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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240032i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>New Perspectives in the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with SGLT-2 Inhibitors</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>José Natthananel de Aquino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aragão</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Aurélio Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2223-5211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Lucas Sergipe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas Sergipe, Aracaju, SE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade do Sistema Cardiovascular do Hospital Universitário</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidade do Sistema Cardiovascular do Hospital Universitário da UFS, Aracaju, SE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fundação Beneficência Hospital Cirurgia Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundação Beneficência Hospital Cirurgia Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante, Aracaju, SE – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label>José Natthananel de Aquino Gomes • Universidade Tiradentes – Medicina Av. Murilo Dantas, 300. Postal Code 49032-490, Bairro Farolândia, Aracaju, SE – Brazil E-mail: <email>natthanaelaquinog@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>5</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240032</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has always represented a challenge in clinical management. The discovery of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) as efficient cardiac protectors brought the possibility of treating HFpEF, a topic driven by robust studies such as EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER. The present work aims to identify the main studies on SGLT2i and primary outcomes in HFpEF.</p>
				<p>The qualified search was carried out in the BVS and Pubmed indexed databases, with the inclusion criteria being randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses and analyses of clinical trials, full text available, and publication in the last 5 years.</p>
				<p>11 articles were selected to compose the review.</p>
				<p>SGLT2i shows efficacy in the treatment of HFpEF, reducing hospitalization for heart failure in this population and improving ventricular diastolic function in these patients, but not altering the risk of cardiac death alone.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
				<kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
				<kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="23"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>New Perspectives in the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with SGLT-2 Inhibitors</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>New perspectives in the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with SGLT-2 inhibitors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and/or signs caused by structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated levels of natriuretic peptides and/or evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The classification of HF refers to the ejection fraction (EF) of the left ventricle (LV). When this is less than 40%, it is categorized as HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and when the EF is above 50%, it is classified as HF with preserved EF (HFpEF). On the other hand, since the EF has a value between 40% and 50%, it characterizes HF with slightly reduced EF (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Standard therapy for HFpEF includes control of comorbidities, self-care education, regular exercise, weight loss, and diuretics (usually loop diuretics) for those with evident symptoms of pulmonary and/or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the treatment of HFpEF has shown gaps, as studies have shown that the drug arsenal has not significantly reduced mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>SGLT2 inhibitors have a hypoglycemic effect mediated by glycosuria, preventing tubular reabsorption of glucose in the nephrons, a mechanism that triggers few side effects and is highly effective in glycemic control. Previously restricted to their function as antidiabetogenic agents, they have demonstrated positive effects in the clinical management of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The introduction of this class as cardioprotective was driven by the randomized clinical trial EMPA-REG OUTCOME in 2015, in which empagliflozin showed a 14% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death in patients over 18 years of age with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, compared to the placebo group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Subsequently, the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF studies made clear the role of SGLT2 inhibitors as useful and safe in the clinical management of HFREF regardless of the presence of DM, thus solidifying the recommendation of this drug in the latest guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This review aims to identify the main studies on SGLT2i and primary outcomes in HFpEF.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This study consists of an integrative literature review, whose qualified search was performed only by the main author in the indexed databases Virtual Health Library (BVS) and PubMed. The descriptors used for the search, according to DeCS/MeSH, were “Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica”, “Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2”, “Tratamento Farmacológico” and “Eficácia”. It is worth mentioning that “Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica” was the only descriptor found in the search to refer to the entity HFpEF.</p>
			<p>In the search performed in Pubmed, the above-mentioned descriptors were written in such a way that the Boolean operator “AND” was applied between them. In the qualified search in the BVS, the descriptors in English and Spanish were also included. The descriptors translated into English and included in DeCS/MeSH were: “Heart Failure, Diastolic”, “Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors”, “Drug Therapy” and Efficacy. The descriptors in Spanish were: “Insuficiencia Cardíaca Diastólica”, “Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2”, Quimioterapia, and Eficacia. For the search, the equivalent descriptors were typed separated by the Boolean operator “OR”, while the four trios of different descriptors were separated by the Boolean operator “AND”.</p>
			<p>The inclusion criteria for selecting studies were full-text available, articles in English, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and analyses of clinical trials published in the last 5 years. A total of 70 articles were found, of which 1 duplicate was excluded. After reading the titles and abstracts, 11 articles remained for the review. The evaluation of the articles, as well as the search, was performed only by the main author. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>, presented below, summarizes the steps of the article search.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flow of Search Steps. Source: Author (2024).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The final sample of this study consisted of 11 articles, including 2 meta-analyses, 3 randomized clinical trials, and 6 analyses of clinical trials. All participants had HF and included individuals with preserved EF, with or without type 2 DM. The drugs used in the interventions were dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, luseogliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and sotagliflozin. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the analysis of the results of the studies.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Summary of Results</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Title</th>
								<th>Authors</th>
								<th>Year of Publication</th>
								<th>Type of Study</th>
								<th>Objectives</th>
								<th align="left">Results</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Effects of Canagliflozin on Heart Failure Outcomes Associated With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.</td>
								<td align="center">Figtree et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2019</td>
								<td align="center">Analysis of randomized clinical trial</td>
								<td align="center">To clarify possible distinct effects of canagloflozin on events in HFpEF versus HFrEF in the CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study) population.</td>
								<td>Among the 10,142 participants in the CANVAS study, 1,461 had a prior history of HF. During the 188.2 weeks of the study, 101 patients had a first event of HFpEF, 122 had HFrEF, and 61 had no known ejection fraction. Canagliflozin, compared with placebo, reduced fatal HF events or hospitalization in patients with DM and high cardiovascular risk, with no clear difference in effects on HFrEF versus HFpEF events.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effect of Luseogliflozin on Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.</td>
								<td align="center">Ejiri et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2020</td>
								<td align="center">Multicenter, open, randomized, controlled trial</td>
								<td align="center">To evaluate the effectiveness of luseogliflozin in the treatment of HFpEF in individuals with DM2.</td>
								<td>From the randomization of 169 individuals, 86 received intervention with luseogliflozin and 83 with voglibose; there was no significant reduction in BNP concentration among patients treated with both drugs in 12 weeks.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive effect of dapagliflozin on left ventricular longitudinal function for type 2 diabetic mellitus patients with chronic heart failure.</td>
								<td align="center">Tanaka et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2020</td>
								<td align="center">Analysis of a prospective multicenter study</td>
								<td align="center">To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on LV diastolic function in patients with T2DM and stable HF.</td>
								<td>In a study involving 53 individuals, dapagliflozin promoted improvement in LV longitudinal myocardial function and, consequently, improvement in LV diastolic function. Hhear decrease in E/e′ significantly increased from 9.3 to 8.5 cm/s at 6 months after dapagliflozin administration (p = 0.020),</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dual SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibition improves left atrial dysfunction in HFpEF.</td>
								<td align="center">Bode et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2021</td>
								<td align="center">Clinical trial</td>
								<td align="center">To elucidate the effects of treatment with sotagliflozin on left atrial remodeling and cellular arrhythmogenesis based on a study with rats with HFpEF.</td>
								<td>The left atrial volume of the rats, obtained by echocardiography, was increased. Sotagliflozin contained the atrial increase and decreased the intensity of the arrhythmogenic events in the animals.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effects of canagliflozin on NT-proBNP stratified by left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure: a sub analysis of the CANDLE trial.</td>
								<td align="center">Kusunose et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2021</td>
								<td align="center">Analysis of randomized clinical trial</td>
								<td align="center">To evaluate the effects of canagliflozin and glimepiride on NT-pro BNP levels in individuals participating in the CANDLE study.</td>
								<td>Among the 233 individuals in the CANDLE study, 133 were randomized to the drug intervention with canagliflozin and 120 to glimepiride. In the group with greater impairment of diastolic function, canagliflozin appeared to reduce NT-proBNP levels more compared with those observed in the glimepiride group, although this did not reach statistical significance.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Benefit of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on survival outcome is related to the type of heart failure: A meta-analysis.</td>
								<td align="center">Zhao et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2022</td>
								<td align="center">Meta-analysis</td>
								<td align="center">To evaluate the efficacy of SGLT2i across the spectrum of HF ejection fractions from 13 studies.</td>
								<td>Among the studies, seven had a primary composite outcome of cardiac death or hospitalization for HF, eight reported the outcome of cardiac death, and nine had hospitalization for HF as the primary outcome. Two studies included individuals with HFpEF, six studies with HFrEF, and four included HFpEF and HFrEF. In patients with HFpEF, SGLT2i reduced the composite outcome of cardiac death or readmission for HF, but not cardiac death alone, a result found only in patients with HFrEF.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Efficacy of empagliflozin in heart failure with preserved versus mid-range ejection fraction: a pre-specified analysis of EMPEROR-Preserved.</td>
								<td align="center">Anker et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2022</td>
								<td align="center">Pre-specified analysis of the randomized</td>
								<td align="center">To evaluate the effect of empagliflozin in individuals from the EMPEROR-Preserved trial (n=5988) according to division into two categories: preserved ejection fraction (≥ 50%) and intermediate ejection fraction (41-49%).</td>
								<td>Among the individuals involved, 4005 individuals (66.9%) had HFpEF, while 1983 (33.1%) had HF with intermediate ejection fraction. There was a reduction in the primary composite outcome of risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF in a similar way in both categories of ejection fraction evaluated. Empagliflozin reduced the primary outcome of cardiac death and first hospitalization for HF by 22% compared with the placebo group, analyzing the subgroup with HFpEF separately. In comparison, the reduction of the same outcome was 29% for patients with intermediate LVEF. In both groups, empagliflozin did not promote a reduction in cardiac death alone.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Empagliflozin, Health Status, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Preserved Trial.</td>
								<td align="center">Butler et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2022</td>
								<td align="center">Analysis of randomized clinical trial</td>
								<td align="center">To assess the health-related quality of life of individuals involved in the EMPEROR-Preserved study using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ).</td>
								<td>The 5942 individuals involved were divided into three groups according to the initial KCCQA score: &lt;62.5, 62.5-83.3, and ≥83.3. Empagliflozin improved health-related quality of life, which was sustained for at least 1 year.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Effects of empagliflozin on left ventricular diastolic function in addition to usual care in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus-results from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled EmDia trial.</td>
								<td align="center">Prochaska et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2023</td>
								<td align="center">Randomized, double-masked, controlled clinical trial</td>
								<td align="center">Evaluation of the effectiveness of empagliflozin compared to the placebo group on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure covered by the EmDia clinical trial.</td>
								<td>A total of 144 patients with T2DM and an elevated left ventricular E/e’ ratio. After 12 weeks of intervention, empagliflozin resulted in a significantly greater decrease in the E/e’ ratio compared to placebo.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Efficacy of SGLT2-inhibitors across different definitions of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</td>
								<td align="center">De Marzo et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2023</td>
								<td align="center">Meta-analysis</td>
								<td align="center">To evaluate the efficacy of SGLT2i in patients who participated in phase 3 randomized clinical trials with HFpEF (EF&gt;40%) based on clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic criteria.</td>
								<td>The studies included were EMPEROR-Preserved, DELIVER, SOLOIST-WHF and four CVOTs, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, DECLARE-TIMI 58, VERTIS-CV and SCORED, thus including 14,034 individuals. SGLT2i reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in all randomized clinical trials, regardless of how HFpEF was diagnosed.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sex Differences in Characteristics, Outcomes, and Treatment Response With Dapagliflozin Across the Range of Ejection Fraction in Patients With Heart Failure: Insights From DAPA-HF and DELIVER.</td>
								<td align="center">Wang et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2023</td>
								<td align="center">Pre-specified pooled analysis.</td>
								<td align="center">To elucidate possible differences in the safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in each sex in HFrEF and HFpEF.</td>
								<td>In the DAPA-HF (n= 4744) and DELIVER (n= 6263) trials, sex did not modify the effect of dapagliflozin across the ejection fraction spectrum.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Source: Author (2024). HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricler ejection fraction.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The studies in this review mostly indicate the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in the clinical management of patients with HFpEF, thus corroborating their use in this clinical syndrome, evaluated mainly by the EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>). EMPEROR-Preserved consisted of a clinical trial with 5,988 individuals who exhibited LVEF ≥40%, subjecting randomized individuals to intervention with empagliflozin, demonstrating a 21% reduction in the primary outcome composed of cardiovascular death and first hospitalization for HF in the group that received the medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> DELIVER, evaluating dapagliflozin, included 6,263 individuals with LVEF ≥40% and demonstrated an 18% reduction in its primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for HF, or urgent visit for HF through the intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>These results allowed the guidelines regarding the clinical management of HFpEF to be updated. In 2022, the update of the American Heart Failure Guideline addressed, for the first time, the use of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in the treatment of HFpEF as a class IIa recommendation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The following year, the update of the European guideline established SGLT2i as a class I recommendation in the treatment of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref> shows the flowchart showing the timeline of the studies that constituted the validation of SGLT2i as useful in the treatment of HF.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Timeline of the main studies that constituted the validation of SGLT2i as useful in the treatment of HF. Source: Author (2024). HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>It is worth mentioning that the EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER studies included individuals with HFrEF and HFpEF. A pre-specified analysis of EMPEROR-Preserved compared the effects of empagliflozin in individuals with preserved and intermediate EFs in the study, resulting in a 17% reduction in the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in patients with HFpEF (who totaled 4,005 among the 5,988 in the study), with a 22% reduction in hospitalization for HF alone in this group. These studies endorse the updates in the latest guidelines on the clinical management of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A subanalysis of the CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study) program was performed, which involved patients with T2DM and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), identifying those who had HFpEF and HFrEF, aiming to define the effects of canagliflozin among such individuals. It was reported that, among the 10,142 people involved in CANVAS, 101 patients had events related to HFpEF and, at the end of the program, there was a reduction in the risk rate of fatal HF events or hospitalization for HF that was quite similar among individuals with HFpEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>HFpEF can also cause other cardiovascular repercussions, including the development of atrial arrhythmias. A study with obese rats subjected to intervention with sotagliflozin demonstrated an improvement in left atrial remodeling, assessed by echocardiography, and in the metabolic HFpEF condition, in addition to a reduction in the intensity of arrhythmic events, but without influencing their frequency. Furthermore, sotagliflozin is an SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor, but it is important to note that, for the most part, there are no SGLT1 inhibitors because they reduce carbohydrate absorption, increasing the risk of diarrhea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In addition to the primary outcome results of the main studies elucidated, other variables were analyzed, as was done in a substudy of EMPEROR-Preserved, which assessed health-related quality of life using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). Patients were divided into initial tertiles of the KCCQ Clinical Summary Score (CSS; scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating fewer symptoms and physical limitations) in individuals with HFpEF undergoing intervention with empagliflozin. There was clinical improvement in all tertiles of individuals at 12 weeks, which was sustained for at least one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The pre-specified analysis sought to assess differences in the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in men and women, performing a pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF and DELIVER studies. No significant difference was found in the effect of this pharmacological class regarding sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The variables described among the individuals by the authors, such as gender, did not appear to bias the result. It was observed, for example, that although women had higher LVEF at the beginning of the study, they had worse KCCQ-CSS scores than men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is proposed to be an underlying condition in individuals with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Analysis of the EmDia study, which included 144 diabetic patients with elevated left ventricular E/E’ ratio (a predictor of cardiac remodeling), 21 of whom had HFpEF, demonstrated a positive result in its primary outcome, which consisted of a change in this predictor after 12 weeks of intervention with empagliflozin, indicating an improvement in diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Similarly, analysis of a prospective multicenter study including individuals with HFrEF and HFpEF demonstrated the efficacy of dapagliflozin in reducing the predictor of myocardial function E/e’, which consists of the ratio between mitral flow and mitral annular velocities. The result was more significant in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Furthermore, knowledge about the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the levels of natriuretic peptides, such as NT-proBNP and BNP, is also important to clarify the mechanisms of these antidiabetogenic agents in the syndrome studied. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced as a result of high pressures and volumes in the cardiac chambers and is the gold standard for the diagnosis and prognosis of HF, while NT-proBNP is an inactive peptide formed by the N-terminal portion of the prohormone proBNP, also giving rise to BNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A CANVAS substudy, considering diabetic patients with diastolic dysfunction, demonstrated a tendency for a reduction in NT-proBNP levels with the use of canagliflozin in 12 weeks. The authors also showed that the effect of this SGLT2i on the biochemical marker in question is more evident in individuals with higher levels of diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In contrast, another randomized multicenter trial, including patients with HFpEF and diabetics, demonstrated no significant differences in BNP levels with the use of luseogliflozin or voglibose in 12 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Furthermore, there are some gaps regarding the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFpEF. The EMPEROR-Reduced and DELIVER studies had positive results for composite but not isolated outcomes. A meta-analysis that included 7 robust studies using SGLT2 inhibitors showed that empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, sotagliflozin, and ertugliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF in randomized clinical trials of HF and cardiovascular outcomes trials. However, SGLT2 inhibitors were not superior to placebo for cardiovascular death or all-cause death in any of these studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Similarly, another meta-analysis, through the pooled analysis of 13 randomized clinical trials, aimed to clarify the real impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular death in individuals with HFpEF and HFrEF. The authors addressed the fact that most studies on SGLT2 inhibitors selected cardiac death as a secondary outcome and reduced the statistical power of this analysis. Among the study components, 8 studies addressed cardiac death as a simple primary outcome, while 7 of them defined a composite primary outcome as cardiac death or hospitalization for HF. As a result, it was observed that the group of individuals with HFpEF undergoing intervention with SGLT2i had no reduction in the risk of cardiac death compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It should be noted that studies with SGLT2 inhibitors in the context of HFpEF have demonstrated a reduction in hospitalizations due to HF as well as an improvement in quality of life, with no reduction in mortality. However, when analyzing the subgroups, the predominant benefit of the studies occurred in the group of patients with an EF between 40 and 50%, that is, the group with a slightly reduced EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There is still no clear data in the literature showing the mechanism responsible for the benefit to the heart. However, studies, such as EMPA VISION, generate the hypothesis that the increase in ketone bodies by the drug causes an increase in inotropism, as well as improving mitochondrial function by optimizing intramyocardial ATP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> It is important to highlight the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the current clinical management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This condition shares risk factors with HFpEF, thus highlighting the large EMPA-KIDNEY study, which showed that empagliflozin was able to delay the decline in the glomerular filtration rate by 50% over 2 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Patients with HFpEF benefit from the integration of SGLT2 inhibitors into clinical management, presenting positive results in relation to other medications used empirically. There was a reduction in the risk of hospitalization due to HF and an improvement in left ventricular diastolic function, but there was no significant outcome in the risk of cardiac death in isolation.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
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			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240032</article-id>
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					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>José Natthananel de Aquino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos</surname>
						<given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aragão</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Aurélio Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2223-5211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas Sergipe, Aracaju, SE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidade do Sistema Cardiovascular do Hospital Universitário da UFS, Aracaju, SE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundação Beneficência Hospital Cirurgia Insuficiência Cardíaca e Transplante, Aracaju, SE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: José Natthananel de Aquino Gomes • Universidade Tiradentes – Medicina Av. Murilo Dantas, 300. CEP 49032-490, Bairro Farolândia, Aracaju, SE – Brasil E-mail: natthanaelaquinog@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn>
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) sempre representou um desafio no manejo clínico. A descoberta dos inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2) como eficientes protetores cardíacos trouxe à possibilidade de tratamento da ICFEP, tema impulsionado por estudos robustos como o EMPEROR-Preserved e DELIVER. O presente trabalho objetiva identificar os principais estudos sobre os iSGLT2 e os desfechos primários na ICFEP</p>
				<p>A pesquisa qualificada foi realizada nas bases de dados indexados BVS e Pubmed, tendo como critérios de inclusão ensaios clínicos randomizados, metanálises e análises de ensaios clínicos, texto completo disponível e publicação nos últimos 5 anos.</p>
				<p>Foram selecionados 11 artigos para compor a revisão.</p>
				<p>Os iSGLT2 mostram eficácia no tratamento da ICFEP, reduzindo a internação por insuficiência cardíaca nesta população e melhorando a função diastólica ventricular, mas não alterando risco de morte cardíaca isoladamente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento Farmacológico</kwd>
				<kwd>Eficácia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Novas Perspectivas no Tratamento da Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada com os Inibidores de SGLT-2</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Novas perspectivas no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada com os inibidores de SGLT-2.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica, caracterizada por sintomas e/ou sinais causados por anormalidade cardíaca estrutural e/ou funcional e corroborada por níveis elevados de peptídeos natriuréticos e/ou evidência de congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A classificação da IC refere-se à fração de ejeção (FE) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Quando esta é inferior a 40%, é categorizada como IC com FE reduzida (ICFER) e quando a FE se encontra acima de 50%, é classificada como IC com FE preservada (ICFEP). Por outro lado, uma vez que a FE tem seu valor entre 40% e 50%, caracteriza a IC com FE levemente reduzida (ICFELR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A terapia padrão para ICFEP inclui controle das comorbidades, educação sobre autocuidado, exercícios físicos regulares, perda de peso e diuréticos (geralmente diurético de alça) para aqueles com sintomas de congestão pulmonar e/ou sistêmica evidentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mas o tratamento da ICFEP demonstrava lacunas, haja vista que estudos revelavam o arsenal medicamentoso sem resultados significativos na redução de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os iSGLT2 têm efeito hipoglicemiante mediado pela glicosúria, impedindo a reabsorção tubular de glicose nos néfrons; mecanismo que desencadeia poucos efeitos colaterais e mostra-se bastante efetivo no controle glicêmico. Antes restritos à sua função como antidiabetogênicos, demonstraram efeitos positivos no manejo clínico da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A introdução dessa classe como cardioprotetora foi impulsionada pelo ensaio clínico randomizado EMPA-REG OUTCOME, em 2015, no qual a empagliflozina mostrou redução de 14% do risco de morte cardiovascular em pacientes com mais de 18 anos, portadores de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e com doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica, em comparação ao grupo placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Posteriormente, os estudos EMPEROR-Reduced e DAPA-HF tornaram clara a função dos iSGLT2 como úteis e seguros no manejo clínico da ICFER independente da presença de DM, sedimentando, assim, a recomendação desse medicamento nas últimas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A presente revisão tem como objetivo identificar os principais estudos sobre os iSGLT2 e os desfechos primários na ICFEP.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>O presente trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca qualificada foi realizada somente pelo autor principal nas bases de dados indexadas Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e PubMed. Os descritores utilizados para a busca, segundo o DeCS/MeSH, foram “Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica”, “Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2”, “Tratamento Farmacológico” e “Eficácia”. Vale ressaltar que “Insuficiência Cardíaca Diastólica” foi o único descritor encontrado na busca para referir-se à entidade ICFEP.</p>
				<p>Na busca realizada na Pubmed, os descritores supracitados foram escritos de modo que foi aplicado entre eles o operador booleano “AND”. Já na busca qualificada na BVS, foram também incluídos os descritores nas línguas inglesa e espanhola. Os descritores traduzidos para língua inglesa e contemplados no DeCS/MeSH foram: “Heart Failure, Diastolic”, “Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors”, “Drug Therapy” e Efficacy. Já os descritores na língua espanhola foram: “Insuficiencia Cardíaca Diastólica”, “Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2”, Quimioterapia e Eficacia. Para a busca, os descritores equivalentes foram digitados separados pelo operador booleano “OR”, enquanto os quatro trios de descritores diferentes foram separados pelo operador booleano “AND”.</p>
				<p>Como critérios de inclusão para seleção dos estudos, foram utilizados: texto completo disponível, artigos em inglês, ensaios clínicos randomizados, metanálises e análises de ensaios clínicos publicados nos últimos 5 anos. Foram encontrados 70 artigos, sendo excluído 1 duplicado. A partir da leitura dos títulos e resumos, restaram 11 artigos para composição da revisão. A avaliação dos artigos, assim como a busca, foi realizada somente pelo autor principal. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>, apresentada logo a seguir, sintetiza as etapas da busca dos artigos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxo das Etapas de Busca. Fonte: Próprio Autor (2024).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A amostra final do presente estudo foi composta por 11 artigos, dentre eles 2 metanálises, 3 ensaios clínicos randomizados e 6 análises de ensaios clínicos. Todos os participantes eram portadores de IC e se contemplava indivíduos com FE preservada, portadores ou não de DM tipo 2. Os medicamentos utilizados nas intervenções foram dapagliflozina, empagliflozina, luseogliflozina, canagliflozina, ertugliflozina e sotagliflozina. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> resume a análise dos resultados dos estudos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sínteses dos Resultados</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Título</th>
									<th>Autores</th>
									<th>Ano de Publicação</th>
									<th>Tipo de Estudo</th>
									<th>Objetivos</th>
									<th align="left">Resultados</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Effects of Canagliflozin on Heart Failure Outcomes Associated With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.</td>
									<td align="center">Figtree et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2019</td>
									<td align="center">Análise de ensaio clínico randomizado</td>
									<td align="center">Esclarecer possíveis efeitos distintos da canagloflozina em eventos na ICFEP versus ICFER na população do CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study).</td>
									<td>Dentre os 10.142 participantes do estudo CANVAS, 1.461 apresentavam história prévia de IC. Durante as 188,2 semanas do estudo, 101 pacientes apresentaram primeiro evento de ICFEP, 122 de ICFER e 61 não tinham fração de ejeção conhecida. A canaglifozina em comparação ao placebo, reduziu eventos fatais de IC ou hospitalização em pacientes com DM e alto risco cardiovascular, sem nenhuma diferença clara nos efeitos sobre eventos de ICFER versus ICFEP.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effect of Luseogliflozin on Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.</td>
									<td align="center">Ejiri et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2020</td>
									<td align="center">Ensaio multicêntrico, aberto, randomizado e controlado</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar efetividade da luseoglifozina no tratamento de ICFEP de indivíduos portadores de DM2.</td>
									<td>A partir da randomização de 169 indivíduos, 86 receberam intervenção com luseogliflozina e 83 com voglibose, não houve redução significativa da concentração de BNP entre os pacientes tratados com os dois fármacos em 12 semanas.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positive effect of dapagliflozin on left ventricular longitudinal function for type 2 diabetic mellitus patients with chronic heart failure.</td>
									<td align="center">Tanaka et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2020</td>
									<td align="center">Análise de estudo multicêntrico prospectivo</td>
									<td align="center">Investigar efeito da dapagliflozina na função diastólica de VE em pacientes com DM2 e IC estável.</td>
									<td>Em um estudo contemplando 53 indivíduos, a dapagliflozina promoveu melhora da função miocárdica longitudinal do VE e, por conseguinte, melhora da função diastólica do VE. Houve diminuição do E/e′ significativamente de 9,3 para 8,5 cm/s em 6 meses após a administração de dapagliflozina (p = 0,020),</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dual SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibition improves left atrial dysfunction in HFpEF.</td>
									<td align="center">Bode et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2021</td>
									<td align="center">Ensaio clínico</td>
									<td align="center">Elucidar efeitos do tratamento com sotagliflozina no remodelamento do átrio esquerdo e na arritmogênese celular a partir de estudo com ratos portadores de ICFEP.</td>
									<td>O volume do átrio esquerdo dos ratos, obtido por ecocardiografia, era aumentado. A sotagliflozina conteve o aumento atrial e diminuiu intensidade dos eventos arritmogênicos dos animais.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effects of canagliflozin on NT-proBNP stratified by left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure: a sub analysis of the CANDLE trial.</td>
									<td align="center">Kusunose et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2021</td>
									<td align="center">Análise de ensaio clínico randomizado</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar os efeitos da canagliflozina e da glimepirida nos níveis de NT-pró BNP nos indivíduos que participaram do estudo CANDLE.</td>
									<td>Dentre os 233 indivíduos do estudo CANDLE, 133 foram randomizados para intervenção medicamentosa com canagliflozina e 120 para glimepirida. No grupo com maior comprometimento da função diastólica, a canagliflozina pareceu reduzir mais o nível de NT-proBNP em comparação com aqueles observados no grupo glimepirida, apesar de não ter apresentado significância estatística.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Benefit of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on survival outcome is related to the type of heart failure: A meta-analysis.</td>
									<td align="center">Zhao et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2022</td>
									<td align="center">Metanálise</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar a eficácia dos iSGLT2 em todo o espectro de frações de ejeção da IC a partir de 13 estudos.</td>
									<td>Dentre os estudos, sete tinham desfecho primário composto de morte cardíaca ou internação por IC, oito relatavam desfecho de morte cardíaca e 9 tinham como desfecho primário internação por IC. Dois estudos incluíam indivíduos com ICFEP, seis trabalhos com ICFER, enquanto quatro contemplavam ICFEP e ICFER. Os iSGLT2, nos pacientes com ICFEP, reduziram o desfecho composto de morte cardíaca ou reinternação por IC, mas não em morte cardíaca isoladamente, resultado encontrado apenas em pacientes com ICFER.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Efficacy of empagliflozin in heart failure with preserved versus mid-range ejection fraction: a pre-specified analysis of EMPEROR-Preserved.</td>
									<td align="center">Anker et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2022</td>
									<td align="center">Análise pré-especificada de ensaio clínico randomizado</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar efeito da empagliflozina nos indivíduos do ensaio EMPEROR-Preserved (n= 5988) de acordo com divisão em duas categorias: fração de ejeção preservada (≥ 50%) e fração de ejeção intermediária (41-49%).</td>
									<td>Dentre os indivíduos envolvidos, 4005 indivíduos (66,9%) eram portadores de ICFEP, enquanto 1983 deles (33,1%) possuíam IC com fração de ejeção intermediária. Houve redução do desfecho primário composto de risco de morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC de forma similar nas duas categorias de fração de ejeção avaliadas. A empagliflozina reduziu o desfecho primário de morte cardíaca e primeira hospitalização por IC em 22% em comparação com o grupo placebo analisando o subgrupo com ICFEP separadamente, enquanto a redução do mesmo desfecho foi de 29% para os pacientes com FEVE intermediária. Em ambos os grupos, a empagliflozina não promoveu redução em morte cardíaca isoladamente.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Empagliflozin, Health Status, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Preserved Trial.</td>
									<td align="center">Butler et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2022</td>
									<td align="center">Análise de ensaio clínico randomizado</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde dos indivíduos envolvidos no estudo EMPEROR-Preserved através do Questionário de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City (KCCQ).</td>
									<td>Os 5942 indivíduos envolvidos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o escore inicial do KCCQA: &lt;62,5, 62,5-83,3 e ≥ 83,3. A empagliflozina melhorou a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, o qual foi sustentado por pelo menos 1 ano.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Effects of empagliflozin on left ventricular diastolic function in addition to usual care in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus-results from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled EmDia trial.</td>
									<td align="center">Prochaska et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2023</td>
									<td align="center">Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliação da efetividade da empagliflozina em comparação com grupo placebo na função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 e pressão diastólica final do ventrículo esquerdo elevada contemplados pelo ensaio clínico EmDia.</td>
									<td>Um total de 144 pacientes com DM2 e uma razão E/e´ ventricular esquerda elevada. Após 12 semanas de intervenção, a empagliflozina resultou em uma diminuição significativamente maior da razão E/e´ em relação ao placebo.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Efficacy of SGLT2-inhibitors across different definitions of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</td>
									<td align="center">De Marzo et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2023</td>
									<td align="center">Metanálise</td>
									<td align="center">Avaliar eficácia de iSGLT2 em pacientes que integraram ensaios clínicos randomizados de fase 3 com ICFEP (FE&gt;40%), com base em critérios clínicos, bioquímicos e ecocardiográficos.</td>
									<td>Os estudos contemplados foram: EMPEROR-Preserved, DELIVER, SOLOIST-WHF e quatro CVOTs, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, DECLARE-TIMI 58, VERTIS-CV e SCORED, sendo assim incluídos 14034 indivíduos. O iSGLT2 reduziu o risco de morte cardiovascular e de hospitalização por IC em todos os ensaios clínicos randomizados, independentemente de como a ICFEP fora diagnosticada.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sex Differences in Characteristics, Outcomes, and Treatment Response With Dapagliflozin Across the Range of Ejection Fraction in Patients With Heart Failure: Insights From DAPA-HF and DELIVER.</td>
									<td align="center">Wang et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2023</td>
									<td align="center">Análise agrupada pré-especificada</td>
									<td align="center">Elucidar possíveis diferenças em relação à segurança e eficácia dos iSGLT2 em cada sexo na ICFER e ICFEP.</td>
									<td>Nos ensaios DAPA-HF (n= 4744) e DELIVER (n= 6263) o sexo não modificou o efeito da dapagliflozina em todo o espectro de fração de ejeção.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Fonte: Próprio Autor (2024). ICFEP: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFER: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os estudos da presente revisão apontam, em sua maioria, efeitos benéficos dos iSGLT2 no manejo clínico de pacientes com ICFEP, corroborando, assim, o seu uso nesta síndrome clínica, avaliados principalmente pelos estudos EMPEROR-Preserved e DELIVER (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>). O EMPEROR-Preserved consistiu num ensaio clínico com 5.988 indivíduos que exibiam FEVE ≥40%, submetendo indivíduos randomizados à intervenção com empagliflozina, demonstrou redução de 21% no desfecho primário composto por morte cardiovascular e primeira hospitalização por IC no grupo que recebeu a medicação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Já o DELIVER, avaliando a dapagliflozina, incluiu 6.263 indivíduos com FEVE ≥40% e demonstrou redução de 18% em seu desfecho primário composto por morte cardiovascular, hospitalização por IC ou visita urgente por IC através da intervenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esses resultados permitiram a atualização das diretrizes no tocante ao manejo clínico da ICFEP. Em 2022, a atualização da Diretriz Americana de Insuficiência Cardíaca abordou, pela primeira vez, o uso da dapagliflozina e empagliflozina no tratamento da ICFEP como recomendação classe IIa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No ano seguinte, a atualização da diretriz europeia estabeleceu os iSGLT2 com recomendação classe I no tratamento da ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>, está o fluxograma explicitando a linha temporal dos trabalhos que constituíram a validação dos iSGLT2 como úteis no tratamento da IC.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Linha temporal dos principais trabalhos que constituíram a validação dos iSGLT2 como úteis no tratamento da IC.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-5-1-e20240032-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Próprio Autor (2024). ICFEP:insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; ICFER: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Vale ressaltar, que os estudos EMPEROR-Preserved e DELIVER, contemplaram indivíduos com ICFELR e ICFEP. Análise pré-especificada do EMPEROR-Preserved comparou os efeitos da empagliflozina em indivíduos com FE preservada e intermediária do estudo, obtendo como resultado redução de 17% no desfecho primário composto por morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por IC nos pacientes com ICFEP (os quais somavam 4005 entre os 5988 do estudo), havendo redução de 22% em hospitalização por IC isoladamente nesse grupo. Tais estudos endossam as atualizações nas últimas diretrizes sobre manejo clínico da ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Foi feito Subanálise do Programa CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study), a qual envolveu pacientes com DM2 e Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC), identificando aqueles que tinham ICFEP e ICFER, objetivando definir efeitos da canagliflozina entre tais indivíduos. Foi descrito que, dentre as 10.142 pessoas envolvidas no CANVAS, 101 pacientes tiveram eventos relacionados à ICFEP e, ao final do programa, houve redução da taxa de risco de eventos de IC fatal ou hospitalização por IC bastante similar entre os indivíduos com ICFEP e ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ICFEP pode, também, causar outras repercussões cardiovasculares, dentre elas o desenvolvimento de arritmias atriais. Estudo com ratos obesos submetidos à intervenção com sotagliflozina, demonstrou melhora da remodelação do átrio esquerdo, avaliado por meio da ecocardiografia, e do quadro de ICFEP metabólica, além da redução da intensidade dos eventos arrítmicos, porém sem influenciar na sua frequência. Ademais, a sotagliflozina é inibidor de SGLT1 e SGLT2 porém é importante salientar que, majoritariamente, não há drogas inibidoras de SGLT1 pois reduzem a absorção de carboidratos, elevando o risco de diarreia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além dos resultados de desfechos primários dos principais estudos elucidados, outras variáveis foram analisadas, como foi realizado em um subestudo do EMPEROR-Preserved, o qual avaliou a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, utilizando o Questionário de Cardiomiopatia de Kansas City (KCCQ). Dividiram-se os pacientes em tercis iniciais do KCCQ Clinical Summary Score (CSS; as pontuações variam de 0 a 100, com as mais altas indicando menos sintomas e limitações físicas) em indivíduos com ICFEP submetidos à intervenção com empagliflozina. Houve melhora clínica em todos os tercis de indivíduos em 12 semanas, o que foi sustentado por pelo menos um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A análise pré-especificada buscou avaliar diferenças no efeito dos iSGLT2 em homens e mulheres, fazendo análise agrupada dos estudos DAPA-HF e do DELIVER. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa no efeito dessa classe farmacológica quanto ao sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As variáveis descritas entre os indivíduos pelos autores, como gênero, não pareceram enviesar o resultado. Observa-se, por exemplo, que apesar de as mulheres terem maior FEVE no início do estudo, apresentavam piores pontuações no KCCQ-CSS do que os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Propõe-se que a disfunção diastólica do VE seja um quadro subjacente em indivíduos portadores de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Análise do estudo EmDia, contemplando 144 pacientes diabéticos com relação E/E’ ventricular esquerda elevada (preditor de remodelação cardíaca), sendo 21 deles portadores de ICFEP; demonstrou resultado positivo em seu desfecho primário, o qual consistia em alteração desse preditor em 12 semanas de intervenção com empagliflozina, configurando melhora da função diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> De modo similar, análise de estudo multicêntrico prospectivo, abrangendo indivíduos com ICFER e ICFEP demonstrou a eficácia da dapagliflozina na diminuição do preditor de função miocárdica E/e’, o qual consiste na razão entre o fluxo mitral e as velocidades anulares mitrais. O resultado foi mais significativo nos pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outrossim, o conhecimento sobre o efeito dos iSGLT2 nos níveis de peptídeos natriuréticos, como NT-proBNP e BNP, é também importante para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos desses antidiabetogênicos na síndrome estudada. O peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) é produzido como resultado de altas pressões e volumes nas câmaras cardíacas, sendo padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico e o prognóstico da IC, enquanto o NT-proBNP é um peptídeo inativo, formado pela porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio proBNP, originando também o BNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um subestudo do CANVAS, considerando pacientes diabéticos e com disfunção diastólica, demonstrou tendência à redução dos níveis de NT-proBNP com o uso de canagliflozina em 12 semanas. Os autores trouxeram ainda que o efeito desse iSGLT2 sobre o marcador bioquímico em pauta é mais evidente em indivíduos com níveis maiores de disfunção diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Em contrapartida, outro ensaio multicêntrico randomizado, contemplando pacientes com ICFEP e diabéticos, demonstrou ausência de diferenças significativas nos níveis de BNP com uso de luseoglifozina ou voglibose em 12 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ademais, existem algumas lacunas em relação ao uso dos iSGLT2 na ICFEP. Os estudos EMPEROR-Reduced e DELIVER tiveram resultados positivos para desfechos compostos mas não isolados. Uma metanálise que contemplou 7 estudos robustos com o uso de iSGLT2 mostrou que a empagliflozina, dapagliflozina, sotagliflozina e ertuglifoniza reduziram o risco de morte cardiovascular ou hospitalização por IC em ensaios clínicos randomizados de IC e ensaios de resultados cardiovasculares. Entretanto, os iSGLT2 não foram superiores ao placebo para morte cardiovascular ou morte por todas as causas em todos esses estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>De forma similar, outra metanálise, por meio da análise agrupada de 13 ensaios clínicos randomizados, objetivou esclarecer o real impacto dos iSGLT2 em morte cardiovascular em indivíduos com ICFEP e ICFER. Os autores abordaram o fato de grande parte dos estudos sobre iSGLT2 selecionarem morte cardíaca como desfecho secundário e diminuírem o potencial estatístico dessa análise. Entre os componentes do estudo, 8 trabalhos abordaram morte cardíaca como desfecho primário simples, enquanto 7 deles definiriam desfecho primário composto por morte cardíaca ou internação por IC. Como resultado, foi observado que o grupo de indivíduos com ICFEP submetidos à intervenção com iSGLT2 não tiveram redução do risco de morte cardíaca em comparação ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Salienta-se que os estudos com inibidores de SGLT2 no contexto da ICFEP demonstraram redução de hospitalização por IC assim como melhoria de qualidade de vida, não havendo redução de mortalidade. Porém, analisando os subgrupos, o benefício preponderante dos estudos ocorreu no grupo de pacientes com FE entre 40 e 50%, ou seja, grupo com FE levemente reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ainda não há dados claros na literatura mostrando o mecanismo responsável pelo benefício no coração, porém estudos, como o EMPA VISION, geram a hipótese de que o aumento dos corpos cetônicos pela droga provoca o aumento do inotropismo, assim como melhora a função mitocondrial pela otimização do ATP intramiocárdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>É importante salientar o papel dos iSGLT2 no atual manejo clínico da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), condição que compartilha fatores de risco com a ICFEP; destacando, assim, o grande estudo EMPA-KIDNEY, o qual mostrou que a empagliflozina foi capaz de retardar o declínio da taxa de filtração glomerular em 50% num período de 2 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Pacientes portadores de ICFEP são beneficiados pela integração dos iSGLT2 no manejo clínico, apresentando resultados positivos em relação às outras medicações utilizadas empiricamente. Houve redução do risco de internação por IC e melhora da função diastólica ventricular esquerda, mas não apresentou desfecho significativo em risco de morte cardíaca de forma isolada.</p>
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