<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250039i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abchf.20250039i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Reverse Remodeling After Myocardial Revascularization in Severe Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0821-8837</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Trento</surname><given-names>Bruna Montingelli Espinola</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Daniela Gourlart</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Bizinelli</surname><given-names>Maria Eduarda Soares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barão</surname><given-names>Manuella Macedo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6351-4995</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina – Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Bruna Montingelli Espinola Trento</bold> • Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina – Faculdade de Medicina – R. Prof. Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300. Postal Code 81280-330, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>brunatrento3@gmail.com</email>, <email>danielagoulartmedeiros@hotmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250039</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>12</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), especially of ischemic etiology, is a challenging condition associated with high morbidity and mortality.¹ Patients with HFrEF frequently present with ventricular remodeling and progressive systolic dysfunction, making early identification of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) essential for defining therapy and optimizing prognosis.</p>
<p>Triple-vessel CAD involving the left main coronary artery (LMCA) constitutes a high-risk scenario. Guidelines recommend surgical revascularization in most cases, particularly in the presence of pronounced left ventricular dysfunction.² Evidence from studies such as STICH/STICHES has demonstrated that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) combined with optimized medical therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) promotes improved long-term outcomes, although the perioperative risk remains high, with mortality up to 8.6% in patients with LVEF &lt; 35%.³</p>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography is essential for evaluating and monitoring reverse remodeling, according to specific Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Studies have indicated that high-risk patients undergoing CABG may achieve significant LVEF recovery and sustained clinical improvement.</p>
<p>We report a case of severe HFrEF with an initial LVEF of 10% and a critical 99% lesion in the LMCA, within the context of triple-vessel CAD. Following current guidelines, CABG was performed, highlighting the importance of early identification and structured, multidisciplinary outpatient follow-up.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 62-year-old female patient was referred to the general cardiology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital due to decompensated heart failure. At the first consultation, without prior examinations, she presented fatigue for 2 months, with a recent report of increased abdominal volume, lower limb edema, and episodic dyspnea, associated with fever 1 week before admission. Family members reported worsening of her general condition, decreased mobility, recent jaundice, and a weight loss of 8 kg in 1 month. Her personal history included hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, asthma, and previous smoking (11 pack-years), which she had ceased 6 months prior. She had no history of acute myocardial infarction or prior valvular events.</p>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a dilated left ventricle, eccentric hypertrophy, and severe systolic dysfunction with an LVEF of 10%, diffuse hypokinesia, grade III diastolic dysfunction, dilated right chambers and atria, right ventricular dysfunction (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion of 7 mm), significant pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 50 mmHg), and mild to moderate valvular regurgitation. Serology tests for Chagas disease were negative. Initial management included beta-blocker adjustment; introduction of an SGLT2 inhibitor; maintenance of sacubitril-valsartan, spironolactone, and diuretic therapy; and laboratory reassessment.</p>
<p>Subsequently, diagnostic cardiac catheterization was requested, which revealed a 99% obstructive lesion in the LMCA, chronic total obstruction in the right coronary artery, and subtotal obstructions in the left anterior descending artery and proximal diagonal branch, confirming severe triple-vessel CAD. The patient remained hospitalized for discussion of proposed treatment, progressing stably, without chest pain or dyspnea at rest.</p>
<p>Given the complex anatomy (short and irregular LMCA), which would make angioplasty unfeasible, following discussion of risks with the family, CABG was chosen and successfully performed without cardiopulmonary bypass, via median sternotomy. The following grafts were performed: one from the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery and one from the saphenous vein to the right coronary artery; no graft was placed to the circumflex artery due to technical infeasibility. There were no complications during the procedure. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit in 2 days and discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 10.</p>
<p>During outpatient follow-up, the patient showed significant clinical improvement, remaining in functional class I throughout the follow-up. Serial echocardiograms showed progressive reverse cardiac remodeling, with an increase in LVEF to 16% at 3 months post-surgery, 36% after 6 months, and 47% after 1 year, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. A reduction in eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, normalization of right ventricular function, mild diastolic dysfunction, and minimal valvular regurgitation were observed. The patient remained asymptomatic, with good tolerance of daily activities.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic and clinical progress after coronary artery bypass grafting</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="11%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Date</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVSD (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">RV</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PASP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA FC</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">MR</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">December 8, 2023</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Moderate</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">February 29, 2024</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mild</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">May 29, 2024</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mild</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">October 2, 2025</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">53</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">NPE</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Minimal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>LA: left atrium; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; MR: mitral regurgitation; NPE: not possible to estimate; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle. Values obtained from transthoracic echocardiography.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The reported case highlights the importance of careful evaluation in patients with HFrEF and critical CAD, emphasizing the relevance of early identification of LMCA lesions, appropriate surgical intervention, and multidisciplinary follow-up, allowing for favorable outcomes, even in high-risk contexts.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>HFrEF is a condition with high morbidity and mortality, especially when associated with critical CAD.¹ In the case reported, the patient presented with an LVEF of 10% and a critical 99% lesion in the LMCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), a condition associated with high mortality without early intervention.² The literature highlights that LMCA involvement is a predictor of adverse effects and sudden death.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Pre-treatment coronary angiography showing critical stenosis of approximately 99% in the left main coronary artery, with a significant reduction in flow to the anterior descending and circumflex branches. Examination used to define the revascularization strategy.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250039-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Optimized management of heart failure includes evidence-based pharmacological therapy, such as the use of beta-blockers, neprilysin inhibitors, spironolactone, and SGLT2 inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, persistence of the etiological factor, especially ischemia, can compromise the patient&apos;s therapeutic response. In the reported case, the association of early CABG with pharmacological adjustment contributed to reverse ventricular remodeling, as reflected in the increase in LVEF to 47% over 1 year. This finding is consistent with studies demonstrating that myocardial revascularization in high-risk patients can promote significant functional improvement and reduce mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the reported case, no formal myocardial viability test was performed, reflecting the real-world practice of Brazilian public services, where advanced methods (such as magnetic resonance imaging with late enhancement, positron emission tomography, or stress echocardiography) are not universally available in the Unified Health System (SUS). It is important to emphasize that, unlike elective scenarios, the therapeutic decision did not depend exclusively on demonstrating viability, but rather on the extremely critical coronary anatomy, namely, a 99% lesion in the LMCA associated with extensive triple-vessel disease. According to the European Society of Cardiology and European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (ESC/EACTS) Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization (2018) and the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (ACC/AHA/SCAI) Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization (2021), in the presence of significant LMCA and high-risk anatomy, the indication for CABG may take precedence over formal assessment of myocardial viability, given the immediate threat to global left ventricular perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this context, even though challenging, the joint decision to proceed with surgery, combined with structured outpatient follow-up, was fundamental to improving cardiac function. We observed regression of eccentric hypertrophy and normalization of the right ventricle, which showed significant reverse remodeling, with direct impacts on the patient&apos;s prognosis. These results reinforce the importance of multidisciplinary and individualized strategies, combining surgical intervention and optimized clinical management for patients with severe CAD and HFrEF.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Early CABG, indicated in accordance with guidelines for critical LMCA lesions in the context of triple-vessel CAD, combined with optimized medical therapy and structured outpatient follow-up, was crucial for reverse ventricular remodeling and sustained functional recovery in this patient with severe HFrEF, thus demonstrating that appropriately indicated therapeutic strategies can significantly modify prognosis, even in high-risk scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As this is a case report, the findings should be interpreted within the context of available evidence, reinforcing the importance of early identification of critical CAD, appropriate definition of the revascularization strategy, and multidisciplinary follow-up.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label>
<p>This article is part of the thesis submitted by Bruna Montingelli Espinola Trento, from Hospital Cruz Vermelha</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
<p>All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname><given-names>FG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moura</surname><given-names>LAZ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Issa</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rohde</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>11741212</fpage>
<lpage>11741212</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Simões MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):11741212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Cesar</surname><given-names>LAM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gowdak</surname><given-names>LHW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pavanello</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>JFM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mioto</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Poppi</surname><given-names>NT</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Guideline for Chronic Coronary Syndrome - 2025</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250619</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250619</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cesar LAM, Gowdak LHW, Pavanello R, Ferreira JFM, Mioto BM, Poppi NT, et al. Guideline for Chronic Coronary Syndrome - 2025. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025;122(9):e20250619. doi: 10.36660/abc.20250619.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Velazquez</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Al-Khalidi</surname><given-names>HR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Panza</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>374</volume>
<issue>16</issue>
<fpage>1511</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1602001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, Al-Khalidi HR, Hill JA, Panza JA, et al. Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(16):1511-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>McDonagh</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Metra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adamo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gardner</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Baumbach</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Böhm</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>36</issue>
<fpage>3599</fpage>
<lpage>726</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Perera</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Clayton</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>O’Kane</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Greenwood</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Weerackody</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>387</volume>
<issue>15</issue>
<fpage>1351</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2206606</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Perera D, Clayton T, O’Kane PD, Greenwood JP, Weerackody R, Ryan M, et al. Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(15):1351-60. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206606.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bocchi</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Heart Failure in South America</article-title>
<source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>56</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1573403x11309020007</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bocchi EA. Heart Failure in South America. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9(2):147-56. doi: 10.2174/1573403x11309020007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Neumann</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sousa-Uva</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ahlsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Alfonso</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Banning</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Benedetto</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>165</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(2):87-165. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Lawton</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tamis-Holland</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bangalore</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bates</surname><given-names>ER</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Beckie</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bischoff</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>e18</fpage>
<lpage>e114</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001038</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, Bischoff JM, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(3):e18-e114. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001038.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250039</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Remodelamento Reverso após Revascularização Miocárdica em Cardiopatia Isquêmica Grave</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0821-8837</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Trento</surname><given-names>Bruna Montingelli Espinola</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Daniela Gourlart</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Bizinelli</surname><given-names>Maria Eduarda Soares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barão</surname><given-names>Manuella Macedo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6351-4995</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>Ana Karyn Ehrenfried</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina – Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Bruna Montingelli Espinola Trento</bold> • Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina – Faculdade de Medicina – R. Prof. Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300. CEP <postal-code>81280-330</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>brunatrento3@gmail.com</email>, <email>danielagoulartmedeiros@hotmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Isquemia Miocárdica</kwd>
<kwd>Doença da Artéria Coronariana</kwd>
<kwd>Revascularização Miocárdica</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>

</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER), especialmente de etiologia isquêmica, representa uma condição desafiadora, associada a elevada morbimortalidade.¹ Pacientes com ICFER frequentemente apresentam remodelamento ventricular e disfunção sistólica progressiva, sendo a identificação precoce de doença arterial coronária (DAC) significativa essencial para a definição terapêutica e otimização do prognóstico.</p>
<p>A DAC triarterial com acometimento do tronco da coronária esquerda (TCE) configura cenário de alto risco. Diretrizes recomendam revascularização cirúrgica em grande parte dos casos, particularmente na presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda acentuada.² Evidências de estudos como o STICH/STICHES demonstram que a associação de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) à terapia medicamentosa otimizada em pacientes com miocardiopatia isquêmica e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida promove benefício em desfechos de longo prazo, embora o risco perioperatório seja elevado, com mortalidade de até 8,6% em pacientes com FEVE &lt; 35%.³</p>
<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica é fundamental para avaliação e monitorização do remodelamento reverso, conforme recomendações específicas da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos evidenciam que pacientes de alto risco submetidos à revascularização miocárdica podem apresentar recuperação significativa da FEVE e melhora clínica sustentada.</p>
<p>O presente relato descreve um caso de ICFER grave, com FEVE inicial de 10% e lesão crítica de 99% no TCE no contexto de DAC triarterial, no qual foi optado pela CRM conforme diretrizes vigentes, ressaltando a relevância da identificação precoce e do seguimento ambulatorial estruturado e multidisciplinar.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato do caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 62 anos, encaminhada ao ambulatório de cardiologia geral de hospital terciário devido a insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. Na primeira consulta, sem exames prévios, apresentava fadiga havia 2 meses, com relato recente de aumento de volume abdominal, edema em membros inferiores e dispneia episódica, associada a febre uma semana antes da admissão. Familiares relataram piora do estado geral, diminuição da mobilidade, icterícia recente e perda ponderal de 8 kg em um mês. Antecedentes pessoais incluíam hipotireoidismo, dislipidemia, asma e tabagismo prévio (11 maços-ano), cessado havia 6 meses. Não havia histórico de infarto agudo do miocárdio ou eventos valvulares prévios.</p>
<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico demonstrou ventrículo esquerdo dilatado, hipertrofia excêntrica e disfunção sistólica grave com FEVE de 10%, hipocinesia difusa, disfunção diastólica grau III, câmaras direitas e átrios dilatados, disfunção ventricular direita (excursão sistólica do anel tricúspide de 7 mm), hipertensão pulmonar significativa (pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar de 50 mmHg) e refluxos valvares leves a moderados. Sorologias para doença de Chagas eram negativas. O manejo inicial incluiu ajuste de betabloqueador, introdução de inibidor de SGLT2, manutenção do sacubitril-valsartana, espironolactona e diureticoterapia e reavaliação laboratorial.</p>
<p>Posteriormente, foi solicitado um cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico que evidenciou lesão obstrutiva de 99% no TCE, obstrução total crônica na coronária direita e obstruções subtotais na artéria descendente anterior e ramo diagonal proximal, confirmando DAC triarterial grave. Paciente permaneceu internada para discussão de proposta terapêutica, evoluindo de forma estável, sem dor torácica ou dispneia em repouso.</p>
<p>Diante da anatomia complexa (TCE curto e irregular) que inviabilizaria a angioplastia, e após a discussão de riscos com a família, optou-se pela CRM, a qual foi realizada com sucesso, sem circulação extracorpórea, via esternotomia mediana. As pontes confeccionadas foram: artéria torácica interna para descendente anterior; veia safena para coronária direita, não sendo realizada ponte para circunflexa por impossibilidade técnica. O procedimento ocorreu sem intercorrências. A paciente recebeu alta da unidade de terapia intensiva em 2 dias e alta hospitalar no décimo dia pós-operatório.</p>
<p>No acompanhamento ambulatorial, a paciente apresentou melhora clínica significativa, mantendo-se em classe funcional I durante todo o seguimento. Os ecocardiogramas seriados evidenciaram remodelamento cardíaco reverso progressivo, com aumento da FEVE para 16% aos 3 meses pós-cirurgia, 36% após 6 meses e 47% após 1 ano, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. Observou-se redução da hipertrofia excêntrica do ventrículo esquerdo, normalização da função ventricular direita, disfunção diastólica discreta e refluxos valvares mínimos. A paciente permaneceu assintomática, com boa tolerância a atividades habituais.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Evolução ecocardiográfica e clínica após revascularização</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="11%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Date</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LVSD (mm)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">RV</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">PASP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">NYHA FC</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">MR</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">December 8, 2023</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">65</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">IV</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Moderate</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">February 29, 2024</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mild</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">May 29, 2024</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">63</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">II</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Mild</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">October 2, 2025</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">53</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">NPE</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Minimal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><p>AE: átrio esquerdo; CF NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; DTD: diâmetro diastólico; DTS: diâmetro sistólico; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; Mi: presença de refluxo mitral; NPE: não possível estimar; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; RL: refluxo leve; RMI: refluxo mínimo; RMO: refluxo moderado; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo. Valores obtidos por ecocardiografia transtorácica.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Este caso evidencia a importância da avaliação criteriosa em pacientes com ICFER e coronariopatia crítica, destacando a relevância da identificação precoce de lesões do TCE, intervenção cirúrgica adequada e acompanhamento multidisciplinar, permitindo desfecho favorável mesmo em contexto de alto risco.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A ICFER representa uma condição de elevada morbimortalidade, especialmente quando associada a DAC crítica.¹ Neste caso, a paciente apresentava FEVE de 10% e lesão crítica de 99% no TCE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>), condição associada a alta mortalidade sem intervenção precoce.² A literatura destaca que o envolvimento do TCE é preditor de efeitos adversos e morte súbita.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Angiografia coronariana (pré-tratamento) demonstrando estenose crítica de aproximadamente 99% no tronco da coronária esquerda, com redução significativa do fluxo para os ramos descendente anterior e circunflexa. Exame utilizado para definição da estratégia de revascularização.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250039-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O manejo otimizado da insuficiência cardíaca inclui terapêutica farmacológica baseada em evidências, como o uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores da neprilisina, espironolactona e inibidores de SGLT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, a manutenção do fator etiológico, especialmente a isquemia, pode comprometer a resposta terapêutica do paciente. No presente caso, a associação da CRM precoce com ajuste farmacológico contribuiu para remodelamento ventricular reverso, refletido na elevação da FEVE para 47% ao longo de um ano. Este achado é consistente com estudos que demonstram que revascularização miocárdica em pacientes de alto risco pode promover melhora funcional significativa e reduzir mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse caso, não foi realizado teste formal de viabilidade miocárdica, o que reflete a prática real dos serviços públicos brasileiros, onde métodos avançados — como ressonância magnética com realce tardio, PET ou ecocardiografia com estresse — não são universalmente disponíveis na rede SUS. Importante ressaltar que, diferentemente de cenários eletivos, a decisão terapêutica não dependia exclusivamente da demonstração de viabilidade, mas sim da anatomia coronariana extremamente crítica: uma lesão de 99% no TCE associada à doença triarterial extensa. De acordo com as Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e da Associação Europeia de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica (ESC/EACTS) para Revascularização Miocárdica (2018) e com a Diretriz do American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association e Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (ACC/AHA/SCAI) de Revascularização Coronariana (2021), na presença de lesão significativa do TCE e anatomia de alto risco, a indicação de revascularização cirúrgica pode se sobrepor à avaliação formal de viabilidade miocárdica, diante da ameaça imediata à perfusão global do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse contexto, mesmo sendo desafiadora, a decisão conjunta de abordagem cirúrgica, somada ao acompanhamento ambulatorial estruturado, foi fundamental para a melhora da função cardíaca. Observou-se regressão da hipertrofia excêntrica e normalização do ventrículo direito, evidenciando remodelamento reverso significativo, o que impacta diretamente no prognóstico da paciente. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de estratégias multidisciplinares e individualizadas, combinando intervenção cirúrgica e manejo clínico otimizado para pacientes com coronariopatia grave e ICFER.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A CRM, indicada precocemente e em conformidade com as diretrizes para lesão crítica do TCE em contexto de DAC triarterial, associada à otimização da terapia medicamentosa e ao seguimento ambulatorial estruturado, foi determinante para o remodelamento ventricular reverso e a recuperação funcional sustentada nesta paciente com ICFER grave, evidenciando que estratégias terapêuticas adequadamente indicadas podem modificar de forma significativa o prognóstico mesmo em cenários de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por se tratar de relato de caso, os achados devem ser interpretados no contexto das evidências disponíveis, reforçando a importância da identificação precoce da DAC crítica, da definição adequada da estratégia de revascularização e do acompanhamento multidisciplinar.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label>
<p>Este artigo é parte de livre docência de Bruna Montingelli Espinola Trento pelo Hospital Cruz Vermelha.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label>
<p>Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
