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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250019i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abchf.20250019i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Septal Artery Embolization with EVOH in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated with Percutaneous Treatment of Coronary Disease</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8153-7304</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Trindade</surname><given-names>Victor Tavares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1746-2124</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Núbia Andrade</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8931-3842</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Machado Garcia</surname><given-names>Nassandro</given-names><suffix>Júnior</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1710-565X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Anna Luiza</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9832-426X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prudente</surname><given-names>Maurício Lopes</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gardenghi</surname><given-names>Giulliano</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Encore</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Aparecida de Goiânia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> • Hospital Encore – Cardiologia - Rua Gurupi, s/n Qd 25 Lt 06/08. Postal Code <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code>, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO - Brazil E-mail: <email>coordenacao.cientifica@ceafi.edu.br</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Humberto Villacorta</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>22</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250019</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>09</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Septum</kwd>
<kwd>Therapeutic Embolization</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="16"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic heart disease. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, and to date, 11 genes have been identified among the 1400 mutations involved in its pathogenesis. The most common are the β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3), and troponin T (TNNT2), which encode cardiac sarcomeric proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Three mutations are involved in its pathophysiology: missense, insertions, and deletions. The most common mutation is missense, which causes a punctual exchange between two nucleic acids, resulting in a change in the nucleotide conformation, leading to the formation of a codon that codes for a different amino acid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>HCM promotes changes in cardiac structure, with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) without another underlying etiology being the most common anatomical alteration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its symptomatology varies according to the HCM profiles, and can present asymptomatically, with minor symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion, precordialgia, fatigue, presyncope and syncope, or in a severe form, evolving with advanced heart failure (HF), ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>The prevalence of HCM is estimated at 0.2% of the adult population, and for this reason, early diagnosis, with echocardiography and cardiac MRI, especially in at-risk groups such as athletes, is essential, since in these patients treatments for septal reduction can be instituted, thus improving their quality of life and allowing them to continue practicing sports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The presence of other comorbidities along with HCM can occur in some patients, with coronary artery disease (CAD) being one possibility. In this patient profile, which includes both CAD and HCM, simultaneous percutaneous treatment of both conditions is often necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Concomitant coronary angioplasty and septal embolization are known strategies that can be performed together in the same procedure.</p>
<p>Among the proposed treatments for HCM, surgery is the gold standard, but currently, percutaneous intervention proposals have gained ground due to their similar clinical results to the standard treatment in reducing the gradient and thickness of the septum, thus improving symptoms. Non-alcoholic agents such as ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH - Onyx<sup>®</sup>, Micro Therapeutics, Inc. ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA), already successfully used in embolization of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, have been implemented in septal reduction because they have non-adhesive, less thrombogenic properties, and are capable of penetrating deep arteries. Their safety is based on their higher viscosity and polymerization time compared to alcoholic substances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>The objective of this work is to report the case of a patient with symptomatic HCM who underwent septal embolization with EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) associated with concomitant percutaneous angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Urgências de Goiás under the number CAAE: 81824624.6.0000.0033.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>A 62-year-old female patient with septal HCM in the basal and mid-segments of the interventricular septum, reporting progressive dyspnea and exercise intolerance over the past seven months, was classified as NYHA Class III on admission. The patient was under regular treatment for comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia).</p>
<p>On physical examination, the patient was hemodynamically stable, eupneic, and without signs of respiratory distress. Heart rhythm was regular in two beats, without murmurs. The pre-procedure electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm, normal PR interval, with signs of left ventricular overload (strain pattern). A pre-operative transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a significant and asymmetrical increase in left ventricular myocardial thickness, more pronounced in the basal and middle segments of the septal wall (measuring up to 20 mm), generating acceleration of systolic flow in the left ventricular outflow tract, with a maximum dynamic gradient of 160 mmHg.</p>
<p>She underwent coronary angiography, which revealed calcifications and an 80% obstructive lesion in the middle third of the LAD and at the origin and proximal third of the second diagonal branch. Furthermore, it showed the first and second septal branches originating from the LAD, viable for septal reduction therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Invasive manometry showed an intraventricular gradient of 180 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Angiography and angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery (LAD).</title> <p>1A) 80% lesion in the middle third of the LAD, pre-intervention. 1B) After intervention by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with implantation of a drug-eluting stent.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Due to the refractoriness of symptoms to optimized therapy and the presence of severe obstructive coronary lesions, hospital admission and treatment planning were performed: transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery and embolization of the first and second septal branches with EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) in a single stage.</p>
<p>The procedure was performed under sedation and local anesthesia, via the right femoral artery with a 6F introducer (CORDIS AVANTI<sup>®</sup>+) and placement of a 3.5 6F XB guide catheter (Cordis, Warren, NJ, USA). The right radial artery was punctured with a 5F radial introducer, and a Pig Tail catheter was placed in the apical portion of the left ventricle for simultaneous manometry with the XB catheter already positioned in the aorta. After catheterization of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), a 0.014&quot; Avigo<sup>®</sup> guidewire was advanced into the first septal branch, and through this, an Echelon<sup>®</sup> 10&quot; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compatible microcatheter was inserted. A second 0.014&quot; guidewire was positioned in the distal portion of the LAD, and through this, an occlusive balloon was placed. HyperGlide<sup>®</sup> Occlusion Balloon System 4.0x20mm (both Micro Therapeutics occluding the segment of origin of the first septal branch. This is a compliant, atraumatic balloon used in the neurovascular territory. It passes over a 0.014&quot; guidewire and requires the presence of this wire inside it to be inflated. A septal branch occlusion test was performed by inflating the HyperGlide<sup>®</sup> balloon and injecting contrast through the microcatheter, without reflux into the LAD and LCA, and without other connections to the studied vessel. To prevent polymerization of EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) within the microcatheter lumen in contact with serum or blood, we injected the DMSO solvent, which is part of the kit, in the exact volume to fill it (0.34 ml dead space). Immediately afterwards, we slowly injected approximately 2 to 3 ml of EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) until total opacification of the septal branch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>), preventing reflux into the LAD. At the end, we noted preserved distal TIMI-III flow and total occlusion of the septal branch visualized by EVOH radiopacity (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). Manometry (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3B</xref>) showed a significant improvement in the pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), decreasing from 180 mmHg to 15 mmHg at the end of the procedure.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Septal embolization.</title> <p>2A) Opacification of the septal branch preventing reflux into the left anterior descending artery (LAD). 2B) End of the procedure showing preserved distal flow TIMI-III and total occlusion of the septal branch visualized by the radiopacity of the EVOH (Onyx®).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Manometries.</title> <p>3A) Manometry obtained during the procedure, with a pre-procedure LV/Ao gradient of 180 mmHg. 3B) Improvement in the gradient after septal embolization (15 mmHg).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Following the embolization, a single-stage transluminal coronary angioplasty of the LAD was performed as planned. The guidewire was advanced by 0.014&quot; and the LAD lesion was transposed. Pre-dilation of the lesion was performed with a 3.0x20 mm balloon. A 3.5x38 mm drug-eluting stent was successfully implanted. Post-dilation was also performed with a non-compliant 3.5x8 mm balloon. The lesion of the second diagonal branch remained under medical treatment. At the end of the procedure, the ECG showed the patient in sinus rhythm, without signs of atrioventricular block of any degree and/or ischemic changes, with preserved distal flow TIMI III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Subsequently, the introducer was removed with manual compression of the puncture site for hemostasis.</p>
<p>The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, hemodynamically stable, breathing room air. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed 72 hours after the procedure, which showed a 14 mm septum (-6 mm compared to baseline), dynamic obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract at rest, resulting in a gradient of 73 mmHg, therefore 110 mmHg less than the pre-procedure baseline value, but 60 mmHg more than the immediate postoperative value. This variation is described in cases of septal ablation as a triphasic response, comprising an abrupt drop in the initial gradient, a &quot;worsening&quot; in the first three to six months, probably due to edema of the ablated muscle, and a return, in the third phase, to lower gradients.</p>
<p>She was discharged from the hospital 72 hours after the procedure, without complaints or complications during her stay, maintaining hemodynamic stability and presenting NYHA functional class II. Outpatient follow-up with the cardiology team was scheduled, along with optimized therapy and a new echocardiogram after adequate heart rate control to assess the intraventricular gradient. A follow-up echocardiogram was performed four months after the procedure, revealing a 14 mm interventricular septum with a 39 mmHg gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract, with mild mitral regurgitation due to anterior systolic motion (ASM) of the mitral valve. In the clinical evaluation, also four months later, the patient was classified as NYHA I, reporting being asymptomatic.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>In patients with HCM who are selected for septal reduction therapy, myectomy and alcohol ablation are established therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>In some selected cases, when HCM and CAD are present concomitantly, septal embolization in conjunction with angioplasty of the affected vessel is a viable procedure, as demonstrated by Honda et al., who described the concomitant performance of septal embolization with ethanol and LAD angioplasty, showing that performing both treatments during the same procedure is safe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the clinical case reported here, concomitant treatment of HCM with non-alcoholic embolization and CAD was performed. The use of EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) as an agent for septal embolization in conjunction with LAD angioplasty has not yet been described. Our report is the first case described in the literature in which septal embolization with EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) and LAD angioplasty were performed together.</p>
<p>Non-alcoholic agents have been introduced into clinical practice more recently, reducing the gradient in the LVOT and generating more localized ischemia. However, when compared to alcohol, these agents do not seem to show the same long-term results, due to recurrence of the LVOT gradient caused by return or persistence of fixed (septal thickness) and dynamic (systolic thickening and narrowing of this &quot;tunnel&quot; with accelerated flow and ASM) changes, probably due to new collaterals irrigating the septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) has become an alternative in the treatment of septal reduction in HCM due to its non-adhesive, less thrombogenic properties and its ability to penetrate deeper septal arteries. This polymer is considered safe due to its higher viscosity and polymerization time compared to other substances. It is worth noting that the visibility of substances like Onyx<sup>®</sup> in embolizations is due to tantalum, which is radiopaque, while EVOH serves only as a carrier for this substance, allowing for better visualization and control during the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite the benefits of EVOH, such as Onyx<sup>®</sup>, and the visibility of tantalum, septal embolization in HCM presents significant limitations. Among these, the difficulty in controlling the injection in small and complex vessels stands out, increasing the risk of reaching unwanted areas, a concern also addressed in endovascular treatment contexts, such as intracranial arteriovenous malformations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, EVOH requires specific solvents, such as DMSO, and careful handling. Despite the potential advantages, the use of EVOH for embolization presents certain limitations compared to the established technique of absolute alcohol. The cost of the procedure is significantly higher, since EVOH requires specific DMSO-compatible microcatheters, increasing the cost of materials. Furthermore, the need for a catheter for each septal branch further increases costs in cases of embolization of multiple branches. Another relevant limitation lies in the difficulty of selective catheterization of septal branches with guidewires and microcatheters. This challenge is particularly pronounced in patients with CAD (with or without calcifications) and/or previously implanted stents, as observed in the case reported here. Additionally, there are risks of complications such as heart blocks, which may require pacemaker implantation, and arrhythmias. The technique also has a learning curve, and there is a lack of long-term data to assess its durability and safety compared to other therapeutic approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>A study conducted in Turkey by Asil et al. used EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) for septal embolization in 25 patients with HCM. In this study, two patients developed complete AV block and pacemaker implantation, but without long-term pacemaker dependence, maintaining only a left bundle branch block on electrocardiographic follow-up. There was reflux of EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) into the diagonal artery in one patient, without clinical or electrocardiographic implications. In addition, two septal arteries were embolized in five patients due to unsatisfactory hemodynamic results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, there was improvement in functional capacity, a decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP), and an immediate decrease in the LVOT gradient (median from 68 mmHg to 20 mmHg). However, three patients did not show a reduction in the LVOT gradient after six months, despite a drop in this gradient in the immediate postoperative period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our case report, there was no manifestation of AV block, in addition to a more significant improvement in the LVOT gradient from 180 mmHg to 15 mmHg (a 91% drop compared to 70% in the Turkish study), and it was also the first reported case with angioplasty performed concomitantly with embolization and with a satisfactory angiographic result after the procedure and without complications.</p>
<p>It is known that the most common factor contributing to the development of LVOT obstruction is mitral valve ASM against the interventricular septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our report, we observed a significant improvement in mitral valve ASM. In the preoperative echocardiogram, the mitral valve showed mild thickening, with preserved opening and MAS of the anterior leaflet, generating a marked degree of regurgitation. In the TTE performed on the third postoperative day, the mitral valve still presented ASM of the anterior leaflet and moderate regurgitation at the beginning of the examination, which became mild with the reduction of the heart rate (HR) from 115 bpm to 90 bpm. The new TTE performed four months after discharge once again showed mild ASM, with a HR of 62 bpm.</p>
<p>Follow-up after the EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) procedure is essential. In the work carried out by Asil et al., there was no evaluation of fibrosis areas after embolizations, and follow-up was performed by TTE, as it is a non-invasive and more readily available method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our case report, however, gradient measurement was performed by direct manometry, providing greater reliability to the measurements taken.</p>
<p>The significant decrease in pressure gradient after septal embolization, as observed in this case, is the physiological cornerstone for the improvement of HCM symptoms. This effective reduction of LVOT obstruction and the consequent optimization of blood flow provide substantial relief from the debilitating symptoms that previously severely compromised the patient&apos;s quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This positive response to symptoms manifests as an improvement in functional class according to the NYHA score. In our report, the patient, four months after the procedure, was classified as NYHA I, indicating significant progress compared to her baseline NYHA III status.</p>
<p>This study has limitations that need to be highlighted. Troponin levels were not measured before and after the interventions. The results were monitored using TTE, as it is a non-invasive and more accessible method, and therefore subject to examiner bias. Another factor to mention is the lack of longer-term follow-up. We recognize that ideally, follow-up would be more than 12 months to investigate any changes in gradients and septal anatomy, as well as to document the evolution of the clinical picture using the NYHA score, in addition to other possible clinical events. It is also important to emphasize that this report did not perform a more comprehensive assessment of quality of life using specific questionnaires.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>This case report demonstrates the success of septal embolization in symptomatic HCM using the embolic agent EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>), evidenced by a satisfactory post-procedure angiographic result and the absence of complications, with a marked decrease in the intraventricular gradient. Additionally, this case illustrates the feasibility and success of performing concomitant septal embolization with EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) and percutaneous LAD angioplasty in the same patient. Although promising, these findings in a single case reinforce the need for prospective, randomized clinical trials to compare the efficacy and safety of EVOH embolization with conventional septal reduction therapies and to systematically evaluate the safety and benefits of the combined approach in patients with HCM and concomitant CAD.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Urgências de Goiás under the protocol number CAAE: 81824624.6.0000.0033. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</person-group>
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<source>Lancet</source>
<year>2013</year>
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<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250019</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Embolização de Artéria Septal com EVOH na Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Obstrutiva Associada a Tratamento Percutâneo de Coronariopatia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8153-7304</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Trindade</surname><given-names>Victor Tavares</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1746-2124</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Núbia Andrade</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8931-3842</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Machado Garcia</surname><given-names>Nassandro</given-names><suffix>Júnior</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-1710-565X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Anna Luiza</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9832-426X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Prudente</surname><given-names>Maurício Lopes</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gardenghi</surname><given-names>Giulliano</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Aparecida de Goiânia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> • Hospital Encore – Cardiologia - Rua Gurupi, s/n Qd 25 Lt 06/08. CEP <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code>, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO - Brasil E-mail: <email>coordenacao.cientifica@ceafi.edu.br</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Humberto Villacorta</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
<kwd>Septos Cardíacos</kwd>
<kwd>Embolização Terapêutica</kwd>
<kwd>Doença da Artéria Coronariana</kwd>
<kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a doença cardíaca de origem genética mais comum. Ela tem uma herança autossômica dominante e, até o momento, nas 1400 mutações envolvidas na sua patogênese identificaram-se 11 genes, sendo os mais comuns a cadeia pesada da β-miosina (MYH7), a proteína C de ligação à miosina (MYBPC3), e a troponina T (TNNT2), que codificam proteínas sarcoméricas cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Há três mutações que atuam na sua fisiopatologia, sendo elas a missense, inserções e supressões. A mutação mais comum é a missense, que causa uma troca pontual entre dois ácidos nucléicos, acarretando mudança na conformação do nucleotídeo, levando a formação de um códon que codifica um aminoácido diferente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A CMH promove alterações na estrutura cardíaca, sendo a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) sem outra etiologia de base, a alteração anatômica mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A sua sintomatologia varia de acordo com os perfis da CMH, e pode apresentar-se de forma assintomática, sintomas menores como dispneia ao esforço, precordialgia, fadiga, pré-síncope e síncope, ou de forma grave, que evoluem com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada, arritmias ventriculares e atriais, até mesmo morte cardíaca súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A prevalência de CMH é estimada em 0,2% da população adulta, e por esse motivo o diagnóstico precoce, com ecocardiografia e ressonância cardíaca, principalmente, em grupos de risco, como atletas, é essencial, pois nesses pacientes se pode instituir tratamentos para a redução septal e, assim melhorar a sua qualidade de vida e proporcionar a continuidade da prática esportiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A presença de outras comorbidades juntamente com a CMH pode ocorrer em alguns pacientes, sendo a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) uma das possibilidades. Nesse perfil de pacientes, que possuem DAC e CMH, muitas vezes se faz necessário o tratamento percutâneo simultâneo das duas condições.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A realização concomitante de angioplastia coronariana e embolização septal são estratégias conhecidas que podem ser feitas em conjunto, no mesmo procedimento.</p>
<p>Dentre os tratamentos propostos para a CMH, o padrão ouro é a cirurgia, mas atualmente propostas de intervenção percutânea têm ganhado espaço por apresentar resultados clínicos semelhantes ao tratamento padrão na redução do gradiente e da espessura do septo proporcionando a melhora dos sintomas. Agente não alcoólico como o copolímero de etileno-álcool vinílico (EVOH - Onyx<sup>®</sup>, Micro Therapeutics, Inc. ev3 Neurovascular Irvine, CA, USA), já usado com sucesso em embolização de aneurismas e malformações arteriovenosas, tem sido implementado na redução septal, pois tem propriedade não adesiva, menos trombogênica, capaz de penetrar artérias profundas. Sua segurança se baseia na maior viscosidade e tempo de polimerização, quando comparado a substância alcoólicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar o caso de um paciente com CMH sintomático submetido à embolização septal com EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) associado a realização de angioplastia percutânea da artéria descendente anterior (ADA) de maneira concomitante. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de ética do Hospital de Urgências de Goiás sob o número CAAE: 81824624.6.0000.0033.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 62 anos, portadora de CMH septal em segmentos basal e médio do septo intraventricular, com relatos de dispneia progressiva e intolerância aos esforços nos últimos sete meses, classificada em <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) III, na admissão. Paciente em tratamento regular das comorbidades (hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia).</p>
<p>Ao exame físico, se encontrava estável hemodinamicamente, eupneica e sem sinais de desconforto respiratório. Ritmo cardíaco regular em dois tempos, sem sopros. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) pré procedimento demonstrava ritmo sinusal, intervalo PR normal, com sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (padrão <italic>strain</italic>). Realizou ecocardiograma transesofágico no pré-operatório, que evidenciou aumento importante e assimétrico da espessura miocárdica do ventrículo esquerdo, mais acentuado nos segmentos basal e médio da parede septal (medindo até 20 mm), gerando aceleração do fluxo sistólico na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, com gradiente dinâmico máximo de 160 mmHg.</p>
<p>Foi submetida à cineangiocoronariografia que revelou calcificações e lesão obstrutiva de 80% em terço médio da ADA e na origem e terço proximal do segundo ramo diagonal. Além disso, evidenciou primeiro e segundo ramos septais com origem da ADA, viáveis para a realização da terapia redutora septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref>). Na manometria invasiva, o gradiente intraventricular era de 180 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Angiografia e angioplastia da artéria descendente anterior (ADA).</title> <p>1A) Lesão de 80% no terço médio da ADA, pré-intervenção. 1B) Após intervenção por angioplastia transluminal percutânea com implante de um stent farmacológico.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Em decorrência da refratariedade dos sintomas à terapêutica otimizada e a presença de lesão coronariana obstrutiva grave, se procedeu com internação hospitalar e programação de tratamento: angioplastia transluminal coronariana da artéria descendente anterior e embolização de primeiro e segundo ramos septais com EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) em uma única etapa.</p>
<p>O procedimento foi realizado sob sedação e anestesia local, via artéria femoral direita com introdutor 6F (CORDIS AVANTI<sup>®</sup>+) com passagem de cateter guia XB 3.5 6F (Cordis, Warren, NJ, EUA), puncionada artéria radial direita com introdutor 5F radial com passagem de cateter Pig Tail posicionando-o na porção apical do VE para manometria simultânea com o cateter XB já posicionado na aorta. Após cateterização do tronco da coronária esquerda (TCE) avançamos o fio-guia Avigo<sup>®</sup> 0,014&quot; no primeiro ramo septal e através deste o microcateter Echelon<sup>®</sup> 10 &quot;dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) <italic>Compatible</italic>&quot;. Posicionamos um segundo fio-guia 0,014&quot; na porção distal da ADA e através desta um balão oclusor HyperGlide<sup>®</sup> <italic>Occlusion Balloon System</italic> 4.0x20mm (ambos <italic>Micro Therapeutics</italic>, Inc. ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) ocluindo o segmento da origem do primeiro ramo septal. Este é um balão complacente, atraumático, usado no território neurovascular, transita sobre fio-guia 0,014&quot; e necessita da presença deste no seu interior para ser insuflado. Realizado teste de oclusão do ramo septal pela insuflação do balão HyperGlide® e injeção de contraste através do microcateter, sem refluxo para ADA e TCE, e sem outras conexões com o vaso estudado. Com o objetivo de prevenir a polimerização do EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) dentro do lúmen do microcateter em contato com o soro ou sangue, injetamos o solvente DMSO, que compõe o kit, com volume exato para preenchê-lo (espaço morto de 0,34ml), imediatamente a seguir injetamos lentamente cerca de 2 a 3 ml do EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) até total opacificação do ramo septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>) não permitindo refluxo do mesmo para ADA. Ao final notamos fluxo distal preservado TIMI-III e oclusão total do ramo septal visualizado pela radiopacidade do EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>). A manometria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3B</xref>) evidenciou melhora importante do gradiente de pressão na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), reduzindo-se de 180 mmHg para 15 mmHg ao final do procedimento.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Embolização septal.</title> <p>2A) Opacificação do ramo septal não permitindo refluxo do mesmo para artéria descendente anterior (ADA). 2B) Final do procedimento evidenciando fluxo distal preservado TIMI-III e oclusão total do ramo septal visualizado pela radiopacidade do EVOH (Onyx®).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Manometrias.</title> <p>3A) Manometria obtida durante o procedimento, sendo o gradiente VE/Ao pré- procedimento de 180 mmHg. 3B) Melhora do gradiente após a embolização septal (15 mmHg).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-03-e20250019-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Após a realização da embolização, se prosseguiu com a angioplastia transluminal coronariana da ADA em etapa única conforme programação. Avançada da corda guia 0,014&quot; e transposição da lesão de ADA. Realizada pré dilatação da lesão com balão 3.0x20 mm. Implante de stent farmacológico 3.5x38 mm, com sucesso. Foi ainda realizada pós dilatação com balão não complacente 3.5x8 mm. Lesão do segundo ramo diagonal mantida em tratamento clínico. Ao término do procedimento, na avaliação do ECG, a paciente se mantinha em ritmo sinusal, sem sinais de bloqueio atrioventricular de qualquer grau e/ou alterações isquêmicas, com fluxo distal preservado TIMI III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1B</xref>). Posteriormente, foi realizada a retirada do introdutor com compressão manual do local de punção para hemostasia.</p>
<p>A paciente foi encaminhada à Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, estável hemodinamicamente, respirando em ar ambiente. Realizou ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) 72 horas após o procedimento que evidenciou septo 14 mm (-6 mm em relação ao basal), obstrução dinâmica na via de saída do VE em repouso determinando gradiente de 73 mmHg, portanto 110 mmHg a menos que o valor basal pré procedimento, porém 60 mmHg a mais que o pós-operatório imediato. Tal variação é descrita em casos de ablação septal como resposta trifásica que compreende a queda abruta do gradiente inicial, &quot;piora&quot; nos primeiros três a seis meses provavelmente pelo edema do músculo ablacionado e retorno, no terceiro momento, a gradientes mais baixos.</p>
<p>Recebeu alta hospitalar 72 horas após o procedimento, sem queixas e/ou intercorrências ao longo da internação, mantendo estabilidade hemodinâmica, apresentando classe funcional NYHA II. Foi programado seguimento ambulatorial com a equipe da cardiologia, terapia otimizada e realização de um novo ecocardiograma após controle adequado da frequência cardíaca para avaliar gradiente intraventricular. Foi realizado um novo ETT de controle, quatro meses após o procedimento, onde se observou septo interventricular de 14 mm com gradiente na VSVE de 39 mmHg, com regurgitação mitral leve pelo movimento anterior sistólico (MAS) da valva mitral. Na avaliação clínica, também após quatro meses, a paciente foi classificada como NYHA I, relatando estar assintomática.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Nos pacientes com CMH que são eleitos para proceder com a terapia de redução septal, a miectomia e a ablação com álcool são terapias já estabelecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em alguns casos selecionados, quando há a presença concomitante de CMH e DAC, a embolização septal em conjunto com a angioplastia do vaso acometido é um procedimento viável, como demonstrado por Honda et al., que descreveram a realização concomitante da embolização septal com etanol e angioplastia da ADA mostrando ser segura a realização de ambos os tratamentos durante um mesmo procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No caso clínico aqui relatado, foi realizado o tratamento concomitante de CMH com embolização não alcoólica e da DAC. A utilização do EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) como agente para embolização septal em conjunto com a realização de angioplastia da ADA ainda não foi descrita. Nosso relato se trata do primeiro caso descrito na literatura em que houve realização conjunta de embolização septal com EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) e angioplastia da ADA.</p>
<p>Os agentes não alcoólicos têm sido introduzidos na prática clínica mais recente, reduzindo o gradiente na VSVE gerando uma isquemia mais localizada. Entretanto, quando comparados ao álcool, esses agentes parecem não mostrar os mesmos resultados em longo prazo, devido a recidiva do gradiente na VSVE por retorno ou persistência das alterações fixas (espessura do septo) e dinâmicas (espessamento sistólico e estreitamento desse &quot;túnel&quot; com aceleração do fluxo e MAS) provavelmente por novas colaterais irrigando o septo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>O EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) tem se tornado uma alternativa no tratamento da redução septal na CMH devido a sua propriedade não adesiva, menos trombogênica e a capacidade de penetrar artérias septais mais profundas. Tal polímero, se torna seguro devido a maior viscosidade e tempo de polimerização, quando comparado a outros substâncias. Cabe destacar que a visibilidade de substâncias como Onyx<sup>®</sup> em embolizações se deve ao tântalo, que é radiopaco, sendo que o EVOH serve apenas como transportador para essa substância, permitindo melhor visualização e controle durante o procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar dos benefícios do EVOH, como o Onyx<sup>®</sup>, e da visibilidade do tântalo, a embolização septal na CMH apresenta limitações significativas. Entre elas, se destaca a dificuldade em controlar a injeção em vasos pequenos e complexos, o que eleva o risco de atingir áreas indesejadas, uma preocupação também abordada em contextos de tratamento endovascular, como o de malformações arteriovenosas intracranianas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Além disso, o EVOH exige solventes específicos, como o DMSO, e uma manipulação cuidadosa. Apesar das vantagens potenciais, a utilização do EVOH para embolização apresenta certas limitações em comparação com a técnica consagrada do álcool absoluto. O custo do procedimento é significativamente maior, uma vez que o EVOH exige microcateteres específicos compatíveis com DMSO, encarecendo o material. Além disso, a necessidade de um cateter para cada ramo septal eleva ainda mais os custos em casos de embolização de múltiplos ramos. Outra limitação relevante reside na dificuldade da cateterização seletiva dos ramos septais com fios-guia e microcateteres. Este desafio é particularmente acentuado em pacientes com DAC (com ou sem calcificações) e/ou stents previamente implantados, como observado no caso aqui relatado. Adicionalmente, existem riscos de complicações como bloqueios cardíacos, que podem demandar o implante de marca-passo, e arritmias. A técnica também possui uma curva de aprendizagem e há uma carência de dados de longo prazo para avaliar sua durabilidade e segurança em comparação com outras abordagens terapêuticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um trabalho realizado na Turquia por Asil et al., utilizou o EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) para embolização septal em 25 pacientes com CMH. Nesse estudo, dois dos pacientes cursaram com bloqueio AV completo e implante de MP, porém, sem dependência do MP à longo prazo, mantendo-se apenas um Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo no seguimento eletrocardiográfico. Houve refluxo do EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) para a artéria diagonal em um paciente, sem implicação clínica e eletrocardiográfica. Além disso, houve embolização de duas artérias septais de cinco pacientes por resultados hemodinâmicos não satisfatórios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesse estudo houve melhora da CF, queda do Peptídeo Natriurético Atrial (BNP) além de queda imediata do gradiente na VSVE (mediana de 68 mmHg para 20 mmHg). Entretanto, três pacientes não apresentaram redução do gradiente da VSVE após seis meses, a despeito da queda desse gradiente no pós-operatório imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em nosso relato de caso, não houve manifestação de bloqueio AV, além de melhora mais importante do gradiente na VSVE de 180mmHg para 15 mmHg (queda de 91% comparado com 70% do estudo turco), além de ser o primeiro caso relatado com realização de angioplastia concomitante à embolização e com resultado angiográfico satisfatório após o procedimento e sem complicações.</p>
<p>Sabe-se que o fator mais comum que contribui para o desenvolvimento da obstrução da VSVE é o MAS da valva mitral contra o septo interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No nosso relato, observamos uma melhora significativa no MAS da valva mitral. No ecocardiograma pré-operatório, a valva mitral apresentava espessamento discreto, com abertura preservada e MAS da cúspide anterior, gerando uma regurgitação de grau acentuado. Já no ETT realizado no terceiro dia de pós-operatório, a valva mitral ainda apresentava MAS do folheto anterior e regurgitação de grau moderado no início do exame, que se tornou leve com a redução da frequência cardíaca (FC) de 115 bpm para 90 bpm. O novo ETT realizado quatro meses após a alta mais uma vez evidenciou MAS leve, com FC de 62 bpm.</p>
<p>O seguimento após procedimento com EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) é essencial. No trabalho realizado por Asil et al., não houve avaliação de áreas de fibrose após as embolizações, e o seguimento foi realizado pelo ETT, por ser um método não invasivo e mais disponível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Já em nosso relato de caso, a aferição do gradiente foi feita por manometria direta, dando mais fidedignidade às medidas realizadas.</p>
<p>A diminuição significativa do gradiente de pressão após a embolização septal, como observado neste caso, é o pilar fisiológico para a melhora dos sintomas da CMH. Essa redução efetiva da obstrução na VSVE e a consequente otimização do fluxo sanguíneo proporcionam um alívio substancial dos sintomas incapacitantes que antes comprometiam gravemente a qualidade de vida do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa resposta positiva sobre os sintomas se manifesta na melhora da classe funcional pelo escore da NYHA. Em nosso relato, a paciente, após quatro meses do procedimento, foi classificada em NYHA I, indicando um progresso importante em relação à sua condição basal de NYHA III.</p>
<p>Esse estudo possui limitações que precisam ser destacadas. Não foi realizada a troponina antes e após as intervenções. Os resultados foram acompanhados pelo ETT, por ser um método não invasivo e mais acessível, estando, portanto, sujeitos ao viés do examinador. Outro fator a ser mencionado é a ausência do seguimento em um prazo maior. Reconhecemos que o ideal seria ter o acompanhamento por um período superior a 12 meses, visando investigar eventuais mudanças nos gradientes e na anatomia dos septos, além de se documentar a evolução do quadro clínico pelo escore de NYHA, além de outros possíveis eventos clínicos. Importante ainda ressaltar que o presente relato não realizou uma avaliação mais abrangente da qualidade de vida utilizando questionários específicos.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>O presente relato de caso demonstra o sucesso da embolização septal na CMH sintomática, utilizando o agente embólico EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>), evidenciado por um resultado angiográfico pós-procedimento satisfatório e a ausência de complicações, com diminuição marcante do gradiente intraventricular. Adicionalmente, este caso ilustra a viabilidade e o sucesso da realização concomitante da embolização septal com EVOH (Onyx<sup>®</sup>) e da angioplastia percutânea da ADA no mesmo paciente. Embora promissores, estes achados em um único caso reforçam a necessidade de estudos clínicos prospectivos e randomizados para comparar a eficácia e segurança da embolização com EVOH em relação às terapias convencionais de redução septal e para avaliar sistematicamente a segurança e os benefícios da abordagem combinada em pacientes com CMH e DAC concomitante.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital de Urgências de Goiás sob o número de protocolo CAAE: 81824624.6.0000.0033. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
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