médicos e nutricionistas para uma entrevista telefônica para determinar sua adesão ao protocolo do estudo. Outras informações também foram obtidas por meio de contato regular com médicos de família, que foram informados sobre os desfechos do estudo. Os pacientes que apresentaram piora da IC congestiva, de acordo com seu médico de família, foram convidados a comparecer ao hospital para avaliação e hospitalizados novamente, se indicado.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Desenho do estudo ecocardiográfico</title>
				<p>Os dados ecocardiográficos foram coletados na entrada (logo após a randomização), 6 e 12 meses depois.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia transtorácica</title>
					<p>Um exame ecocardiográfico bidimensional foi realizado com um sistema disponível comercialmente (Vivid Seven Dimension; General Electric). As imagens foram adquiridas na posição de decúbito lateral esquerdo com um transdutor <italic>phased-array</italic> nas vistas paraesternal e apical padrão. Dados bidimensionais e Doppler padrão, disparados para o complexo QRS, foram armazenados digitalmente em um formato <italic>cine-loop</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise ecocardiográfica</title>
					<p>As análises foram realizadas <italic>offline</italic> por dois investigadores independentes experientes em medidas ecocardiográficas, que estavam cegos aos dados clínicos e à randomização. Todas as medidas ecocardiográficas relatadas foram calculadas em média a partir de três ciclos consecutivos. Em caso de qualquer discrepância, as imagens ecocardiográficas foram revisadas novamente e uma decisão foi tomada por consenso. Os coeficientes de variação interobservador e intraobservador foram de 4% e 3%, respectivamente. Os volumes do VE, FEVE, regurgitação mitral e volume máximo do átrio esquerdo foram avaliados, conforme recomendado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As seguintes fórmulas para calcular a PCP foram usadas: PCP = 1,21 (E/Ea) + 1,91 (para pacientes com ritmo sinusal);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e PCP = 0,821 (E/Ea + 6,489 (para pacientes com fibrilação atrial).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pontos finais</title>
				<p>O desfecho primário foram as alterações do PCP, e os desfechos secundários exploratórios foram morte ou primeira hospitalização por agravamento da IC por causas cardíacas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise estatística</title>
				<p>Realizamos um cálculo do tamanho da amostra de regressão múltipla com base em um valor ab de 0,10 (poder de 90%) e um valor p de 0,05. Portanto, o tamanho da amostra obtido foi de 67 para cada grupo, e esse número foi assumido como mínimo para este estudo. Estimamos uma redução de 20% nas readmissões por agravamento da IC congestiva com base nos achados do nosso estudo anterior. A análise foi por intenção de tratar e de acordo com a redução do risco absoluto. As distribuições de eventos foram calculadas com o método de Kaplan-Meier e comparadas pela análise de log-rank. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para determinar os preditores independentes da taxa de readmissão. Os resultados foram expressos como razão de risco e seu intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os dados nominais foram analisados usando o teste qui-quadrado, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todos os cálculos foram feitos usando o PASW Statistics versão 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois), e os resultados são expressos como média ± DP.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Dos 354 pacientes com IC aguda que receberam alta em estado compensado e perfil seco, 18 pacientes se recusaram a consentir em participar do estudo após a alta, 31 apresentaram janela ecocardiográfica inadequada para cálculo de PCP, e 18 pacientes durante os 30 dias após a alta não seguiram a ingestão limitada de líquidos prescrita (1000 mL) e foram excluídos do estudo. Obtivemos 289 (feminino/masculino: 110/179, idade média 74,9 anos) pacientes com IC congestiva compensada (NYHA Classe II) e peso seco de diferentes etiologias (146 doença arterial coronariana, 101 doença cardíaca hipertensiva, 42 cardiomiopatia dilatada) e foram randomizados em 2 grupos:</p>
				<p>O grupo A (146 pacientes) recebeu restrição moderada de Na (120 mmol) e o grupo B (143 pacientes) recebeu uma dieta com baixo teor de sódio (80 mmol) em combinação com 1000 mL/dia de ingestão de líquidos e 125 a 250 mg duas vezes ao dia de furosemida em ambos os grupos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Características clínicas</title>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que ambos os grupos eram homogêneos e bem pareados em características gerais, parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais e etiologia da IC. Todos os pacientes mantiveram os tratamentos prescritos, bem como a dieta de Na e a ingestão diária de líquidos atribuída durante o acompanhamento. Nenhuma correção nos tratamentos foi necessária após a randomização e nas visitas atribuídas. Durante o período de adaptação, nenhum paciente necessitou de admissão por piora da IC. A análise (realizada no final do estudo) dos diários fornecidos aos pacientes mostrou boa adesão à dieta atribuída e à ingestão de líquidos. A faixa de 95-110 mmol Na/dia e 65-70 mmol Na/dia foi observada nos grupos atribuídos à restrição moderada e baixa de sódio, respectivamente. A faixa de 1000 a 1150 mL/dia na ingestão de líquidos foi observada em ambos os grupos. Todos os pacientes continuaram os tratamentos personalizados obtidos durante a hospitalização e o período de adaptação, conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>. Nenhum paciente em nenhum dos grupos foi excluído durante o acompanhamento por deterioração renal (creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg), mas apenas um paciente readmitido teve um aumento nos níveis de creatinina plasmática &gt; 2,0 mg.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Parâmetros de laboratório</title>
					<p>As Tabelas 2, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref> e 4 mostram os valores clínicos e laboratoriais basais após 12 meses de acompanhamento. O Grupo A manteve durante o acompanhamento a diurese diária como na linha de base, enquanto o Grupo B mostrou uma redução significativa na diurese diária em comparação com a linha de base. O mesmo resultado foi observado para natriurese, bem como para Na sérico. Os valores de K sérico permaneceram na faixa normal em ambos os grupos. O Grupo A não mostrou uma diferença significativa na função renal após 12 meses, em contraste com o aumento nos valores de creatinina e BUN no Grupo B. Ambos os grupos mostraram uma redução substancial no peso do PC, mas o Grupo A teve uma diminuição mais importante no PC. Em ambos os grupos, os valores sistólicos e de pressão arterial foram diminuídos sem manifestações clínicas importantes, enquanto os valores diastólicos foram estáveis no Grupo A e aumentaram no Grupo B.</p>
					<p>Os valores de BNP apresentaram aumento intragrupo significativo no Grupo B, enquanto o Grupo A não apresentou variação considerável, e a comparação após 12 meses evidenciou redução substancial no Grupo A em relação ao Grupo B (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia</title>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> mostra que a PCP foi estável durante o acompanhamento no Grupo A, enquanto esse parâmetro aumentou significativamente no Grupo B, bem como o volume diastólico final, respectivamente. Além disso, a FE mostrou um aumento em ambos os grupos, mas o Grupo A mostrou uma melhora mais significativa.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos e BIA durante o período do estudo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>Linha de base</th>
										<th>6 meses</th>
										<th>12 meses</th>
										<th>p&lt;</th>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">146</td>
										<td align="center">138</td>
										<td align="center">132</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">143</td>
										<td align="center">127</td>
										<td align="center">116</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAS</td>
										<td align="center">118±11</td>
										<td align="center">115±12</td>
										<td align="center">116±12</td>
										<td align="center">0,09</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAS</td>
										<td align="center">121+13</td>
										<td align="center">118±14</td>
										<td align="center">112±11</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,035</td>
										<td align="center">0,062</td>
										<td align="center">0,007</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAD</td>
										<td align="center">71±6</td>
										<td align="center">72±7</td>
										<td align="center">72±6</td>
										<td align="center">0,39</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAD</td>
										<td align="center">72±7</td>
										<td align="center">80±11</td>
										<td align="center">78±9</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,25</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCP</td>
										<td align="center">13,1±2</td>
										<td align="center">13,07±1,5</td>
										<td align="center">13,5±1,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,80</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCP</td>
										<td align="center">13,5±3</td>
										<td align="center">16,3±2,5</td>
										<td align="center">18,7±3,5</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,18</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDF/ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">101±13</td>
										<td align="center">103±12</td>
										<td align="center">104±11</td>
										<td align="center">0,10</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDF/ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">99±11</td>
										<td align="center">109±15</td>
										<td align="center">115±14</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,159</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FE</td>
										<td align="center">34,5±5</td>
										<td align="center">38,6±5</td>
										<td align="center">38,4±4</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FE</td>
										<td align="center">35,1±4</td>
										<td align="center">36,6±4</td>
										<td align="center">36,5±5</td>
										<td align="center">0,007</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,26</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>W-Body R</td>
										<td align="center">565±33</td>
										<td align="center">555±31</td>
										<td align="center">544±23</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>W-Body R</td>
										<td align="center">570±32</td>
										<td align="center">478±28</td>
										<td align="center">467±21</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,19</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>W-Body Xc</td>
										<td align="center">56,4±5</td>
										<td align="center">55,2±6</td>
										<td align="center">53±7</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>W-Body Xc</td>
										<td align="center">55,8±5</td>
										<td align="center">44,9±5</td>
										<td align="center">42±4</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,30</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BNP</td>
										<td align="center">375±125</td>
										<td align="center">385+105</td>
										<td align="center">405±135</td>
										<td align="center">0,11</td>
										<td>A (120 mmol Na/Dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BNP</td>
										<td align="center">381±132</td>
										<td align="center">505+115</td>
										<td align="center">655±145</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td>B (80 mmol Na/dia)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>p&lt;</td>
										<td align="center">0,62</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td align="center">0,0001</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; PCP: pressão pulmonar capilar; VDF: volume diastólico final/m<sup>2</sup>; FE: fração de ejeção; W-Body R: resistência de corpo inteiro; W-Body Xc: reatância de corpo inteiro; BNP: peptídeo natriurético cerebral.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dados bioelétricos</title>
					<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>, os dados bioelétricos de resistência e reatância mostraram que o Grupo A manteve durante o acompanhamento o estado seco alcançado na alta e durante o período de <italic>run-in</italic>. Em contraste, o Grupo B mostrou uma redução significativa nos dados de resistência e reatância (p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados clínicos</title>
					<p>Durante o acompanhamento, o Grupo A apresentou uma redução significativa nas readmissões (p &lt; 0,001) e mortalidade (p &lt; 0,004) em comparação com o Grupo B. Durante o acompanhamento, 22 pacientes do Grupo A foram readmitidos por piora da IC (NYHA Classe III-IV) e 11 pacientes morreram (4 mortes súbita, 7 IC irreversíveis). O Grupo B apresentou 63 pacientes readmitidos por sinais clínicos de IC (NYHA Classe III/IV) e 27 pacientes morreram (8 mortes súbita, 19 IC irreversíveis) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas de eventos cumulativos de Kaplan-Meier para readmissões e mortalidade durante 12 meses de acompanhamento em ambos os grupos. Além disso, o número de pacientes necessários para reduzir a readmissão e mortalidade (NTT) resultou em 3 (IC 95% 3 a 5) e 9 (IC 95% 5 a 28), respectivamente. A análise de regressão de Cox com uma razão de risco não ajustada para um ano de readmissão hospitalar em pacientes alocados no braço de dieta com baixo teor de sódio foi estatisticamente significativa. No modelo ajustado final, as seguintes covariáveis foram incluídas: dose de furosemida, idade acima de 80 anos, diabetes e sexo. Após o ajuste, uma dieta com baixo teor de sódio permaneceu um fator de risco significativo (HR = 3,169, IC 95%, 2,003 a 5,014, p &lt; 0,001). A dose mais baixa de furosemida (125 mg) resultou em um fator de risco para readmissão (HR = 5,419; IC 95%, 1,359 a 21,602, p = 0,017) - a influência protetora da ADF é apenas uma tendência não significativa (HR = 0,498, IC 95%, 0,245 a 1,011, p = 0 0,052), idade acima de 80 anos também foi um fator de risco significativo para readmissão (HR 1,708, IC 95% 1,085 a 2,689, p= 0,021) por outro lado diabetes e sexo não influenciam os resultados do nosso estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Resultados do estudo (12 meses): Readmissões e Mortalidade</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>A (120 mmol Na/dia)</th>
										<th>B (80 mmol Na/Dia)</th>
										<th>p &lt;</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
										<td align="center">146</td>
										<td align="center">143</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sexo F/M</td>
										<td align="center">54/92</td>
										<td align="center">56/87</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Readmissões</td>
										<td align="center">22 (15,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">63 (44,1%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mortalidade</td>
										<td align="center">11 (7,5%)</td>
										<td align="center">27 (18,9%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,004</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Morte súbita</td>
										<td align="center">4 (2,7%)</td>
										<td align="center">8 (5,6%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,22</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Insuficiência cardíaca irreversível</td>
										<td align="center">7 (4,8%)</td>
										<td align="center">19 (13,3%)</td>
										<td align="center">0,012</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Curvas de Kaplan Meier para readmissão hospitalar (painel A) e mortalidade (painel B) na população com insuficiência cardíaca crônica.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240045-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6002">
							<label>Tabela 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Análise ajustada dos fatores associados à readmissão hospitalar em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th rowspan="2">Sig.</th>
										<th rowspan="2">Exp (B)</th>
										<th colspan="2">IC de 95% para Exp (B)</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Inferior</th>
										<th>Superior</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Na baixo</td>
										<td align="center">0,000</td>
										<td align="center">3,169</td>
										<td align="center">2,003</td>
										<td align="center">5,014</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Feminino</td>
										<td align="center">0,731</td>
										<td align="center">1,078</td>
										<td align="center">0,702</td>
										<td align="center">1,657</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Furosemida</td>
										<td align="center">0,036</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Furosemida (125 mg)</td>
										<td align="center">0,017</td>
										<td align="center">5,419</td>
										<td align="center">1,359</td>
										<td align="center">21,602</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Furosemida (250 mg)</td>
										<td align="center">0,052</td>
										<td align="center">0,496</td>
										<td align="center">0,245</td>
										<td align="center">1,007</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diabetes</td>
										<td align="center">0,172</td>
										<td align="center">1,373</td>
										<td align="center">0,872</td>
										<td align="center">2,164</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Idade acima de 80</td>
										<td align="center">0,021</td>
										<td align="center">1,708</td>
										<td align="center">1,085</td>
										<td align="center">2,689</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5002">
									<p>IC: intervalo de confiança.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Nenhum paciente de nenhum dos grupos durante o acompanhamento foi excluído do estudo por deterioração renal (creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg), exceto os pacientes readmitidos. Todos os pacientes apresentaram boa adesão aos tratamentos prescritos; apenas 19 pacientes (8 do Grupo A e 11 do Grupo B) durante o primeiro mês aumentaram a ingestão de líquidos (1,500 mL); essa violação do protocolo foi corrigida no controle subsequente (7 dias depois).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Até onde sabemos, esta é a primeira investigação a avaliar os efeitos de 2 dietas diferentes de sódio em IC compensada e peso seco em PCP durante 12 meses de acompanhamento. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou a longo prazo pela primeira vez as relações cruzadas que ocorrem entre eco-PCP, níveis plasmáticos de BNP e parâmetros de BIA, confirmando assim uma correlação estrita entre acúmulo de fluidos, compensação clínica e hidratação corporal em IC. O Grupo A mostrou uma redução significativa na mortalidade e readmissões em comparação ao Grupo B. De acordo com esses resultados, o Grupo A não mostrou variações significativas em PCP, enquanto o Grupo B mostrou um aumento significativo durante o acompanhamento. Este achado sugere que os pacientes do Grupo B tiveram uma maior incidência de congestão. Além disso, os parâmetros de função renal no Grupo A não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação aos valores basais, em contraste com o aumento dos valores de creatinina e BUN no Grupo B. Esses dados sugerem que uma restrição moderada de Na pode ser capaz de manter o volume plasmático e impedir a ativação neuro-hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Isso também poderia melhorar a diurese e a natriurese de longo prazo em pacientes com IC crônica. Uma restrição moderada de Na provavelmente foi capaz de manter o equilíbrio de fluidos e inibir os sistemas vasoconstritores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> De fato, os sistemas hormonais de retenção de Na e água são ativados na IC, e o fluxo cardíaco direto é prejudicado durante a restrição de Na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O aumento acentuado e/ou normalização nos níveis séricos de Na observados em pacientes com ingestão normal de Na é consistente com a vasopressina e a inibição do SRAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> As origens da IC estão enraizadas em um estado ávido por sal amplamente mediado pelo sistema SRAA, cuja ativação é baseada na perfusão renal reduzida. Os estímulos que normalmente levam à ativação do SRAA continuam funcionando em pacientes com IC. Os tratamentos que minimizam, interferem ou revertem a ativação do SRAA são essenciais para o tratamento ideal da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O sal é benéfico ou o uso extensivo de diuréticos é perigoso? Não há um conceito unicamente verdadeiro ou unicamente falso, mas é provável que o uso de diuréticos em relação à ingestão de Na (ou a ingestão de Na em relação ao uso de diuréticos) seja crucial para obter volumes intravasculares adequados. Nossos resultados parecem justificar os efeitos do Na na manutenção do volume plasmático, inibição do SRAA e manutenção do PCP e resultado clínico. As medições do volume plasmático durante o acompanhamento podem ser úteis; infelizmente, tais medições não são facilmente viáveis em estudos de larga escala.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os pacientes mostraram boa adesão à dieta de Na, ingestão de líquidos e dose de diurético controlada por exame diário, contatos com médicos de família e natriurese de 24 horas verificada nas visitas de acompanhamento programadas. Além disso, nos controles de acompanhamento, a administração de betabloqueador, inibidor da ECA e anti-aldosterona também foi verificada, e nenhuma variação significativa nas doses foi observada. Até o momento, existe uma controvérsia importante sobre a dieta de sódio na população em geral e em pacientes com IC. Estudos anteriores e recentes não evidenciaram diferença no resultado e nos parâmetros metabólicos em pacientes com IC randomizados para dieta com baixo teor de sódio e controle sem redução de sódio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> enquanto no estudo observacional anterior, foi mostrado um resultado significativamente melhor em pacientes recebendo a dieta usual de sódio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em concordância, outro estudo sobre pacientes com IC com FE cardíaca preservada mostrou que pacientes tratados com uma dieta com baixo teor de sódio apresentaram um resultado pior em comparação com pacientes sem redução de sódio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> assim como outros relatos, mostraram resultados interessantes na manutenção do equilíbrio do volume e preservação dos valores de sódio plasmático. Em concordância, foi mostrado que pacientes mantendo valores médios de sódio tiveram um resultado melhor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e mostraram que a hidratação correta era importante para obter um volume plasmático efetivo regular com melhores resultados subsequentes, em pacientes com IC recebendo tratamento diurético. Estudos recentes reacenderam o debate, destacando uma comunidade científica dividida, enquanto outros relatos mostraram que uma dieta com baixo teor de sódio pode ser prejudicial em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nos últimos anos, autores começaram a estudar para avaliar o papel do sódio em pacientes com IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e alguns estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> mostraram resultados interessantes. Todos os estudos evidenciaram principalmente o fim do dogma do sódio baixo na IC. Em concordância, o recente “O estudo OSPREY-AHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> mostrou que aumentar a ingestão oral de sal em pacientes com IC hospitalizados em terapia diurética agressiva não afetou a quantidade de fluido que eles retêm ou sua função renal. Estudos recentes mostram que a carga de sódio em pacientes com IC resultou em uma redução significativa na renina plasmática em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis, enquanto nenhuma alteração significativa no conteúdo de sódio da pele, conteúdo total de glicosaminoglicanos ou conteúdo de glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados foi observada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Nossos dados sugerem que uma restrição moderada de Na com ingestão limitada de líquidos (1 L) associada a diurético de alça é capaz de manter um estado seco associado a valores normais de PCP durante 12 meses de acompanhamento em pacientes compensados após IC congestiva recentemente agravada. Os efeitos benéficos obtidos com essa associação sugerem que uma dieta com baixo teor de sódio e ingestão de água livre, geralmente recomendada na prática clínica, pode não ser o melhor tratamento para esses pacientes. Esta abordagem contraintuitiva sublinha a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão dos fatores que regulam o manuseio de Na e água na IC congestiva crônica. Portanto, é concebível que a combinação de ADF com restrição moderada de sódio mantenha a PCP e possa melhorar o resultado clínico e não determine efeitos prejudiciais significativos na função renal.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Nossos dados sugerem que a associação de restrição moderada de sódio na dieta associada a altas doses de diuréticos provavelmente foi capaz de manter um estado compensatório em pacientes hospitalizados de alto risco (classe IV da NYHA). De fato, em resposta à atividade neuro-hormonal compensatória estimulada por maior restrição de sódio, levantamos a hipótese de que uma dieta moderada de sódio permite tanto a manutenção de um melhor volume plasmático efetivo quanto uma perfusão renal mais eficiente. Isso levaria a uma redução da avidez de sódio dependente do SRAA.</p>
				<p>Além disso, é razoável acreditar que um equilíbrio entre líquidos ingeridos e excretados poderia ser obtido e mantido; assim, a evidência de uma relação mútua entre PCP e curso clínico é a representação dos efeitos desse equilíbrio.</p>
				<p>Nossos achados podem não ser aplicáveis a todos os pacientes com IC, nos quais as comorbidades devem sempre ser consideradas. Mais estudos multicêntricos com amostras maiores de pacientes e um registro mais amplo de estágios de IC são necessários para verificar os efeitos das diferentes estratégias de diuréticos mais fluidos em desfechos clínicos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais na entrada (antes do tratamento). Os dados são expressos como média ± DP</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>A (120 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>B (80 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>p&lt;</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
									<td align="center">146</td>
									<td align="center">143</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FC</td>
									<td align="center">72±11</td>
									<td align="center">73±12</td>
									<td align="center">0,46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso corporal (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">87,1±15</td>
									<td align="center">85,2±14</td>
									<td align="center">0,20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diurese (ml/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">2410±350</td>
									<td align="center">2225±250</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Na sérico (mEq/L)</td>
									<td align="center">140±4</td>
									<td align="center">141±5</td>
									<td align="center">0,061</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K sérico (mEq/L)</td>
									<td align="center">3,8±0,2</td>
									<td align="center">3,9±0,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,0009</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Na Urinário (mEq/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">103,1±13</td>
									<td align="center">106,4±11,4</td>
									<td align="center">0,023</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">63±4</td>
									<td align="center">61±3</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Creatinina sérica (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">1,44±0,3</td>
									<td align="center">1,41±0,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ácido Úrico (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">7,3±2,1</td>
									<td align="center">7,6±2,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TFG</td>
									<td align="center">55±4</td>
									<td align="center">56±3</td>
									<td align="center">0,017</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>FC: frequência cardíaca; TFG: taxa de filtração glomerular.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais após 12 meses. Os dados são expressos como média ± DP</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>A (120 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>B (80 mmol/dia)</th>
									<th>p &lt;</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>No. de Pacientes</td>
									<td align="center">132</td>
									<td align="center">116</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FC</td>
									<td align="center">73±6</td>
									<td align="center">86±11</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso corporal (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">77,2±9</td>
									<td align="center">81,8±12</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diurese (ml/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">2150±450</td>
									<td align="center">1450±350</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Na Plasmático</td>
									<td align="center">139±5</td>
									<td align="center">132±4</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K Plasmático</td>
									<td align="center">3,8+0,3</td>
									<td align="center">3,6±0,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Na Urinário (mEq/24h)</td>
									<td align="center">108±9</td>
									<td align="center">65±8</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BUN (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">63±7</td>
									<td align="center">105±12</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Creatinina sérica (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">1,5±0,2</td>
									<td align="center">2,1±0,4</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ácido Úrico (mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="center">10,3±2,7</td>
									<td align="center">9,9±3,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TFG (ml/minuto)</td>
									<td align="center">54±6</td>
									<td align="center">45,6±4</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tempo de hospitalização</td>
									<td align="center">6,5±2</td>
									<td align="center">11,5±4</td>
									<td align="center">0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>FC: frequência cardíaca; TFG: taxa de filtração glomerular.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>