<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240036i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comparative Analysis between the NYHA and CCS Classification and Performance in the 6-Minute Walk Test</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7608-1482</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Passos</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-3446-5488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Roberval Prado dos</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1965-2119</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio</surname>
						<given-names>Laís Fernanda Duarte</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Clara Sales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5960-2952</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cafezeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Caio Rebouças Fonseca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address</label>: Caio Rebouças Fonseca Cafezeiro • Hospital Ana Nery – R. Saldanha Marinho, s/n. Postal Code 40301-155, Caixa D’agua, Salvador, BA – Brazil, E-mail: <email>caiocafezeiro@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p> Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>4</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>20240036</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Functional classification is a critical predictor to establish a prognosis for heart failure (HF) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). However, recent research has questioned the reproducibility of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classifications, and their ability to discriminate patient prognosis at an individual level.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To investigate the discordance rate between the NYHA/CCS class assigned by the physician during outpatient consultation and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) performance to refine the assessment of patients with HF/CAD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> A retrospective cohort study collected data from medical records of patients referred for cardiovascular rehabilitation. The 6MWT was performed with the aim of evaluating the functional capacity and associated symptoms of patients with HF and CAD. The correlation between variables was assessed using the correlation coefficient and agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> A total of 65 patients were selected, with 50.8% male, and a mean age of 57.3 ± 11 years. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 45%, with 13.8% of patients presenting ischemic cardiomyopathy. Discordance in functional class was observed in 54% of HF patients by NYHA and 55% of angina patients by CCS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> The present study identified discordance between the functional class assigned by the attending physician and that determined by the 6MWT, indicating that NYHA/CCS functional classification and 6MWT provide complementary information that is more accurate when used in concomitance.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
				<kwd>Walk Test</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Comparative Analysis between the NYHA and CCS Classification and Performance in the 6-Minute Walk Test</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Correlation between NYHA classification and estimated VO<sub>2</sub>.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively to meet the metabolic needs of tissues, or to do so only at elevated filling pressures. HF is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting more than 64 million individuals. In Brazil, the primary cause of HF is ischemic etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) can either be completely asymptomatic or experience angina and signs of HF; thus, utilizing both the Canadian Angina Score (CCS) and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifications is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The NYHA classification is a core predictor for establishing HF prognosis at the group level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, recent research has questioned the reproducibility of the NYHA classification and its ability to discriminate the prognosis of patients with HF at the individual level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The subjective nature of the NYHA classification has prompted research aimed at establishing more precise and reproducible parameters for functional capacity in patients with HF. This has evolved from structured questionnaires to objective assessments like the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The 6MWT is considered a submaximal assessment test. The 6MWT is a straightforward, easy-to-administer, cost-effective, and well-tolerated tool that reflects daily activities, enabling the evaluation of functional capacity and exercise responses in patients with cardiovascular diseases, particularly those with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The assessment of physical performance through the 6MWT objectively establishes the patient’s actual functional status in the context of heart disease. A correct prognostic assessment implies the appropriate selection of additional therapies through referral to specialized HF centers, as well as the indication of more advanced treatment strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Therefore, this study aims to explore the level of discordance between the NYHA/CCS classifications assigned by physicians during outpatient consultations and the results of the 6MWT, to enhance the prognostic evaluation of patients with HF/CAD.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patients and study design</title>
				<p>This is a retrospective cohort study that includes both male and female patients over 18 years old who were referred for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (CVR) at a public cardiology referral hospital in Bahia, Brazil, with diagnoses of HF and CAD between January 2023 to January 2024. Patients had to be clinically stable and using optimized drug therapy. NYHA/CCS class was determined at the previous outpatient consultation by the attending physician. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured using the most recent transthoracic echocardiogram with the Simpson’s method, performed at the institution of origin. 6MWT was performed on the day of admission. Patients lacking functional class data in their medical records, those with decompensated HF and modified BORG scores greater than 5, untreated acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina rated above 5 on a visual analogue scale, and those with mobility limitations due to neurological and/or orthopedic issues were excluded from the study. The present study received approval from the Ethics and Research Committee under opinion No. 5,753,770/5,443,600 and is a sub-study of the project titled: Effect of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation on the functional class of patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Definitions and outcomes</title>
				<p>The NYHA/CCS classification is a subjective assessment defined by the physician, correlating to the patient’s physical limitations related to exertion, due to dyspnea/angina, ranging from minimal exertion (class I) to symptoms occurring at rest (class IV). The Weber class is derived from the maximum oxygen consumption during exercise (VO<sub>2</sub> peak) and can be quantified through CPET. However, when this test is unavailable, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is commonly utilized to evaluate exercise capacity, prognosis, and mortality.</p>
				<p>The peak VO<sub>2</sub> obtained by the 6MWT was categorized as follows: class A (peak VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 20 ml/kg/min), B (16 to 20 ml/kg/min), C (10 to 16 ml/kg/min) and D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min). Classes A, B, C, and D were correlated with CCS/NYHA I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Patients with a functional class assigned by the physician different from that determined by the 6MWT were classified as “discordant”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>The 6-minute walk test (6MWT)</title>
				<p>The 6MWT aims to assess exercise capacity using the criteria proposed by the American Thoracic Society (ATS). The 6MWT was performed in a flat 30-meter-long corridor. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) were measured, in addition to the perception of fatigue using the Borg subjective exertion scale and visual pain scale. The interruption criteria were pre-established as signs and symptoms of hemodynamic instability, such as acute changes in mental status, atypical chest pain, systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 180 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 120 mmHg, signs of pulmonary congestion and shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Before the test started, the patient was informed about its purpose and given permission to reduce their speed or take breaks as needed, returning to the test when they felt able, all without stopping the timer. Borg, HR, and SpO<sub>2</sub> were assessed every minute and BP was also assessed at the end of the test.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The data collected were organized into tables that illustrated the distribution characteristics of the observed values. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies (percentages) and compared using Fisher’s exact test. For numerical variables, measures of central tendency (mean and median) and variability (standard deviation and interquartile range) were calculated, with comparisons made using either the unpaired Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney test, depending on the data distribution. The correlation between variables was assessed using either the Spearman or Pearson correlation coefficient, while the agreement was evaluated with the kappa coefficient.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient characteristics</title>
				<p>A total of 65 patients were evaluated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>), 50.8% of whom were male, with a mean age of 57.3 ± 11 years. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 45%. Ischemic cardiomyopathy was found in 13.8% of patients. Patients were distributed between functional classes I and IV, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Flowchart of eligibility factors. HF: feart failure; FC: functional class.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variables</th>
									<th>Patients (n = 65)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age</bold></td>
									<td align="center">57.3 (± 11)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Male, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">33 (50.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Heart failure</bold></td>
									<td align="center">40 (61.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Ischemic etiology</bold></td>
									<td align="center">9 (13.89)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Coronary artery disease</bold></td>
									<td align="center">31(47.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">32 (49.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">47 (47)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">4 (6.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">3 (4.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">4 (4.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Previous stroke</bold></td>
									<td align="center">6 (9.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">13 (20)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Obesity, n (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">14 (21.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>LVEF, %</bold></td>
									<td align="center">45 (31- 65)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF &lt; 40%</td>
									<td align="center">29 (44.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF 40 to 49.9%</td>
									<td align="center">7 (10.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF ≥ 50%</td>
									<td align="center">29 (44.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Distance walked (m)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">350 (245-394)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Estimated VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> peak (mL.kg<sup><bold>-1</bold></sup>.min<sup><bold>-1</bold></sup>)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">14 (11-15)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen volume.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Six-minute walk test characteristics</title>
				<p>When assessing functional capacity through the distance covered by the 6-minute walk test, a median of 350 (245-394) meters and a median of 14 (11-15) estimated peak VO<sub>2</sub> were observed.</p>
				<p>The correlation test between NYHA classes and the assessment of peak VO<sub>2</sub> through the Weber classification was r = 0.554, p &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>), but no agreement between the assessments (kappa = 0.03, p = 0.71) were observed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Assessed according to NYHA classification</title>
				<p>Patients diagnosed with heart failure were classified according to the NYHA classification. In the clinical assessment, 4 patients were classified as NYHA I, 15 as NYHA II, 22 as NYHA III, and 4 as NYHA IV. After the 6MWT, patients were reclassified according to the test: 9 patients were NYHA I, 13 patients were NYHA II, 17 patients NYHA III, and 6 patients were classified as NYHA IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical and six-minute walk test (6MWT) assessment of NYHA classification.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>After the 6MWT, 54% of patients with heart failure had their functional class reclassified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Change in classification after the walk test. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Assessed according to CCS classification</title>
				<p>Patients in the cohort with chronic coronary artery disease were evaluated and classified under the CCS classification. During medical consultation, 1 patient was classified as CCS I, 14 as CCS II, 10 as CCS III, and 6 as CCS IV. There was a reclassification according to the walking test, with 2 patients as CCS I, 13 patients as CCS II, 15 patients as CCS III, and only 1 patient as CCS IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical and six-minute walk test (6MWT) assessment of CCS classification. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In patients with coronary artery disease, 55% of patients with angina pectoris were reclassified in the CCS assessment after the 6MWT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In the present study, there was disagreement between the functional class assigned by the attending physician and that found after assessment of submaximal exercise capacity by the 6MWT. Patients with more advanced functional class (NYHA/CCS) also presented worse results in the 6MWT. Previous studies highlighted the significance of functional class as a prognostic factor, indicating a variation in risk from 7.1% in patients classified as NYHA II to 28% in those with NYHA IV over at least ten years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, other studies suggest that it is not such a reliable marker and is insufficient at the individual level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Most studies found for prognostic evaluation focused on the NYHA classification or the CPT. In the absence of the CPT, the 6MWT is frequently employed due to its availability, low cost, safety, and ease of implementation in assessing functional capacity, serving as an independent predictor of mortality and readmissions in patients with heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Research examining its relationship with CCS is limited.</p>
			<p>Cahalin et al. assessed the reproducibility of the 6MWT and reported an estimated intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.96, along with a linear correlation between peak VO<sub>2</sub> measured during the 6MWT and the CPT in heart failure patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A more recent study found that the mean peak VO<sub>2</sub> measured directly during the CPT in patients diagnosed with heart failure was 14.12 ± 4.11 ml/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A moderate correlation was observed when comparing the indirect mean obtained from the 6MWT (20.49 ± 1.99 ml/kg/min) with the two measures.</p>
			<p>In this study, there was low agreement between the functional classification and the 6MWT results, supporting the findings of Ritt et al., which correlated NYHA with CPT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This disagreement can significantly impact therapeutic decision-making, including medication prescriptions, surgical recommendations, or device placements. Therefore, the NYHA/CCS functional classification and the 6MWT performance provide complementary prognostic information that is more accurate than the use of either one alone.</p>
			<p>The importance of this study lies in determining the differences between the subjective assessment derived from medical questioning during consultations about functional class and angina score, versus the objective assessment provided by the 6MWT, which influences treatment choices. Different guidelines suggest that myocardial revascularization surgery is an option for patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease that does not respond to drug therapy, as defined by the CCS score. Similarly, patients with valvular heart disease have definitive surgical treatment options based on symptom presence, with the NYHA classification commonly utilized. Furthermore, drug treatment for heart failure can also be implemented depending on the persistence of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Our research had some limitations that deserve consideration, namely: it was a single-center study, with a convenience sample, which limits its external validity; it was a retrospective study that included a single assessment of the NYHA/CCS class described in the medical records during the medical evolution, which cannot be extrapolated to the variation in the NYHA/CCS class over time; for the longitudinal analysis, we did not investigate how the 6MWT results were used to guide therapeutic decisions; reduced number of patients due to the lack of functional classification described in the medical records, motor and neurological dysfunctions that prevented the performance of the 6MWT.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This study found a disagreement between the functional class assigned by the attending physician and that determined by the 6MWT, indicating that both the NYHA/CCS classification and the 6MWT offer more precise complementary prognostic information than either one alone. Thus, while cardiopulmonary exercise testing is the gold standard, the 6MWT can serve as a valuable tool for risk stratification in patients with HF/angina across all NYHA/CCS classes when the former is not available.</p>
			<p>Further research with a larger sample size and analysis of clinical outcomes is necessary to enhance the understanding of its prognostic value. Additionally. Research investigating the combination of 6MWT with functional classification is important to refine the prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure and angina pectoris.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Text Book of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mann</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zipes</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Libby</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonow</surname>
							<given-names>RO</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Text Book of Cardiovascular Medicine</source>
					<edition>10th</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
					<year>2015</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Savarese G, Becher PM, Lund LH, Seferovic P, Rosano GMC, Coats AJS. Global Burden of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118(17):3272-87. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Savarese</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Becher</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lund</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seferovic</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosano</surname>
							<given-names>GMC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coats</surname>
							<given-names>AJS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global Burden of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Epidemiology</article-title>
					<source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>118</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>3272</fpage>
					<lpage>3287</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvac013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Albuquerque DC, Souza DS Neto, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O, et al. I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(6):433-42. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150031104 (2015): 433-442.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
							<suffix>Neto</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bacal</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berwanger</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>104</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>433</fpage>
					<lpage>442</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150031104</pub-id>
					<comment>(2015): 433-442</comment>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Rohde LEP, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC, Rassi S, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica e Aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(3):436-539. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180190.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montera</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bocchi</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clausell</surname>
							<given-names>NO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rassi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica e Aguda</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>111</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>436</fpage>
					<lpage>539</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180190</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Campeau L. Letter: Grading of Angina Pectoris. Circulation. 1976;54(3):522-3. doi: 10.1161/circ.54.3.947585.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Campeau</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Letter: Grading of Angina Pectoris</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>1976</year>
					<volume>54</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>522</fpage>
					<lpage>523</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/circ.54.3.947585</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. New York Heart Association. Diseases of the Heart And Blood Vessels: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis, by the Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association. 6th ed. Boston: Brown; 1964.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>New York Heart Association</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Diseases of the Heart And Blood Vessels: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis, by the Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association</source>
					<edition>6th</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Boston</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Brown</publisher-name>
					<year>1964</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Muntwyler J, Abetel G, Gruner C, Follath F. One-year Mortality among Unselected Outpatients with Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(23):1861-6. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2002.3282.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muntwyler</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abetel</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gruner</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Follath</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>One-year Mortality among Unselected Outpatients with Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>23</issue>
					<fpage>1861</fpage>
					<lpage>1866</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/euhj.2002.3282</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Arnold JMO, Liu P, Howlett J, Ignaszewski A, Leblanc MH, Kaan A, et al. TenYearSurvivalby NYHA Functional Class in Heart Failure Outpatients Referred to Specialized Multidisciplinary Heart Failure Clinics 1999 to 2011. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(Suppl 1):P1505. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.P1505.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Arnold</surname>
							<given-names>JMO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Howlett</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ignaszewski</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leblanc</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaan</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>TenYearSurvivalby NYHA Functional Class in Heart Failure Outpatients Referred to Specialized Multidisciplinary Heart Failure Clinics 1999 to 2011</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
					<size units="pages">P1505</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.P1505</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Ahmed A. A propensity Matched Study of New York Heart Association Class and Natural History end Points in Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(4):549-53. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.065.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A propensity Matched Study of New York Heart Association Class and Natural History end Points in Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>549</fpage>
					<lpage>553</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.065</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Zimerman A, Souza GC, Engster P, Borges MS, Schaan TU, Pilar I, et al. Reassessing the NYHA Classification for Heart Failure: A Comparison between Classes I and II Using Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(Suppl 1):ehab724.0840. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0840.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zimerman</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Engster</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borges</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schaan</surname>
							<given-names>TU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pilar</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Reassessing the NYHA Classification for Heart Failure: A Comparison between Classes I and II Using Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
					<elocation-id>ehab724.0840</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0840</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook EF, Loscalzo A. Comparative Reproducibility and Validity of Systems for Assessing Cardiovascular Functional Class: Advantages of a New Specific Activity Scale. Circulation. 1981;64(6):1227-34. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1227.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Goldman</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hashimoto</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cook</surname>
							<given-names>EF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loscalzo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Comparative Reproducibility and Validity of Systems for Assessing Cardiovascular Functional Class: Advantages of a New Specific Activity Scale</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>1981</year>
					<volume>64</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1227</fpage>
					<lpage>1234</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1227</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Blacher M, Zimerman A, Engster PHB, Grespan E, Polanczyk CA, Rover MM, et al. Revisiting Heart Failure Assessment Based on Objective Measures in NYHA Functional Classes I and II. Heart. 2021;107(18):1487-92. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317984.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Blacher</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zimerman</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Engster</surname>
							<given-names>PHB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grespan</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Polanczyk</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rover</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Revisiting Heart Failure Assessment Based on Objective Measures in NYHA Functional Classes I and II</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>107</volume>
					<issue>18</issue>
					<fpage>1487</fpage>
					<lpage>1492</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317984</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Rohde LE, Zimerman A, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Associations between New York Heart Association Classification, Objective Measures, and Long-term Prognosis in Mild Heart Failure: A Secondary Analysis of the PARADIGM-HF Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2023;8(2):150-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.4427.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zimerman</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Claggett</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Packer</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Desai</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Associations between New York Heart Association Classification, Objective Measures, and Long-term Prognosis in Mild Heart Failure: A Secondary Analysis of the PARADIGM-HF Trial</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>150</fpage>
					<lpage>158</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2022.4427</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Caraballo C, Desai NR, Mulder H, Alhanti B, Wilson FP, Fiuzat M, et al. Clinical Implications of the New York Heart Association Classification. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(23):e014240. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014240.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Caraballo</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Desai</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulder</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alhanti</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilson</surname>
							<given-names>FP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fiuzat</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Implications of the New York Heart Association Classification</article-title>
					<source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>23</issue>
					<elocation-id>e014240</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.014240</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Raphael C, Briscoe C, Davies J, Whinnett ZI, Manisty C, Sutton R, et al. Limitations of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification System and Self-reported Walking Distances in Chronic Heart Failure. Heart. 2007;93(4):476-82. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2006.089656.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Raphael</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Briscoe</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davies</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whinnett</surname>
							<given-names>ZI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Manisty</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sutton</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Limitations of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification System and Self-reported Walking Distances in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>476</fpage>
					<lpage>482</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2006.089656</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Engster PHB, Zimerman A, Schaan T, Borges MS, Souza G, Costa GD, et al. Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(11):e20230077. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230077.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Engster</surname>
							<given-names>PHB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zimerman</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schaan</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borges</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>GD</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incremental Role of New York Heart Association Class and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Indices for Prognostication in Heart Failure: A Cohort Study</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>120</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<elocation-id>e20230077</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230077</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Rubim VS, Drumond C Neto, Romeo JL, Montera MW. Prognostic Value of the Six-minute Walk Test in Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(2):120-5. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2006000200007.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rubim</surname>
							<given-names>VS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Drumond</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
							<suffix>Neto</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Romeo</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montera</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Value of the Six-minute Walk Test in Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>120</fpage>
					<lpage>125</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2006000200007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. Forman DE, Fleg JL, Kitzman DW, Brawner CA, Swank AM, McKelvie RS, et al. 6-Min Walk Test Provides Prognostic Utility Comparable to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Ambulatory Outpatients with Systolic Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25):2653-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1010.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Forman</surname>
							<given-names>DE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fleg</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kitzman</surname>
							<given-names>DW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brawner</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Swank</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McKelvie</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>6-Min Walk Test Provides Prognostic Utility Comparable to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Ambulatory Outpatients with Systolic Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>60</volume>
					<issue>25</issue>
					<fpage>2653</fpage>
					<lpage>2661</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1010</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Cahalin LP, Chase P, Arena R, Myers J, Bensimhon D, Peberdy MA, et al. A Meta-analysis of the Prognostic Significance of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2013;18(1):79-94. doi: 10.1007/s10741-012-9332-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cahalin</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chase</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arena</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Myers</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bensimhon</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peberdy</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Meta-analysis of the Prognostic Significance of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>79</fpage>
					<lpage>94</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-012-9332-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Cahalin LP, Mathier MA, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG. The Six-minute Walk Test Predicts Peak Oxygen Uptake and Survival in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure. Chest. 1996;110(2):325-32. doi: 10.1378/chest.110.2.325.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cahalin</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mathier</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Semigran</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dec</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DiSalvo</surname>
							<given-names>TG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Six-minute Walk Test Predicts Peak Oxygen Uptake and Survival in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
					<source>Chest</source>
					<year>1996</year>
					<volume>110</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>325</fpage>
					<lpage>332</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.110.2.325</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Bortolotto LA, Vilela-Martin JF. Crises Hipertensivas: Definindo a Gravidade e o Tratamento. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2018;28(1):254-9.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bortolotto</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Crises Hipertensivas: Definindo a Gravidade e o Tratamento</article-title>
					<source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>254</fpage>
					<lpage>259</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. Carvalho EEV, Costa DC, Crescêncio JC, Santi GLD, Papa V, Marques F, et al. Heart Failure: Comparison between Six-Minute Walk Test and Cardiopulmonary Test. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(1):59-64. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000056.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>EEV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crescêncio</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santi</surname>
							<given-names>GLD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Papa</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marques</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Failure: Comparison between Six-Minute Walk Test and Cardiopulmonary Test</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>59</fpage>
					<lpage>64</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000056</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. Ritt LEF, Ribeiro RS, Souza IPMA, Ramos JVSP, Ribeiro DS, Feitosa GF, et al. Low Concordance between NYHA Classification and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(6):1118-123. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210222.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ritt</surname>
							<given-names>LEF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>IPMA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramos</surname>
							<given-names>JVSP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feitosa</surname>
							<given-names>GF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Low Concordance between NYHA Classification and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>118</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1118</fpage>
					<lpage>1123</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210222</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, Bischoff JM, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(3):e4-e17. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001039.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lawton</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tamis-Holland</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bangalore</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bates</surname>
							<given-names>ER</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beckie</surname>
							<given-names>TM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bischoff</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>145</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>e4</fpage>
					<lpage>e17</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001039</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Ramos AIO, Sampaio RO, Rosa VEE, Accorsi TAD, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):720-75. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201047.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montera</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramos</surname>
							<given-names>AIO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sampaio</surname>
							<given-names>RO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosa</surname>
							<given-names>VEE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Accorsi</surname>
							<given-names>TAD</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>720</fpage>
					<lpage>775</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201047</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Simões MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moura</surname>
							<given-names>LAZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Issa</surname>
							<given-names>VS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vieira</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rohde</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simões</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>116</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1174</fpage>
					<lpage>1212</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Ana Nery under the protocol number 0165546. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240036</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Análise Comparativa entre a Classificação NYHA e CCS e o Desempenho no Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7608-1482</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Passos</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-3446-5488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Roberval Prado dos</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1965-2119</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio</surname>
						<given-names>Laís Fernanda Duarte</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Clara Sales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5960-2952</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cafezeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Caio Rebouças Fonseca</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Caio Rebouças Fonseca Cafezeiro • Hospital Ana Nery – R. Saldanha Marinho, s/n. CEP 40301-155, Caixa D’agua, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: caiocafezeiro@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A classificação funcional é um importante preditor para estabelecer o prognóstico da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Todavia, pesquisas recentes questionaram a reprodutibilidade da classificação da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e da Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS), bem como sua capacidade de discriminar o prognóstico dos pacientes em nível individual.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Investigar a taxa de discordância entre a classe NYHA/CCS atribuída pelo médico durante a consulta ambulatorial e o desempenho do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) para refinar a avaliação de pacientes com IC/DAC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com coleta de dados de prontuários de pacientes encaminhados para reabilitação cardiovascular. O TC6 foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade funcional e os sintomas associados de pacientes com IC e DAC. A correlação entre as variáveis foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação e a concordância foi avaliada pelo coeficiente kappa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Foram selecionados 65 pacientes, dos quais 50,8% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 57,3 ± 11 anos. A mediana da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 45%, e 13,8% dos pacientes apresentavam miocardiopatia isquêmica. Observou-se uma discordância de 54% na classe funcional da IC atribuída pela NYHA e de 55% na angina pectoris atribuída pela CCS.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> O presente estudo revelou discordância entre a classe funcional atribuída pelo médico assistente e a constatada no TC6, indicando que a classificação funcional da NYHA/CCS e o TC6 fornecem informações complementares que são mais acuradas quando usadas em conjunto.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Miocardiopatia isquêmica</kwd>
				<kwd>Teste de Caminhada</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Análise Comparativa entre a Classificação NYHA e CCS e o Desempenho no Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Correlação entre classificação NYHA e VO<sub>2</sub> estimado.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa na qual o coração é incapaz de bombear sangue de forma a atender às necessidades metabólicas tissulares, ou pode fazê-lo somente com elevadas pressões de enchimento. A IC é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, acometendo mais de 64 milhões de indivíduos. No Brasil, a principal causa de IC é a etiologia isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC) podem ser totalmente assintomáticos ou apresentar dor anginosa e sinais de IC; por essa razão, recomenda-se a utilização tanto do escore canadense de angina (CCS) quanto da New York Heart Association (NYHA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A classificação da NYHA é um importante preditor para estabelecer o prognóstico da IC em nível de grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Todavia, pesquisas recentes questionaram a reprodutibilidade da classificação da NYHA e sua capacidade de discriminar o prognóstico de pacientes com IC em nível individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A subjetividade da classificação da NYHA tem motivado a realização de estudos para obter parâmetros de capacidade funcional mais precisos e reprodutíveis em pacientes com IC, desde questionários estruturados até medidas objetivas de capacidade funcional, como o teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O TC6 é considerado um teste de avaliação submáxima. É um instrumento simples, de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, bem tolerado, que reflete as atividades de vida diária e possibilita avaliar a capacidade funcional e as respostas ao exercício em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A avaliação do desempenho físico por meio do TC6 estabelece de forma mais objetiva a real situação funcional no contexto das cardiopatias. A correta avaliação prognóstica implica na seleção adequada de terapias adicionais por meio do encaminhamento a centros especializados em IC, bem como na indicação de estratégias mais avançadas de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Portanto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a taxa de discordância entre a classe NYHA/CCS atribuída pelo médico durante a consulta ambulatorial e o desempenho do TC6 para refinar a avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com IC/DAC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Pacientes e desenho do estudo</title>
					<p>Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, sendo incluído pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos, encaminhados para Reabilitação Cardiovascular (RCV) de um hospital público de referência em cardiologia no estado da Bahia/Brasil, com diagnóstico de IC e DAC entre Janeiro de 2023 a Janeiro de 2024. Os pacientes deveriam estar clinicamente estáveis e usar terapia medicamentosa otimizada. A classe da NYHA/CCS foi determinada na consulta ambulatorial prévia por médico assistente. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi medida através do ecocardiograma transtorácico mais recente, pelo método de Simpson, realizado na instituição de origem. O TC6 foi realizado no dia da admissão. Foram excluídos os pacientes que não apresentavam a classe funcional em prontuário médico, IC descompensada com BORG modificada &gt; 5, IAM não tratada, angina com escala visual analógica &gt; 5, limitação de mobilidade secundário a problemas neurológicos e/ou ortopédicos. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de ética e pesquisa sob pareceres n.º 5.753.770/5.443.600 sendo um sub-estudo do projeto intitulado: Efeito da Reabilitação cardiovascular na classe funcional dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e doença arterial coronariana.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Definições e desfechos analisados</title>
					<p>A classificação da NYHA/CCS é uma medida subjetiva, definida pelo médico, relacionada respectivamente a limitação física de um paciente ao esforço, secundário a à dispneia/angina variando a partir de grandes esforços (classe I) até sintomas ao repouso (classe IV). A classe de Weber é derivada do consumo máximo de oxigênio durante o exercício (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) e pode ser quantificado através do TCPE. Entretanto, na falta deste exame, o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) é amplamente utilizado para avaliação da capacidade de exercício, prognóstico e mortalidade.</p>
					<p>O VO<sub>2</sub> pico obtido pelo TC6 foi categorizado da seguinte maneira: classe A (VO<sub>2</sub> pico &gt; 20 ml/kg/min), B (16 a 20 ml/kg/min), C (10 a 16 ml/kg/min) e D (&lt; 10 ml/kg/min). A classe A, B, C e D foi correlacionada respectivamente a CCS/NYHA I, II, III e IV. Foram classificados como “discordantes” pacientes com uma classe funcional atribuída pelo médico diferente da constatada pelo TC6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
					<p>O TC6 tem como objetivo avaliar a capacidade do exercício através dos critérios propostos pela American Thoracic Society (ATS). O TC6 foi realizado em um corredor plano com 30 m de comprimento. Foi aferida a pressão arterial (PA), frequência cardíaca (FC), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) além das percepção de cansaço pela escala de esforço subjetiva de Borg e escala visual da dor. Os critérios de interrupção foram pré-estabelecidos como: sinais e sintomas de instabilidade hemodinâmica como alterações agudas do estado mental, dor torácica atípica, PA sistólica (PAS) ≥ 180mmHg e/ou diastólica (PAD) ≥ 120 mmHg, sinais de congestão pulmonar e choque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Antes do seu início, o paciente foi orientado quanto ao objetivo do teste, assim como a permissão para redução da velocidade ou pausa caso seja necessário durante o teste e retornar, quando se sentir capaz, sem pausa do cronômetro. A cada minuto, foi avaliado o BORG, FC e SpO<sub>2</sub> e ao finalizar o teste, também a PA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Os dados obtidos foram apresentados sob a forma de tabelas, mostrando as características da distribuição dos valores observados. As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em frequências absolutas e relativas (percentuais) e comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher. Para variáveis numéricas foram utilizados uma medida de tendência central (média e mediana) e sua variabilidade (desvio padrão e intervalo interquartil), e comparadas pelo teste t de Student não pareado ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme a distribuição dos dados. A correlação entre as variáveis foi avaliada através do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman ou de Pearson, e a concordância foi avaliada através do coeficiente kappa.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Características dos pacientes</title>
					<p>Foram avaliados 65 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>), sendo 50,8% do sexo masculino, com idade média 57,3 ± 11 anos. A mediana de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi de 45%. A miocardiopatia isquêmica foi encontrada em 13,8% dos pacientes. Os pacientes foram distribuídos entre classe funcional de I a IV, estando descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxograma dos fatores de elegibilidade. IC: insuficiência cardíaca; CF: classe funcional.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
										<th>Pacientes (n = 65)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade</bold></td>
										<td align="center">57,3 (± 11)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">33 (50,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Insuficiência cardíaca</bold></td>
										<td align="center">40 (61,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Etiologia isquêmica</bold></td>
										<td align="center">9 (13,89)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença arterial coronariana</bold></td>
										<td align="center">31(47,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">32 (49,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Hipertensão, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">47 (47)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença renal crônica, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">4 (6,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença pulmonar obstrutiva, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">3 (4,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Fibrilação atrial, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">4 (4,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>AVC prévio</bold></td>
										<td align="center">6 (9,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">13 (20)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Obesidade, n (%)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">14 (21,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>FEVE, %</bold></td>
										<td align="center">45 (31- 65)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE &lt; 40%</td>
										<td align="center">29 (44,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE 40 a 49,9%</td>
										<td align="center">7 (10,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE ≥ 50%</td>
										<td align="center">29 (44,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Distância percorrida (m)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">350 (245-394)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> pico estimado (mL.kg<sup><bold>-1</bold></sup>.min<sup><bold>-1</bold></sup>)</bold></td>
										<td align="center">14 (11-15)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; VO<sub>2</sub>: volume de oxigênio.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
					<p>Ao avaliar a capacidade funcional através da distância percorrida pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, observou-se uma mediana de 350 (245-394) metros e uma mediana de 14 (11-15) de VO<sub>2</sub> pico estimado.</p>
					<p>O teste de correlação entre as classes NYHA e a avaliação de VO2 de pico através da classificação de weber foi r = 0,554, p &lt; 0,001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura central</xref>), porém sem demonstrar concordância entre as avaliações (kappa = 0,03, p = 0,71).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação pela classificação NYHA</title>
					<p>Os pacientes diagnosticados com insuficiência cardíaca foram classificados de acordo com a classificação NYHA. Em avaliação clínica, 4 pacientes foram classificados como NYHA I, 15 como NYHA II, 22 como NYHA III e 4 como NYHA IV. Após o TC6, os pacientes foram reclassificados de acordo com o teste: 9 pacientes eram NYHA I, 13 pacientes eram NYHA II, 17 pacientes NYHA III, enquanto 6 pacientes foram classificados como NYHA IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação clínica e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) da classificação NYHA.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Após o TC6, houve reclassificação de classe funcional em 54% dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca através (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Mudança de classificação após teste de caminhada. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação pela classificação CCS</title>
					<p>Pacientes da coorte com coronariopatia crônica foram avaliados e classificados pela classificação CCS. Em consulta, 1 paciente foi classificado como CCS I, 14 como CCS II, 10 como CCS III e 6 como CCS IV. Houve uma reclassificação de acordo com teste de caminhada, sendo 2 pacientes como CCS I, 13 pacientes como CCS II, 15 pacientes como CCS III, e apenas 1 paciente como CCS IV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação clínica e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) da classificação CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-4-4-e20240036-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Nos pacientes com coronariopatia, foi observado que 55% dos pacientes com angina pectoris foram reclassificados na avaliação da CCS após o TC6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>No presente estudo houve discordância entre a classe funcional atribuída pelo médico assistente e a constatada após avaliação da capacidade de esforço submáximo pelo TC6. Os pacientes com classe funcional (NYHA/CCS) mais avançada também apresentaram piores resultados no TC6. Estudos anteriores avaliaram a importância da classe funcional como fator prognóstico, evidenciando variação de 7,1% em pacientes com NYHA II a 28% com NYHA IV, em pelo menos dez anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, outros estudos sugerem não ser um marcador tão confiável e insuficiente a nível individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A maioria dos estudos encontrados para avaliação prognóstica teve como foco a classificação da NYHA ou o TCP. Na ausência do TCP, o TC6 vem sendo amplamente utilizado pela disponibilidade, baixo-custo, segurança e facilidade de execução na avaliação da capacidade funcional, sendo um preditor independente de mortalidade e reinternações em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Existe uma escassez de estudos que avaliam sua relação com a CCS.</p>
				<p>Cahalin et al., avaliaram a reprodutibilidade do TC6, e encontraram um valor do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse estimado de 0,96, além de uma correlação linear entre o VO<sub>2</sub> pico no TC6 e TCP nos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Outro estudo mais recente observou que a média do VO<sub>2</sub> pico obtida pela medida direta no TCP nos pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca foi de 14,12 ± 4,11 ml/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Ao correlacionar com a média indireta no TC6 (20,49 ± 1,99 ml/kg/min), foi observada uma correlação moderada entre elas.</p>
				<p>No presente estudo houve uma baixa concordância entre a classificação funcional e o TC6 corroborando com a pesquisa de Ritt et al., que correlacionou a NYHA com TCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa discordância apresenta um impacto subsequente na tomada de decisões terapêuticas como prescrição medicamentosa, indicações cirúrgicas ou implantação de dispositivos. Portanto, a classificação funcional da NYHA/CCS e a performance no TC6 fornecem informações prognósticas complementares que são mais precisas do que o uso de qualquer uma delas isoladamente.</p>
				<p>A relevância do estudo em determinar se há diferença entre a avaliação subjetiva através do questionamento médico em consulta de classe funcional e escore de angina, e a avaliação objetiva através do TC6 ocorre também na escolha por diferentes tratamentos. Diferentes diretrizes indicam que a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica se torna uma opção em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana sintomática refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso, definida pelo escore como CCS. Assim como os pacientes com doença coronariana, aqueles com valvopatias também possuem condutas de tratamento definitivo cirúrgico definidos pela presença de sintomas, sendo amplamente utilizado a classificação NYHA. Além disso, o tratamento medicamentoso de insuficiência cardíaca também pode ser implementado de acordo com a permanência de sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nossa pesquisa teve algumas limitações que merecem considerações, a saber: o estudo foi unicêntrico, com amostra definida por conveniência, o que limita a sua validade externa; estudo retrospectivo e que incluiu uma avaliação única da classe NYHA/CCS descrito em prontuário na evolução médica, não podendo ser extrapolados para a variação da classe da NYHA/CCS ao longo do tempo; para a análise longitudinal, não estudamos como os resultados do TC6 foram usados para orientar as decisões terapêuticas; redução do número de pacientes devido à falta de classificação funcional descrita em prontuário médico, disfunções motoras e neurológicas que inviabilizaram a realização do TC6.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>No presente estudo houve discordância entre a classe funcional atribuída pelo médico assistente e a constatada no TC6, indicando que a classificação funcional da NYHA/CCS e o TC6 fornecem informações prognósticas complementares mais precisos do que o uso de forma isolada. Portanto, apesar do teste cardiopulmonar ser o método padrão ouro, na sua indisponibilidade o TC6 pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para discriminar o risco em pacientes com IC/angina em todas as classes da NYHA/CCS.</p>
				<p>Novos estudos abordando uma amostra mais ampla e analisando desfechos clínicos são necessários para maior compreensão do valor prognóstico. Além disso, pesquisas que estudem a combinação de TC6 com classificação funcional são importantes para refinar a avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e angina pectoris.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Ana Nery sob o número de protocolo 0165546. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>