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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240031i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240031i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tuberculosis and Atrioventricular Block in a Patient with Takotsubo Syndrome: A Case Report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5963-161X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Albarracin</surname><given-names>Viviana Karina Sanchez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Saúde São Lucas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Casa de Saúde São Lucas, Natal, RN – Brazil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Viviana Karina Sanchez Albarracin</bold> • Casa de Saúde São Lucas - Rua Maxaranguape, 614. Postal Code <postal-code>59020-160</postal-code>, Tirol, Natal, RN - Brazil E-mail: <email>sanchezalbarracinvivianakarina@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>29</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240031</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Pulmonary Tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
<kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>An 83-year-old female patient diagnosed with senile dementia and experiencing unintentional weight loss over the past few months was referred to a tertiary hospital due to complaints of typical chest pain. There is no previous history of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
<p>During transport, the patient developed bradycardia, with a heart rate (HR) of 32 beats per minute, and upon arrival at the emergency room, it was observed that she was suffering from complete atrioventricular block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) with episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Admission electrocardiogram showing complete atrioventricular block.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The patient received clinical support and was referred to the hemodynamics laboratory to undergo urgent coronary angiography, which showed no coronary artery obstruction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). During ventriculography, hypokinesia was observed in the anterior, apical, and inferolateral regions with significant ventricular dysfunction. A temporary pacemaker was then implanted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac catheterization, demonstrating coronary arteries without lesions.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac catheterization, revealing apical ballooning of the left ventricle during ventriculography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Admission electrocardiogram in the intensive care unit showing pacemaker rhythm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed the segmental alterations observed in ventriculography and documented a significant reduction in left ventricular systolic function, with an ejection fraction by Simpson&apos;s method of 26% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Transthoracic echocardiogram shows akinesia of the mid-apical segments of all walls and preserved contractility only in the basal segments, with significant deterioration of the ejection fraction. Measurement by the Simpson method revealed an ejection fraction of 26%. The adjacent image also displays mitral flow, where the presence of cardiac arrhythmia compromised the assessment of diastolic function.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Laboratory tests showed a significant increase (&gt; 10 times the upper limit of normality) in troponin levels, as well as elevated Pro-BNP and metabolic acidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>After discussion with the arrhythmology team, it was decided to proceed with the implantation of a permanent pacemaker, and the possibility of Takotsubo syndrome was considered. During ICU admission, the patient developed hemodynamic instability with signs of cardiogenic shock, requiring inotropic support with Dobutamine 10 mcg/kg/min, vasodilators, diuretic therapy, and supplemental oxygen with positive pressure (BiPAP), resulting in partial improvement of the condition.</p>
<p>After 48 hours of admission, the patient began to present cough and dyspnea, progressing to acute respiratory failure and circulatory shock, requiring invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal tube and administration of noradrenaline in addition to dobutamine. The patient responded well to treatment and was extubated two days later but remained dependent on inotropic support and intermittent positive pressure (BIPAP) therapy.</p>
<p>A chest computed tomography, performed after clinical stabilization, revealed pulmonary consolidations on the right, likely of infectious origin, as well as fibrocicatricial alterations resulting in a volumetric reduction of the lingula, minimal pneumothorax in the left hemithorax, and mild bilateral pleural effusion. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>) After bronchoalveolar lavage, the Genexpert test was positive for pulmonary tuberculosis, and treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (RHZE) was initiated immediately. The patient began to present fever, psychomotor agitation, leukocytosis, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP), along with worsening renal function. It was decided to change invasive devices, including the transvenous pacemaker, and to start antibiotic therapy with Meropenem, Polymyxin B, and Amikacin. After 48 hours of antibiotic therapy initiation, the patient developed septic shock with multiple organ failure and deceased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><title>Chest computed tomography shows extensive consolidations in the right lung, associated with scattered small consolidations throughout the left lung of nonspecific appearance. Fibrocicatricial alterations are causing a reduction of the lingula. There is also a small bilateral pleural effusion with adjacent compressive atelectasis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Takotsubo syndrome is a condition of acute reversible heart failure, first described in 1990 in a Japanese journal. It is increasingly recognized in modern cardiology practice due to access to coronary angiography for patients with acute chest pain. Additionally, it is now known that some conditions, such as pheochromocytoma and intracranial hemorrhage, may be related to the development of the syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The pathophysiology of Takotsubo Syndrome is complex and reflects the cardiovascular response to acute stress situations, resulting in an increase in catecholamines due to sympathetic stimulation. Catecholamines play a central role in this process, with cognitive centers of the brain and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis being considered initial elements to be considered.</p>
<p>Although Takotsubo syndrome is generally considered benign, recent evidence has shown a comparable incidence of cardiogenic shock and death compared to acute coronary syndrome. During the acute phase, 25% of patients may experience serious adverse events such as hemodynamic and electrical instability. Several factors have been identified as predictors of adverse outcomes, including physical stress, neurological or psychiatric diseases, initial troponin elevation of over 10 times the reference value, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction on admission.</p>
<p>The reported case is complex and presents complications from the outset, including typical chest pain, electrocardiographic instability with complete atrioventricular block, and episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Catheterization revealed segmental changes compatible with Takotsubo syndrome, along with increased troponin and deterioration of ejection fraction. The presence of pulmonary tuberculosis adds complexity to the case, with reports suggesting a possible association between the disease and elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations, which could contribute to the development of Takotsubo syndrome in this patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Other entities, such as cardiac sarcoidosis, although much less common, could also be considered due to some characteristics present in this case. However, a differential diagnosis through biopsy or autopsy was not performed.</p>
<p>In conclusion, the exact mechanisms for the development of Takotsubo syndrome are still not fully understood. Still, there seems to be a complex interaction between catecholamines, the central nervous system, and other factors. Although the incidence of the syndrome is still low, it is becoming more recognized as an important differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label> <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Liga Norteriograndense contra el Câncer under the protocol number 7.121.448. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<mixed-citation>Lemos AET, Araujo ALJ, Lemos MT, Belém LS, Vasconcelos FJC Filho, Barros RB. Síndrome do Coração Partido (Síndrome de Takotsubo). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(1):1-3. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240031</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tuberculose e Bloqueio Atrioventricular em Paciente com Síndrome de Takotsubo: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5963-161X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Albarracin</surname><given-names>Viviana Karina Sanchez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Casa de Saúde São Lucas, Natal, RN – Brasil</institution></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Viviana Karina Sanchez Albarracin</bold> • Casa de Saúde São Lucas - Rua Maxaranguape, 614. CEP <postal-code>59020-160</postal-code>, Tirol, Natal, RN - Brasil E-mail: <email>sanchezalbarracinvivianakarina@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo</kwd>
<kwd>Tuberculose Pulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
<kwd>Síndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de Caso</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 83 anos, com diagnóstico de demência senil e perda de peso involuntária nos últimos meses, foi encaminhada a um hospital terciário devido a queixa de dor torácica típica. Paciente não apresenta histórico prévio de doenças cardiovasculares.</p>
<p>Durante o transporte, a paciente evoluiu com bradicardia, com frequência cardíaca (FC) de 32 batimentos por minuto, e ao chegar ao pronto-socorro, apresentava bloqueio atrioventricular total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>) com episódios de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>O eletrocardiograma de admissão revelou bloqueio atrioventricular completo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A paciente recebeu suporte clínico e foi encaminhada ao laboratório de hemodinâmica para cineangiocoronariografia de urgência, que não evidenciou obstrução coronariana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">3</xref>). Durante a ventriculografia, foi observada hipocinesia nas regiões anterior, apical e ínfero-lateral, com disfunção ventricular significativa. Foi então implantado marcapasso temporário (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>) e a paciente foi transferida para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Cateterismo cardíaco, demonstrando artérias coronárias sem lesões.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Cateterismo cardíaco, revelando balonamento apical do ventrículo esquerdo durante a ventriculografia.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Eletrocardiograma de admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva revelando ritmo de marca-passo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico confirmou as alterações segmentares observadas na ventriculografia e evidenciou uma redução significativa da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo, com fração de ejeção pelo método de Simpson de 26% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>O ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou acinesia dos segmentos médio-apicais de todas as paredes e contratilidade preservada apenas nos segmentos basais, com deterioração significativa da fração de ejeção. A medição pelo método Simpson revelou uma fração de ejeção de 26%. A imagem adjacente também mostra o fluxo mitral, com a avaliação da função diastólica sendo comprometida pela presença de arritmia cardíaca.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram aumento significativo (&gt; 10 vezes o limite superior da normalidade) dos níveis de troponina, bem como elevação de Pro-BNP e acidose metabólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Após discussão com a equipe de arritmologia, optou-se por proceder ao implante de marca-passo permanente, sendo considerada a possibilidade de síndrome de Takotsubo. Durante a internação na UTI, a paciente evoluiu com instabilidade hemodinâmica, mostrando sinais de choque cardiogênico e requerendo suporte inotrópico com dobutamina 10 mcg/kg/min, vasodilatadores, terapia diurética e oxigênio suplementar com pressão positiva (BiPAP), que resultou em melhora parcial do quadro.</p>
<p>Após 48 horas da internação, a paciente começou a apresentar tosse e dispneia, evoluindo para insuficiência respiratória aguda e choque circulatório, exigindo ventilação mecânica invasiva via endotraqueal e administração de noradrenalina e dobutamina. A paciente respondeu bem ao tratamento e foi extubada dois dias depois, porém, permaneceu dependente de suporte inotrópico e terapia com pressão positiva intermitente (BIPAP).</p>
<p>A tomografia computadorizada de tórax, realizada após estabilização clínica, revelou consolidações pulmonares à direita, provavelmente de origem infecciosa, além de alterações fibrocicatriciais com redução volumétrica da língula, pneumotórax mínimo no hemitórax esquerdo e derrame pleural bilateral discreto. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). Após lavado broncoalveolar, o teste de Genexpert foi positivo para tuberculose e o tratamento com rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida e etambutol (RHZE) foi iniciado imediatamente. A paciente começou a apresentar febre, agitação psicomotora, leucocitose e aumento da proteína C reativa (PCR), além de piora da função renal. Decidiu-se trocar os dispositivos invasivos, incluindo o marca-passo transvenoso, e iniciar antibioticoterapia com Meropenem, Polimixina B e Amicacina. Após 48 horas do início da antibioticoterapia, a paciente evoluiu com choque séptico com falência de múltiplos órgãos e faleceu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption><title>A tomografia computadorizada de tórax revelou extensas consolidações no pulmão direito, associadas a pequenas consolidações dispersas por todo o pulmão esquerdo, de aspecto inespecífico. Foram observadas alterações fibrocicatriciais causando a redução da língula pulmonar. Além disso, há um pequeno derrame pleural bilateral com atelectasia compressiva adjacente.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-04-e20240031-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A síndrome de Takotsubo é uma condição de insuficiência cardíaca aguda reversível, descrita pela primeira vez em 1990 em uma revista japonesa. É cada vez mais reconhecida na prática cardiológica moderna devido ao acesso à angiografia coronária para pacientes com dor torácica aguda. Além disso, sabe-se que algumas condições, como feocromocitoma e hemorragia intracraniana, podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da síndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A fisiopatologia da síndrome de Takotsubo é complexa e reflete a resposta cardiovascular a situações de estresse agudo, resultando em aumento de catecolaminas devido à estimulação simpática. As catecolaminas desempenham um papel central neste processo, sendo os centros cognitivos do cérebro e o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal considerados elementos iniciais a serem investigados.</p>
<p>Embora a síndrome de Takotsubo seja geralmente considerada benigna, evidências recentes mostram uma incidência comparável de choque cardiogênico e morte em comparação com a síndrome coronariana aguda. Durante a fase aguda, 25% dos pacientes podem apresentar eventos adversos graves, como instabilidade hemodinâmica e elétrica. Diversos fatores foram identificados como preditores de resultados adversos, incluindo estresse físico, doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas, elevação inicial da troponina superior a 10 vezes o valor de referência e redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo na admissão.</p>
<p>O caso relatado é complexo e apresenta complicações desde o início, incluindo dor torácica típica, instabilidade eletrocardiográfica com bloqueio atrioventricular completo e episódios de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada. O cateterismo revelou alterações segmentares compatíveis com a síndrome de Takotsubo, além de troponina aumentada e deterioração da fração de ejeção. A presença de tuberculose pulmonar acrescenta complexidade ao caso, com relatos sugerindo uma possível associação entre a doença e concentrações plasmáticas elevadas de noradrenalina, o que poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento da síndrome de Takotsubo nesta paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outras entidades, como a sarcoidose cardíaca, embora muito menos comum, também poderiam ser consideradas devido a certas características presentes neste caso. Entretanto, o diagnóstico diferencial não foi realizado por meio de biópsia ou autópsia.</p>
<p>Em conclusão, os mecanismos exatos para o desenvolvimento da síndrome de Takotsubo ainda não são totalmente compreendidos, mas parece haver uma interação complexa entre as catecolaminas, o sistema nervoso central e outros fatores. Embora a incidência da síndrome ainda seja baixa, ela tem se tornado cada vez mais reconhecida como um importante diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome coronariana aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label> <p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label> <p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label> <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Liga Norteriograndense contra el Câncer sob o número de protocolo 7.121.448. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos neste estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</sub-article>
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