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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20250001i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250001i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>What is Happening with Heart Failure in Brazil? An Insight from DATASUS Data Analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>Tainá Clayton Pellini</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5406-0787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Rosane Aparecida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Passos</surname><given-names>Afonso Diniz C.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>Marcus V.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Marcus V. Simões</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code <postal-code>14049-900</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year></pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250001</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>02</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="7"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a chronic and progressive clinical syndrome caused by a structural or functional cardiac abnormality, whose symptoms include dyspnea and fatigue and are accompanied by physical signs such as peripheral edema, pulmonary rales, and jugular venous distension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The natural history of HF often involves rapid worsening of symptoms and signs, leading to severe manifestations at rest, characterizing acute decompensated HF (AHF), usually requiring hospitalization for its control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>AHF is responsible for a large part of the costs of HF for the health system and represents a serious clinical problem with an in-hospital mortality rate of around 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, the recently published results of the BREATHE study (First Brazilian Registry of Acute HF), including data from 3,013 patients hospitalized for AHF in 71 health services in different regions of Brazil between 2011 and 2018, reported a hospital mortality rate of 10.9%, a value considerably higher than those reported in other contemporary registries. The reasons for this high mortality are unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>To contribute to the understanding of this scenario, we analyzed the evolution of the number of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality of the main cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the Unified Health System (SUS) using the DATASUS platform. In addition, we collected data on mortality due to HF in the general Brazilian population.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>On the platform DATASUS TabNET, we accessed the hospital information system of the Ministry of Health (SIH/MS) to extract information on the number of hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths considering the international classification of diseases (ICD10) codes corresponding to HF (ICD10: I50), myocardial infarction (ICD10: I21 and I22) and stroke (ICD10: I64). The research covered the years 2008 to 2019.</p>
<p>HF mortality in the general Brazilian population was obtained from the Ministry of Health&apos;s mortality information system.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<sec>
<title>HF mortality in Brazil</title>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the temporal evolution of the mortality rate due to HF in Brazil, adjusted for 100,000 inhabitants, between 2008 and 2019. A significant trend of progressive reduction of this rate is observed (linear regression showing R2=0.71, p&lt;0.05), reaching 12.9 deaths/100,000 inhabitants in 2019.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Illustrating the mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants in Brazil between 2008 and 2019.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250001-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: MS/SVS/CGIAE - Mortality Information System – SIM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Number of hospitalizations and hospital mortality due to HF compared to other CVDs</title>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows data on hospitalizations for HF, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, between 2008 and 2019, showing the absolute numbers and the percentage value in relation to the total number of hospitalizations for CVD, in addition to the total number of deaths and hospital mortality rate in the same period, for each condition.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Number of hospitalizations due to the main cardiovascular diseases: HF, AMI, stroke, with percentage in relation to the total number of hospitalizations due to CVD in the SUS, number of deaths and in-hospital mortality in Brazil between 2008 and 2019</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="9%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Year</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Heart Failure</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Acute myocardial infarction</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Stroke</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">CVD Hospitalizations</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Interventions<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Deaths/mortality In-hospital</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalizations</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Deaths/mortality In-hospital</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Hospitalizations</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Deaths/mortality In-hospital</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2008</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">270,988 (24.49%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22513</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.31%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63,388 (5.73%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8631</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13.62%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92,863 (8.39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20732</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,106,568</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">269,891 (23.77%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23043</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.54%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68,497 (6.03%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8881</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.97%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9109,612 (9.66%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22368</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.06</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,135,281</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">265,038 (22.95%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23677</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8.93%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75,244 (6.51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9715</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.91%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">116,633 (10.10%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23717</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,155,046</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2011</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">260,995 (22.53%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24451</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.37%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">81,102 (7.00%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10371</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.79%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">124,143 (10.72%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24256</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,158,271</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">242,919 (21.40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23071</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">85,222(7.51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10571</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.40%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">127,512 (11.23%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24130</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,134,964</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">236,550 (20.87%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22858</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.66%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">86,795 (7.66%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10785</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.43%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">133,930 (11.82%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24281</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,133,438</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">223,825 (19.59%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22031</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.84%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95,343 (8.35%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11187</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.73%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">142,403 (12.47%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24323</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,142,322</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">217,050 (19.34%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22756</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.48%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100,617 (8.96%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11837</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.76%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">145,276 (12.94%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25593</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,122,402</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">214,434 (19.09%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23519</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.97%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">107,577 (9.58%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12174</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.32%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">149,333 (13.29%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26278</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,123,323</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2017</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">209,162 (18.39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22669</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.84%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">113,655 (9.99%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12090</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.64%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">153,595 (13.51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15532</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,137,207</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">201,040 (17.40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22487</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.19%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120,010 (10.39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12494</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.41%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">157,203 (13.60%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25802</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,155,560</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">199,858 (16.93%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22723</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.37%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">132,173 (11.20%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12887</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9.75%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">163,384 (13.84%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26410</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,180,508</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><label>*</label><p>Percentages in relation to the total number of interventions for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Source: SIH/MS – Source: Ministry of Health – SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>We observed that the total number of hospitalizations for CVD remained relatively stable during the period. The number of hospitalizations for HF showed a significant decrease of 26% during the same period. In contrast, we observed a significant increase in hospitalizations for AMI, of 108%, and for stroke, of 76%, during the same period.</p>
<p>In parallel, we observed a 37% increase in hospital mortality due to HF, reaching a rate of 11.4% in 2019. In contrast, mortality among patients hospitalized for AMI fell by 28% and for stroke the reduction was 15%. The evolution of these in-hospital mortality rates is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Line graph illustrating the evolution of the in-hospital mortality rate for the main cardiovascular diseases (HF, AMI, and stroke) between 2008 and 2019.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250001-gf02.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Ministry of Health – SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> HF: heart failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The main results of this rapid survey show that mortality from HF in the general Brazilian population has been falling over the last decade. This is most likely due to several factors, including advances in pharmacological therapy, with the addition of new drugs capable of changing the natural history of the disease, greater access by the population to HF medications, and improvements in health care, with the education of health professionals and publication of guidelines by medical societies.</p>
<p>However, contrary to this positive result, in-hospital mortality due to HF in the SUS has shown a worrying increase, reaching rates similar to those reported by the BREATHE registry, whose data collection occurred within the period covered by our data survey, even though BREATHE was not restricted to public institutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Based on the results shown here, this increase in in-hospital mortality occurred in parallel with a significant reduction in the number of hospitalizations for HF. This observation strongly suggests that there has been a selection of more severe cases for hospitalization for HF, which may explain the observed increase in in-hospital mortality. It is worth noting that the number of hospitalizations for HF has increased in other countries around the world, such as the United States of America, where there were 1,297,000 hospitalizations for HF in 2019, an increase of 16% compared to 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, we still need to consider why other CVDs, such as AMI and stroke, exhibited completely opposite behavior. Considering that the total number of hospitalizations for CVD showed practically no increase in the period surveyed, it is plausible to assume that there was a &quot;competition&quot; for hospital beds in the SUS and that patients with AMI and stroke, due to their more dramatic clinical presentation and the widely disseminated concept that &quot;heart attack can kill&quot;, were considered to be at higher risk and required emergency hospitalization. At the same time, there was not the same perception of high risk in patients with HF. Nothing is more eloquent to attest to how this perception of low risk in HF is false than the numbers presented here, with mortality from HF already exceeding mortality from AMI in 2019.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>This data survey from DATASUS shows us that mortality from HF in the general Brazilian population has been reduced in recent years.</p>
<p>However, in-hospital mortality due to HF has increased significantly in the SUS, in contrast to the reduction in mortality due to AMI and stroke, possibly due to a selection of more severe cases for hospitalization. This aspect unmasks the occurrence of a false perception of low risk in relation to the diagnosis of acute HF in health services in Brazil, which highlights the absolute need for educational campaigns for doctors and managers to recognize the high risk associated with the diagnosis of acute HF, allowing for better treatment and consequent improvement in outcomes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label><p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20250001</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>O Que está Acontecendo com a Insuficiência Cardíaca no Brasil? Uma Visão a Partir de Análises de Dados do DATASUS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>Tainá Clayton Pellini</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5406-0787</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Rosane Aparecida</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Passos</surname><given-names>Afonso Diniz C.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>Marcus V.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Marcus V. Simões</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP <postal-code>14049-900</postal-code>, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label><p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Hospitalização</kwd>
<kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica crônica e progressiva causada por uma anormalidade estrutural ou funcional cardíaca, cujos sintomas incluem dispneia e fadiga e é acompanhada de sinais físicos como edema periférico, estertores pulmonares e distensão venosa jugular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A história natural da IC frequentemente envolve rápido agravamento de sintomas e sinais, levando a graves manifestações em repouso, caracterizando a IC aguda descompensada (ICA), usualmente requerendo hospitalização para seu controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ICA é responsável por grande parte dos custos da IC para o sistema de saúde e representa problema clínico grave com taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em torno de 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Contudo, os resultados recentemente publicados do estudo BREATHE (Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de IC aguda), incluindo dados de 3013 pacientes hospitalizados por ICA em 71 serviços de saúde nas diversas regiões do Brasil, entre 2011 e 2018, reportou taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de 10,9%, valor consideravelmente mais elevado do que aqueles relatados em outros registros contemporâneos. As razões que levam a essa elevada mortalidade não são claras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Para contribuir para o entendimento desse cenário, analisamos a evolução do número de hospitalizações e mortalidade intra-hospitalar das principais doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), utilizando a plataforma do DATASUS. Além disso, levantamos dados de mortalidade por IC na população geral brasileira.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<p>Na plataforma TabNET do DATASUS, acessamos o sistema de informações hospitalares do Ministério da Saúde (SIH/MS) para extrair as informações do número de internações e morte intra-hospitalar considerando os códigos de classificação internacional de doenças (CID10) correspondentes à IC (CID10: I50), infarto do miocárdio (CID10: I21 e I22) e Acidente vascular cerebral (CID10: I64). A pesquisa englobou os anos de 2008 a 2019.</p>
<p>A mortalidade por IC na população geral brasileira foi obtida no sistema de informação sobre mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<sec>
<title>Mortalidade por IC no Brasil</title>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref> mostra a evolução temporal da taxa de mortalidade por IC no Brasil, ajustada para 100.000 habitantes, entre os anos de 2008 e 2019. Observa-se tendência significativa da redução progressiva dessa taxa (regressão linear mostrando R<sup>2</sup>=0,71, p&lt; 0,05), atingindo 12,9 mortes/100.000 habitantes em 2019.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Ilustrando a taxa de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes, no Brasil, entre os anos de 2008 e 2019.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250001-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: MS/SVS/CGIAE – Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade – SIM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Número de internações e mortalidade hospitalar por IC em comparação a outras DCV</title>
<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref> traz dados sobre as internações por IC, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), entre os anos de 2008 e 2019, mostrando os números absolutos e o valor percentual em relação ao total de internações por DCV, além do número total de óbitos e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar no mesmo período, para cada condição.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Número de internações pelas principais doenças cardiovasculares: IC, IAM, AVC, com percentual em relação ao total das internações por DCV no SUS, número de óbitos e mortalidade intra-hospitalar no Brasil entre os anos de 2008 a 2019</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="9%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Ano</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Insuficiência Cardíaca</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Infarto agudo do miocárdio</th>
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Acidente vascular cerebral</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Internações DCV</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">Intervenções<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Óbitos/mortalidadeIntra-hospitalar</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Internações</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Óbitos/mortalidadeIntra-hospitalar</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Internações</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Óbitos/mortalidadeIntra-hospitalar</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2008</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">270.988 (24,49%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22513</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,31%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">63.388 (5,73%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8631</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13,62%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">92.863 (8,39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20732</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.106.568</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">269.891 (23,77%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23043</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,54%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68.497 (6,03%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8881</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,97%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9109,612 (9,66%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22368</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,06</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.135.281</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">265.038 (22,95%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23677</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8,93%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75.244 (6,51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9715</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,91%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">116.633 (10,10%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23717</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.155.046</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2011</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">260.995 (22,53%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24451</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9,37%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">81.102 (7,00%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10371</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,79%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">124.143 (10,72%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24256</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16,11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.158.271</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">242,919 (21,40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23071</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9,50%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">85.222(7,51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10571</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,40%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">127.512 (11,23%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24130</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15,73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.134.964</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2013</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">236.550 (20,87%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22858</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9,66%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">86.795 (7,66%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10785</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12,43%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">133.930 (11,82%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24281</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15,23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.133.438</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">223.825 (19,59%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22031</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9,84%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">95.343 (8,35%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11187</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,73%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">142,403 (12,47%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">24323</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.142.322</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">217.050 (19,34%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22756</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,48%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100.617 (8,96%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11837</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,76%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">145.276 (12,94%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25593</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15,38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.122.402</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">214.434 (19,09%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23519</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,97%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">107.577 (9,58%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12174</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,32%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">149.333 (13,29%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26278</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15,44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.123.323</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2017</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">209.162 (18,39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22669</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,84%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">113.655 (9,99%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12090</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1,64%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">153.595 (13,51%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15532</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.137.207</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">201.040 (17,40%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22487</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,19%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">120.010 (10,39%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12494</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10,41%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">157.203 (13,60%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25802</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.155.560</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">199.858 (16,93%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22723</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11,37%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">132.173 (11,20%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12887</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9,75%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">163.384 (13,84%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26410</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14,30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1.180.508</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>Percentuais em relação ao número total de intervenções por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Fonte: SIH/MS – Fonte: Ministério da Saúde – Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Observamos que o número total de internações por DCV permaneceu relativamente estável no período. O número de internações por IC apresentou decréscimo significativo de 26% no mesmo período. Em contrapartida, observamos aumento significativo das internações por IAM, de 108%, e por AVC, 76%, no mesmo período.</p>
<p>Em paralelo, observamos aumento de 37% da mortalidade hospitalar por IC, atingindo taxa de 11,4% no ano de 2019. Em contrapartida, a mortalidade dos pacientes internados por IAM reduziu-se em 28% e por AVC a redução foi de 15%. A evolução dessas taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar está ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Gráfico de linhas ilustrando a evolução da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar das principais doenças cardiovasculares (IC, IAM e AVC) entre os anos de 2008 e 2019.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-005-02-e20250001-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Ministério da Saúde – Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral..</attrib>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Os principais resultados desse rápido levantamento mostram que a mortalidade por IC na população geral brasileira está caindo ao longo da última década. Muito provavelmente, esse fato se deve a vários fatores, dentre eles o avanço na terapia farmacológica, com adição de novas drogas capazes de mudar a história natural da doença, maior acesso da população aos medicamentos para IC e a melhoria dos cuidados à saúde, com educação dos profissionais da saúde e publicações de diretrizes pelas sociedades médicas.</p>
<p>Contudo, na contramão desse resultado positivo, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar por IC no SUS tem exibido aumento preocupante, atingindo taxas semelhantes à reportada pelo registro BREATHE, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu dentro de período englobado no nosso levantamento de dados, ainda que o BREATHE não tenha se restringido apenas a instituições públicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pelos resultados mostrados aqui, esse comportamento de aumento da mortalidade intra-hospitalar ocorreu em paralelo à redução significativa do número de hospitalizações por IC. Essa observação sugere fortemente que venha ocorrendo uma seleção de casos mais graves para internação hospitalar por IC, o que pode explicar o aumento observado da mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Vale ressaltar que o número de hospitalizações por IC tem aumentado em outros países do globo, como nos Estados Unidos da América, em que ocorreram 1.297.000 hospitalizações por IC em 2019, aumento de 16% em relação ao ano de 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Mas resta ainda considerarmos porque as outras DCV, como IAM e AVC, exibiram comportamento completamente oposto. Considerando que o número total de internações por DCV praticamente não exibiu aumento no período levantado, é plausível supor que tenha havido uma &quot;competição&quot; por leitos de internação no SUS e que os pacientes com IAM e AVC, pela apresentação clínica mais dramática e pelo conceito amplamente disseminado de que o &quot;infarto pode matar&quot;, tenham sido considerados de maior risco e demandado internação de urgência, não tendo havido a mesma percepção de risco elevado nos pacientes com IC. Nada é mais eloquente para atestar como essa percepção de baixo risco na IC é falsa do que os próprios números apresentados aqui, com a mortalidade por IC já superando a mortalidade por IAM no ano de 2019.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Esse levantamento de dados do DATASUS nos mostra que a mortalidade por IC na população geral brasileira se tem reduzido nos últimos anos.</p>
<p>Contudo, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar por IC se tem elevado significativamente no SUS, em contraste com a redução da mortalidade por IAM e AVC, possivelmente por uma seleção de casos mais graves para internação. Esse aspecto desmascara a ocorrência de uma falsa percepção de baixo risco em relação ao diagnóstico da IC aguda nos serviços de saúde do Brasil, o que salienta a absoluta necessidade de campanhas de educação de médicos e gestores para reconhecimento do alto risco atrelado ao diagnóstico da IC aguda, permitindo seu melhor tratamento e consequente melhora dos desfechos.</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label> <p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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