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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250029i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abchf.20250029i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Optimizing Post-Discharge Heart Failure Care: The Role of Natriuretic Peptides</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Conception</role>
<role>design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names></name>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> • Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Clínica (MMC) – Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. Postal Code <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ – Brazil Email: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
<p>Humberto Villacorta - Speaker fees and study support from Roche Diagnostics and QuidelOrtho.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>19</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250029</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
<p><fig id="f2">
<caption>
<title>A proposed post-discharge strategy for patients with heart failure using natriuretic peptides at different timepoints. Natriuretic peptides concentrations and trajectories provide prognostic information and may add information to clinical decision-making. NP: natriuretic peptides.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250029-gf02.tif"/>
</fig></p>
</abstract>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of hospitalization, mortality, and health-care burden worldwide. The post-discharge period following acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is characterized by a heightened risk of rehospitalization and death, particularly during the first 90 days, known as the &quot;vulnerable phase.&quot; Effective strategies for risk stratification and therapy optimization during this phase are crucial to improve outcomes.</p>
<p>Natriuretic peptides (NPs), including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP), are well-established biomarkers of myocardial stress. Beyond their diagnostic role, NPs have emerged as powerful prognostic tools for post-discharge risk assessment and as potential guides for therapy titration. Elevated NP levels at discharge and persistently high concentrations one week post-discharge strongly predict adverse outcomes. Evidence from the STRONG-HF trial demonstrated that early, intensive follow-up incorporating NP monitoring and rapid guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) up-titration significantly reduced mortality and rehospitalization. Serial NP measurements further enhance risk stratification by capturing dynamic changes over time. Although trials such as GUIDE-IT showed mixed results for NP-guided therapy using fixed targets, patients achieving lower NP levels consistently demonstrated better outcomes.</p>
<p>In conclusion, NPs provide incremental prognostic value beyond clinical assessment in the vulnerable post-discharge phase and throughout long-term management. Early and serial NP monitoring can identify high-risk patients and support GDMT optimization. Future research should refine timing, thresholds, and integration of NP-guided strategies into multimodal risk models to enhance personalized HF care and improve global patient outcomes.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
<kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="30"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent and serious condition, affecting over 64 million individuals globally and imposing substantial morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a sentinel event, marking a period of heightened vulnerability. Patients discharged after ADHF are at elevated risk of adverse outcomes, particularly during the first 90 days, a phase often termed the &quot;vulnerable phase&quot;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Event rates in this period remain significant; in one study, 22% of patients experienced death or readmission within 90 days post-discharge,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> whereas other reports indicate rates approaching 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Effective post-discharge risk stratification and optimization of therapy remain critical to improving outcomes.</p>
<p>Natriuretic peptides (NPs), especially B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal prohormone fragment (NT-proBNP), are established biomarkers of myocardial stress and volume overload. Beyond their diagnostic utility in acute decompensation, NP measurement has emerged as a potentially valuable tool for prognostication and for guiding guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in the post-discharge setting. This narrative review examines the biology of NP, the evidence supporting their prognostic role after hospital discharge, and the evolving literature on NP-guided therapy titration, emphasizing both global applicability and remaining uncertainties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>The natriuretic peptide biology</title>
<p>BNP and NT-proBNP are cardiac-derived hormones released in response to myocardial wall stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the hospitalized HF population, the primary driver of NP secretion is acute volume overload and increased intracardiac pressures, manifesting as pulmonary or systemic congestion. In contrast, in ambulatory patients or in individuals who have undergone effective decongestion, NP levels predominantly reflect chronic alterations in cardiac structure and function, including ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, and systolic or diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>This distinction has practical implications. The concept of &quot;wet&quot; versus &quot;dry&quot; BNP/NT-proBNP underscores the dynamic nature of these biomarkers: &quot;wet&quot; levels indicate active congestion and acute hemodynamic stress, while &quot;dry&quot; levels in compensated patients are indicative of residual myocardial pathology rather than overt fluid overload. Recognizing this physiological gradient is essential for interpreting NP measurements in post-discharge care.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Natriuretic peptides during hospitalization</title>
<p>At admission for ADHF, NP values are typically markedly elevated. These levels correlate with hemodynamic severity, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and overall congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Effective in-hospital decongestion through diuretics and GDMT generally leads to substantial reductions in NP values, reflecting relief of myocardial wall stress and decreased intracardiac pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>The NP level at discharge, while lower than admission, remains a strong prognostic marker. Several studies have demonstrated that higher discharge BNP or NT-proBNP levels predict short-term rehospitalization and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These observations highlight that NP values provide risk information above and beyond traditional clinical assessment and underscore the potential utility of post-discharge NP monitoring.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Role of NP measurement one week after discharge</title>
<p>Early post-discharge assessment of NP levels has garnered interest as a method to identify patients at persistent risk. The STRONG-HF trial, a randomized multicenter study, evaluated high-intensity post-discharge follow-up with early outpatient visits, uptitration of GDMT, and clinical and laboratory assessment, including NT-proBNP measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This intensive treatment strategy of rapid up-titration of GDMT after an acute HF admission reduced symptoms, improved quality of life, and reduced the risk of 180-day all-cause death or HF readmission compared with usual care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A subanalysis of the STRONG-HF trial demonstrated that NT-proBNP levels measured approximately one week after discharge were strongly predictive of adverse events within three months. Patients with persistently elevated NT-proBNP at one week experienced higher rates of readmission and mortality compared with those whose levels declined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>These findings support a model in which early biomarker assessment can identify residual risk not captured by conventional clinical evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Collectively, these data suggest that measuring NP within the first week post-discharge may refine short-term risk stratification and provide actionable information for timely therapy adjustments.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Role of NP measurement beyond the vulnerable phase</title>
<p>In the STRONG-HF trial, the prediction power of NT-proBNP was limited to three months after discharge. This suggests that a new NP measurement should be done after three months. In fact, longer-term post-discharge NP measurements provide complementary prognostic information. In the PARADIGM-HF trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 63% of patients had been hospitalized for ADHF in the last year. Serial NT-proBNP measurements were evaluated in the ambulatory setting in patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan or enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Higher NP levels were consistently associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular death, even after adjustment for established clinical predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>The incremental value of NP relative to clinical risk scores is exemplified by studies comparing NT-proBNP with the MAGGIC risk score. The MAGGIC risk score is derived by combining 13 clinical variables used in routine practice, including age, sex, ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, BMI, and creatinine level, into a proportional hazards model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Rohen et al. demonstrated that NP measurement improved risk reclassification beyond the MAGGIC score, suggesting that dynamic biomarker assessment can enhance prognostic precision in ambulatory HF patients (most of them had been hospitalized in the last year).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> These findings highlight that NP levels retain prognostic significance beyond the immediate post-discharge period, supporting their use in medium-term risk monitoring.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Role of serial NP measurement</title>
<p>Serial NP measurements provide additional insights beyond single time-point assessments. Repeated measures allow quantification of biomarker trajectories, capturing both relative and absolute changes from baseline. Studies have demonstrated that a decline in NP levels over time correlates with improved outcomes, whereas persistently elevated or rising NP levels signal ongoing risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Recent evidence further supports the use of serial NP for patient reclassification. A subanalysis of the GUIDE-IT trial showed that incorporating NP changes over multiple time points reclassified risk in a substantial subset of patients compared with baseline values alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Serial NP monitoring, therefore, represents a promising strategy to refine risk stratification and potentially guide therapy titration after discharge, although interventional studies targeting therapy adjustments based on NP trajectories remain limited.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>NP-guided therapy titration</title>
<p>As discussed before, NP can be used to assess response to treatment, and as such may be useful to progress or withhold GDMT. However, the role of NP to guide GDMT titration with a specific NP value as a target to reach is not clear. Early studies, such as the PROTECT trial, suggested that NP-guided titration could improve medication optimization and reduce adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> More recently, the GUIDE-IT trial, a multicenter randomized study, compared NT-proBNP-guided therapy with usual care in high-risk HFrEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Although GUIDE-IT was neutral for its primary endpoint, post-hoc analyses indicated that patients achieving lower NT-proBNP levels had superior outcomes, supporting the role of natriuretic peptide to assess response to treatment, regardless of whether you use an NP target or just use clinical information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>STRONG-HF provides a complementary perspective. In this pragmatic-positive framing, the trial demonstrated that early, intensive post-discharge follow-up combined with GDMT optimization, in which NP measurement was a key component, significantly reduced HF rehospitalization and mortality at three months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The trial suggests that monitoring NP trajectories, rather than an NP target, can inform safe and effective up-titration of GDMT, particularly in the early vulnerable phase. Collectively, these studies underscore that NP-guided therapy remains a promising approach, although variability in trial design and patient populations has contributed to heterogeneous findings. The Central Illustration demonstrates a proposed post-discharge strategy for patients with HF using NPs, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates possible clinical decisions according to NP trajectories.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Possible clinical decisions according to NP trajectories. If NP concentrations are high or rising, this indicates that the patient is not responding to current treatment, and something else should be done. These include more frequent medical visits, diuretic adjustments, cardiac image tests, adjunctive therapies, and referral to advanced therapies, such as left ventricular assist devices or cardiac transplantation. On the other hand, stable or declining concentrations indicate that no additional tests or therapies are necessary. GDMT: Guideline-directed medical therapy. Adapted from Khan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250029-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Unresolved gaps and controversies</title>
<p>Despite robust evidence for the prognostic value of NP post-discharge, several unresolved questions persist. First, the optimal timing and frequency of NP measurements remain unclear. While early post-discharge measurement (e.g., one week) identifies high-risk patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> whether repeated measurements at three months, six months, or longer intervals improve outcomes is uncertain.</p>
<p>Second, thresholds for clinical action remain debated. Different studies have used absolute NP cutoffs, percentage change from baseline, or trajectories to guide interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Lack of standardization limits comparability and may explain variable trial results.</p>
<p>Third, although NP-guided therapy titration is biologically plausible and supported by exploratory analyses, randomized evidence demonstrating consistent outcome benefits is limited. Heterogeneity in patient adherence, comorbidities, and clinician behavior likely contributes to these inconsistencies.</p>
<p>Finally, integrating NP into broader risk models is an ongoing challenge. While NP improves risk stratification relative to clinical scores alone, combining biomarkers with imaging, hemodynamics, and patient-reported outcomes to develop holistic, actionable models remains an unmet need.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>NPs are powerful biomarkers that reflect both acute congestion and chronic myocardial pathology. Elevated NP at hospital discharge, as well as trajectories measured early post-discharge, provide valuable prognostic information for HF patients. Evidence from STRONG-HF and other studies suggests that early NP assessment may facilitate identification of patients at high risk for rehospitalization or death within the vulnerable post-discharge period. Serial NP monitoring further refines risk stratification and offers a potential strategy to guide GDMT titration.</p>
<p>While randomized trials of NP-guided therapy have yielded mixed results, the cumulative evidence supports the clinical utility of NP for risk assessment and therapy optimization, particularly when integrated with comprehensive clinical evaluation. Remaining gaps include standardization of measurement timing, actionable thresholds, and integration with multi-dimensional risk models. Future research should focus on refining NP-guided approaches and clarifying their role in improving patient-centered outcomes globally.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250029</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Otimizando o Manuseio da Insuficiência Cardíaca após a Alta: O Papel dos Peptídeos Natriuréticos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção</role>
<role>desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Villacorta</surname><given-names>Aline Sterque</given-names></name>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Niterói</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Humberto Villacorta</bold> • Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Clínica (MMC) – Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. CEP <postal-code>24070-090</postal-code>, Niterói, RJ – Brasil Email: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Humberto Villacorta - Honorários de palestrante e apoio ao estudo da Roche Diagnostics e da QuidelOrtho</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Germano Souza</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
<p><fig id="f4">
<caption>
<title>Estratégia pós-alta proposta para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca utilizando peptídeos natriuréticos em diferentes momentos. As concentrações e trajetórias dos peptídeos natriuréticos fornecem informações prognósticas e podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas. PN: peptídeos natriuréticos.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250029-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig></p>
</abstract>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) continua sendo uma das principais causas de hospitalização, mortalidade e sobrecarga do sistema de saúde em todo o mundo. O período pós-alta após insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) é caracterizado por um risco elevado de reinternação e morte, particularmente durante os primeiros 90 dias, conhecido como &quot;fase vulnerável&quot;. Estratégias eficazes para estratificação de risco e otimização da terapia durante essa fase são cruciais para melhorar os resultados.</p>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos (PNs), incluindo o peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e seu fragmento N-terminal (NT-proBNP), são biomarcadores bem estabelecidos de estresse miocárdico. Além de seu papel diagnóstico, os PNs emergiram como ferramentas prognósticas poderosas para avaliação de risco pós-alta hospitalar e como potenciais guias para titulação terapêutica. Níveis elevados de PN na alta e concentrações persistentemente altas uma semana após a alta predizem fortemente desfechos adversos. Evidências do estudo STRONG-HF demonstraram que o acompanhamento precoce e intensivo, incorporando monitoramento de PN e titulação rápida da terapia medicamentosa guiada por diretrizes (TMGD) reduziu significativamente a mortalidade e a reinternação. Medições seriadas de PN aprimoram ainda mais a estratificação de risco, capturando mudanças dinâmicas ao longo do tempo. Embora estudos como o GUIDE-IT tenham apresentado resultados mistos para a terapia guiada por PN utilizando metas fixas, pacientes que atingiram níveis mais baixos de PN demonstraram consistentemente melhores desfechos.</p>
<p>Em conclusão, os peptídeos natriuréticos fornecem valor prognóstico adicional além da avaliação clínica na fase vulnerável pós-alta hospitalar e ao longo do manejo a longo prazo. O monitoramento precoce e seriado dos PN pode identificar pacientes de alto risco e auxiliar na otimização da terapia medicamentosa. Pesquisas futuras devem refinar o momento, os limiares e a integração de estratégias guiadas por PN em modelos de risco multimodais para aprimorar o cuidado personalizado da IC e melhorar os desfechos globais dos pacientes.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Peptídeos Natriuréticos</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Serviços Médicos de Emergência</kwd>
<kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma condição prevalente e grave, que afeta mais de 64 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e impõe morbidade, mortalidade e custos de saúde substanciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) é um evento sentinela, marcando um período de maior vulnerabilidade. Pacientes que recebem alta após ICAD apresentam risco elevado de desfechos adversos, particularmente durante os primeiros 90 dias, fase frequentemente denominada &quot;fase vulnerável&quot;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As taxas de eventos nesse período permanecem significativas; em um estudo, 22% dos pacientes apresentaram óbito ou readmissão em até 90 dias após a alta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> enquanto outros relatos indicam taxas próximas a 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A estratificação de risco eficaz após a alta e a otimização da terapia continuam sendo cruciais para a melhoria dos desfechos.</p>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos (PN), especialmente o peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e seu fragmento pró-hormonal N-terminal (NT-proBNP), são biomarcadores estabelecidos de estresse miocárdico e sobrecarga de volume. Além de sua utilidade diagnóstica na descompensação aguda, a dosagem de PN emergiu como uma ferramenta potencialmente valiosa para prognóstico e para orientar a terapia medicamentosa guiada por diretrizes (TMGD) no período pós-alta hospitalar. Esta revisão narrativa examina a biologia dos PN, as evidências que sustentam seu papel prognóstico após a alta hospitalar e a literatura em evolução sobre a titulação da terapia guiada por PN, enfatizando tanto a aplicabilidade global quanto as incertezas remanescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Biologia do peptídeo natriurético</title>
<p>O BNP e o NT-proBNP são hormônios derivados do coração, liberados em resposta ao estresse da parede miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Na população hospitalizada com IC, o principal fator que impulsiona a secreção de PN é a sobrecarga aguda de volume e o aumento das pressões intracardíacas, que se manifestam como congestão pulmonar ou sistêmica. Em contraste, em pacientes ambulatoriais ou em indivíduos que passaram por descongestão eficaz, os níveis de PN refletem predominantemente alterações crônicas na estrutura e função cardíacas, incluindo dilatação ventricular, hipertrofia e disfunção sistólica ou diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Essa distinção tem implicações práticas. O conceito de BNP/NT-proBNP &quot;úmido&quot; versus &quot;seco&quot; ressalta a natureza dinâmica desses biomarcadores: níveis &quot;úmidos&quot; indicam congestão ativa e estresse hemodinâmico agudo, enquanto níveis &quot;secos&quot; em pacientes compensados são indicativos de patologia miocárdica residual em vez de sobrecarga hídrica evidente. Reconhecer esse gradiente fisiológico é essencial para a interpretação das medições de PN no cuidado pós-alta.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Peptídeos natriuréticos durante a hospitalização</title>
<p>Na admissão por ICAD, os valores de PN geralmente estão acentuadamente elevados. Esses níveis se correlacionam com a gravidade hemodinâmica, a pressão capilar pulmonar e a congestão geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A descongestão hospitalar eficaz por meio de diuréticos e a TMGD geralmente levam a reduções substanciais nos valores de PN, refletindo o alívio do estresse da parede miocárdica e a diminuição das pressões intracardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>O nível de PN na alta hospitalar, embora inferior ao da admissão, permanece um forte marcador prognóstico. Diversos estudos demonstraram que níveis mais elevados de BNP ou NT-proBNP na alta predizem reinternação e mortalidade em curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essas observações destacam que os valores de PN fornecem informações de risco que vão além da avaliação clínica tradicional e ressaltam a utilidade potencial do monitoramento de PN após a alta.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Papel da medição de PN uma semana após a alta</title>
<p>A avaliação precoce dos níveis de PN após a alta hospitalar tem despertado interesse como método para identificar pacientes com risco persistente. O estudo STRONG-HF, um estudo multicêntrico randomizado, avaliou o acompanhamento intensivo pós-alta com consultas ambulatoriais precoces, aumento da TMGD e avaliação clínica e laboratorial, incluindo a dosagem de NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa estratégia de tratamento intensivo com aumento rápido da TMGD após internação por IC aguda reduziu os sintomas, melhorou a qualidade de vida e reduziu o risco de morte por todas as causas ou reinternação por IC em 180 dias, em comparação com o tratamento padrão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Uma subanálise do estudo STRONG-HF demonstrou que os níveis de NT-proBNP medidos aproximadamente uma semana após a alta hospitalar foram fortemente preditivos de eventos adversos em até três meses. Pacientes com NT-proBNP persistentemente elevado em uma semana apresentaram taxas mais altas de readmissão e mortalidade em comparação com aqueles cujos níveis diminuíram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Esses achados corroboram um modelo no qual a avaliação precoce de biomarcadores pode identificar riscos residuais não detectados pela avaliação clínica convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em conjunto, esses dados sugerem que a mensuração de PN na primeira semana após a alta hospitalar pode refinar a estratificação de risco a curto prazo e fornecer informações práticas para ajustes terapêuticos oportunos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>O papel da medição de PN além da fase vulnerável</title>
<p>No estudo STRONG-HF, o poder preditivo do NT-proBNP foi limitado a três meses após a alta hospitalar. Isso sugere que uma nova dosagem de PN deve ser realizada após três meses. De fato, dosagens de PN em longo prazo após a alta fornecem informações prognósticas complementares. No estudo PARADIGM-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 63% dos pacientes haviam sido hospitalizados por ICAD no último ano. Dosagens seriadas de NT-proBNP foram avaliadas em ambiente ambulatorial em pacientes que receberam sacubitril/valsartana ou enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Níveis mais elevados de PN foram consistentemente associados a um risco aumentado de hospitalização por IC e morte cardiovascular, mesmo após ajuste para preditores clínicos estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
<p>O valor incremental do PN em relação aos escores de risco clínico é exemplificado por estudos que comparam o NT-proBNP com o escore de risco MAGGIC. O escore de risco MAGGIC é derivado da combinação de 13 variáveis clínicas utilizadas na prática de rotina, incluindo idade, sexo, fração de ejeção, pressão arterial sistólica, IMC e nível de creatinina, em um modelo de riscos proporcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Rohen et al. demonstraram que a mensuração do PN melhorou a reclassificação de risco além do escore MAGGIC, sugerindo que a avaliação dinâmica de biomarcadores pode aumentar a precisão prognóstica em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC (a maioria dos quais havia sido hospitalizado no último ano).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esses achados destacam que os níveis de PN mantêm a significância prognóstica além do período pós-alta imediato, apoiando seu uso no monitoramento de risco a médio prazo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Papel da medição seriada de PN</title>
<p>Medições seriadas de PN fornecem informações adicionais além de avaliações pontuais. Medidas repetidas permitem a quantificação das trajetórias dos biomarcadores, capturando tanto as alterações relativas quanto as absolutas em relação ao valor basal. Estudos demonstraram que uma redução nos níveis de PN ao longo do tempo está correlacionada com melhores resultados, enquanto níveis de PN persistentemente elevados ou crescentes sinalizam risco contínuo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
<p>Evidências recentes reforçam ainda mais o uso do PN seriado para a reclassificação de pacientes. Uma subanálise do estudo GUIDE-IT mostrou que a incorporação das alterações do PN em múltiplos momentos reclassificou o risco em uma parcela substancial de pacientes em comparação com os valores basais isoladamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Portanto, o monitoramento seriado do PN representa uma estratégia promissora para refinar a estratificação de risco e potencialmente orientar o ajuste da terapia após a alta hospitalar, embora estudos intervencionistas que visem ajustes terapêuticos com base nas trajetórias do PN ainda sejam limitados.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Titulação terapêutica guiada por PN</title>
<p>Como discutido anteriormente, o peptídeo natriurético (PN) pode ser usado para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento e, como tal, pode ser útil para progredir ou suspender a TMGD. No entanto, o papel do PN para orientar a titulação da TMGD com um valor específico de PN como meta a ser alcançado não está claro. Estudos iniciais, como o ensaio PROTECT, sugeriram que a titulação guiada por PN poderia melhorar a otimização da medicação e reduzir eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, o ensaio GUIDE-IT, um estudo multicêntrico randomizado, comparou a terapia guiada por NT-proBNP com o tratamento padrão em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Embora o GUIDE-IT tenha sido neutro para seu desfecho primário, análises post-hoc indicaram que pacientes que atingiram níveis mais baixos de NT-proBNP apresentaram melhores resultados, apoiando o papel do peptídeo natriurético na avaliação da resposta ao tratamento, independentemente de se utilizar um alvo de PN ou apenas informações clínicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo STRONG-HF oferece uma perspectiva complementar. Nessa abordagem pragmática e positiva, o ensaio demonstrou que o acompanhamento pós-alta precoce e intensivo, combinado com a otimização da TMGD, na qual a mensuração de PN foi um componente-chave, reduziu significativamente a reinternação por IC e a mortalidade em três meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O ensaio sugere que o monitoramento das trajetórias de PN, em vez de um alvo de PN, pode orientar o aumento seguro e eficaz da TMGD, particularmente na fase inicial vulnerável. Coletivamente, esses estudos reforçam que a terapia guiada por PN continua sendo uma abordagem promissora, embora a variabilidade no desenho dos ensaios e nas populações de pacientes tenha contribuído para resultados heterogêneos. A Figura Central demonstra uma estratégia pós-alta proposta para pacientes com IC que utilizam peptídeos natriuréticos, e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> ilustra possíveis decisões clínicas de acordo com as trajetórias de PN.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
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<title>Possíveis decisões clínicas de acordo com as trajetórias dos PN. Se as concentrações de PN estiverem altas ou aumentando, isso indica que o paciente não está respondendo ao tratamento atual e que outras medidas devem ser tomadas. Essas medidas incluem consultas médicas mais frequentes, ajustes de diuréticos, exames de imagem cardíaca, terapias adjuvantes e encaminhamento para terapias avançadas, como dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda ou transplante cardíaco. Por outro lado, concentrações estáveis ou em declínio indicam que não são necessários exames ou terapias adicionais. TMGD: Terapia médica guiada por diretrizes. Adaptado de Khan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250029-gf01-pt.tif"/>
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<title>Lacunas e controvérsias não resolvidas</title>
<p>Apesar das fortes evidências do valor prognóstico do PN após a alta hospitalar, várias questões permanecem sem resposta. Primeiro, o momento e a frequência ideais para as medições do PN ainda não estão claros. Embora a medição precoce após a alta (por exemplo, uma semana) identifique pacientes de alto risco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> não se sabe ao certo se medições repetidas em intervalos de três meses, seis meses ou mais longos melhoram os resultados.</p>
<p>Em segundo lugar, os limiares para ação clínica permanecem em debate. Diferentes estudos utilizaram pontos de corte absolutos de PN, variação percentual em relação ao valor basal ou trajetórias para orientar as intervenções.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A falta de padronização limita a comparabilidade e pode explicar os resultados variáveis dos ensaios.</p>
<p>Em terceiro lugar, embora a titulação da terapia guiada por PN seja biologicamente plausível e apoiada por análises exploratórias, as evidências randomizadas que demonstram benefícios consistentes nos resultados são limitadas. A heterogeneidade na adesão do paciente, nas comorbidades e no comportamento do profissional de saúde provavelmente contribui para essas inconsistências.</p>
<p>Por fim, a integração de PN em modelos de risco mais abrangentes continua sendo um desafio. Embora os PN melhorem a estratificação de risco em relação aos escores clínicos isoladamente, a combinação de biomarcadores com exames de imagem, hemodinâmica e resultados relatados pelos pacientes para desenvolver modelos holísticos e acionáveis permanece uma necessidade não atendida.</p>
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<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos são biomarcadores poderosos que refletem tanto a congestão aguda quanto a patologia miocárdica crônica. Níveis elevados de PN na alta hospitalar, bem como as trajetórias medidas logo após a alta, fornecem informações prognósticas valiosas para pacientes com IC. Evidências do estudo STRONG-HF e de outros estudos sugerem que a avaliação precoce de PN pode facilitar a identificação de pacientes com alto risco de reinternação ou morte durante o período vulnerável após a alta. O monitoramento seriado de PN refina ainda mais a estratificação de risco e oferece uma estratégia potencial para orientar a titulação da terapia medicamentosa otimizada para IC.</p>
<p>Embora os ensaios clínicos randomizados de terapia guiada por PN tenham apresentado resultados mistos, as evidências acumuladas apoiam a utilidade clínica da PN para avaliação de risco e otimização da terapia, particularmente quando integrada a uma avaliação clínica abrangente. Lacunas ainda existentes incluem a padronização do momento da coleta de dados, a definição de limiares de ação e a integração com modelos de risco multidimensionais. Pesquisas futuras devem se concentrar no aprimoramento das abordagens guiadas por PN e na elucidação de seu papel na melhoria dos desfechos centrados no paciente em nível global.</p>
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<label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
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<label>Vinculação acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
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<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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