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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240038i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240038i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Another Brick in the Wall Through the Knowledge of Desmoplakin Cardiomyopathy: Three Siblings Case Reports</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gâmbaro</surname> <given-names>Gustavo Aliano</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Felicio</surname> <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Andrade</surname> <given-names>Luís Gustavo Modelli de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Garcia</surname> <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Brito</surname> <given-names>Flavio de Souza</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Londrina, PR – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia, Botucatu, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Clínica Médica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Clínica Médica, Botucatu, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisa Clínica - INDACOR</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Clínica - INDACOR, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Leonardo Rufino Garcia</bold> • Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Av. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Rubião Junior. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>lrufinogarcia@gmail.com</email>, <email>rufino.garcia@unesp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240038</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Desmoplakin (DSP) is a pivotal component of the desmosome, a cell junction complex anchoring intermediate filaments. In the heart molecular architecture, desmosomes play a relevant role in cellular adhesion and force transducer through the myocardium. Mutations in the DSP gene cause distinct arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with myocardial injury, left ventricular fibrosis, further systolic dysfunction, and a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
<p>We describe the clinical cases of three siblings with DSP cardiomyopathy diagnosed after the index patient had been referred to an inherited cardiac disease investigation due to recurrent myocarditis. A novel nonsense variant in the DSP gene was diagnosed, and the patients were treated to avoid sudden cardiac death.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Desmoplakins</kwd>
<kwd>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="18"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The Desmoplakin (DSP) gene encodes a protein that anchors cardiac desmosomes to intermediate filaments, which is crucial to force transmission through the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its mutations have been originally associated with Carvajal Syndrome (recessive mutation in the DSP gene with disruption in DSP-intermediate filament interactions leading to dilated cardiomyopathy, woolly hair, and keratoderma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy (ARVC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (LDAC) has been characterized as a distinct phenotype of the DSP variant with left ventricular dysfunction and increased propensity to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), which is frequently misdiagnosis as Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) or viral myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Biventricular involvement has also been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The pathophysiology of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy has not been completely elucidated yet. Nevertheless, the abnormalities of cell-cell adhesion possibly cause cardiomyocyte death by either necrosis or apoptosis and, consequently, fibrofatty replacement. The desmosomal proteins might also be related to cell signaling, which may modulate pathological gene expression. There is evidence of deregulated intracellular signaling, probably associated with junctional plakoglobin shift to intracellular sites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Desmosomes&apos; interactions with the nucleus, gap junctions, and ion channels possibly account for fibroadipogenesis, slowing conduction, and electrical heterogeneity, respectively, and therefore may play a role in ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this paper, we report a series of cases of a novel DSP pathogenic variant in three siblings with a noteworthy intrafamilial history of cardiomyopathy.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Reports</title>
<p>In the index case, a 19-year-old white male presented to the emergency room with chest pain and vomiting. The physical examination was unremarkable. His electrocardiogram on entrance showed mild early ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), C-reactive protein was 0.1 mg/ml (normal &lt;6 mg/ml), and troponin elevation. The initial diagnosis hypothesis was myopericarditis and, therefore, empirically treated with ibuprofen and colchicine. The patient was referred to a cardiological and rheumatological etiology assessment. Neither systolic dysfunction (left ventricle ejection fraction - LVEF 63%) nor pericardial effusion was present on his transthoracic echocardiogram. Rheumatic and infectious serology were negative. Six and nine months after the primary clinical manifestation, the patient had experienced new episodes of chest pain, both treated with ibuprofen and colchicine, this time prescribed for six months. The initial hypothesis of myopericarditis was also initially made due to the recurrence of the symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Index patient electrocardiogram.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was done. It showed a preserved ejection fraction of both left and right ventricles despite the presence of epicardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on the basal and medial portions of the inferior wall on the basal portion of the inferoseptal wall, on the middle and basal portions of the anterior wall and the middle portion of the anterolateral wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). At this point, a beta-blocker and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor were prescribed.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac magnetic resonance of the index patient.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Nonetheless, three months later, another episode of mild chest pain drove the patient to the hospital, this time with a significant elevation of the troponin level (13 µg/L). A new rheumatological investigation was performed but persisted negative for auto-immune diseases. The CMR was repeated, and the final diastolic diameter was 5,7 cm (previously it was 5,6 cm) and a final diastolic volume of 88 ml/m² of body surface exceeding 5% of the expected for his body surface, but with preserved both systolic (LVEF 55%), and diastolic function.</p>
<p>The patient was referred to an inherited cardiac disease investigation. The panel evaluated 49 genes using molecular analysis by new sequencing generation (Illumina HiSeq<sup>®</sup>). The study revealed the nonsense variant Chr6:7.580.313 A&gt;AGGTC of the DSP gene in heterozygosis, which promotes the substitution of the amino acid methionine at position 1299 for glycine and, at this point, change of the reading matrix, leading to premature interruption of protein translation (p.Met1299Gly fs * 7). This variant was classified as definitely pathogenic according to the laboratory analysis.</p>
<p>This specific variant has been described in the medical literature before, and DSP&apos;s variants are strongly associated with SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, Holter monitoring was indicated as a screening for arrhythmias. On the exam, there were 995 episodes of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), of which 991 were isolated and 2 were paired. Considering these results, a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was implanted as the primary prophylaxis of SCD. Clinical and genetic assessments of his two brothers were performed; the younger was 17 years old, and the older was 24 years old. Both siblings presented the pathogenic variant of the DSP gene.</p>
<sec>
<title>Younger sibling</title>
<p>The patient was asymptomatic and had no comorbidities. His physical exam was normal. There were unspecific ventricular repolarization abnormalities on the anterior wall in his electrocardiogram. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed mild diffuse hypokinesia in the LV, with an ejection fraction of 44%, along with mitral and tricuspid regurgitation without hemodynamic repercussions. Holter exhibited 1418 PVCs, of which 1372 were isolated and 22 paired. Finally, CMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) revealed laminar areas of LGE affecting predominantly the epicardium of the anterior walls, anteroseptal, lateral, and anterolateral segments in the left ventricular mild and basal segments, and a discrete reduction in systolic function, with an LVEF of 46.6%. After the workup, treatment with ramipril and bisoprolol was initiated and subsequently titrated to optimal doses. Considering the potential risk of SCD, a subcutaneous ICD was implanted.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac magnetic resonance of the younger sibling.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Older sibling</title>
<p>The older patient was also asymptomatic, although obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were present. The physical exam was normal, except for the body mass index of 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The electrocardiogram revealed a first-degree atrioventricular block. His Holter showed two isolated ventricular PVCs. On the echocardiogram, mild diffuse hypokinesia in the LV was present, with an LVEF of 50%, along with mitral valve prolapse.</p>
<p>Likewise his brother, epicardial LGE was observed on his CMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) in the mid and apical segments of inferoseptal and inferior walls of the LV, with preserved LVEF and mild RV dysfunction (RVEF 35,5%). Thus, bisoprolol and ramipril were initiated, and a subcutaneous ICD was implanted. During the first year of follow-up, none of the patients had ventricular arrhythmias, ICD shock, chest pain, or dyspnea. After medical therapy optimization, the transthoracic echocardiogram of the younger sibling revealed an increase in LVEF to 51%.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Cardiac magnetic resonance of the older sibling.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Despite the family history of cardiomyopathy, both the father and paternal grandfather of the patient had been deceased due to other causes. Their father had died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma complications five years before the first episode of chest pain of the index case. Therefore, data on DSP gene variants could not be entirely retrieved on their ascendants. Their paternal aunt had tested negative for this DSP gene variant. The pedigree is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Familiar pedigree illustrating the cases.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Although DSP gene mutations have been historically thought of as part of the ARVC spectrum, Smith <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> hypothesized that it represents a distinguished set of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, which is markedly characterized by myocardial fibrosis and inflammation. The authors found LV involvement in 79% of patients (systolic dysfunction and LGE on CMR), and an important susceptibility to ventricular arryhtmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These clinical features are consistent with the sibling&apos;s disease, as summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Summary of the cases</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCB;">
<th align="left" valign="top"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Index Case</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Younger sibling</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Older sibling</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chest pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">EKG</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Early ventricular repolarization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ventricular repolarization abnormalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">First-degree AVB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">First Echocardiogram</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF 63%, mitral valve prolapse</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF 44%, diffuse LV hypokinesia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">LVEF 50%, diffuse LV hypokinesia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Holter</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">992 PVCs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1418 PVCs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 PVCs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">CMR</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Diffuse epicardial LV LGE. No systolic diastolic dysfunction</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Diffuse epicardial LV LGE. Mild systolic disfunction</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Diffuse epicardial LV LGE. Mild systolic disfunction</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCB;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Follow up</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Medical Therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 10mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 10mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 5mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ICD Therapy</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.51</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>EKG: electrocardiogram; AVB: atrioventricular block; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; PVC: premature ventricular contraction; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The DSP gene variant Met1299Gly A&gt;AGGTC of this case series has already been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The clinical phenotype of the disease in question is broad. Our sample of three cases from the same family follows a previously described cohort with a predominance of left ventricular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The heterogeneity of expressivity and clinical penetrance among DSP gene variants is another key feature of DSP cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Smith <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> compared DSP cardiomyopathy probands to genotype-positive family members and found a penetrance of 57% in the non-proband group. Our report, similarly to other,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated the variability of clinical expression and the extension of the intra-variant disease since the pathological aspects such as clinical presentation, LGE extension, and LVEF differ amongst the siblings.</p>
<p>The genetic architecture of cardiomyopathies is marked by a notable heterogeneity, in which many variants in many other genes can cause the same phenotype. Not all individuals carrying a causative variant manifest the disease, and among those who do, there is great variability in age of onset and disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the genetic test performed on the siblings helped for a precise diagnosis, once it classified the variant as definitely pathogenic. Indeed, some goals were reached, such as diagnosis confirmation, informed prognosis, treatment selection, and even reproductive management, since the patients were young.</p>
<p>The index case presented with episodes of myocarditis, which has been reported previously on DSP gene mutation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and postulated to be a &quot;hot phase&quot; of the disease. Acute myocardial injury was found in 15% of overall DSP patients in Smith <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> cohort although the authors acknowledge that the strict criteria (troponin elevation with normal coronary angiography in patients with chest pain) might have underestimated the real prevalence. Furthermore, 40% of DSP patients had LV LGE, which may indicate clinically silent episodes of myocardial injury. Episodes of clinically suspected myocarditis are another point that deserves attention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It was also described in 15% of a cohort of 73 patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and it was the initial symptom of the index patient, with two episodes of recurrence.</p>
<p>None of the siblings met the 2010 ARVC Task Force Criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which reaffirms the difficulty of diagnosing rare cardiomyopathies such as DSP LDAC. These criteria have performed poorly on patients with DSP mutations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> due to a lack of LV involvement markers criteria. Piriou <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> propose acute myocarditis as a diagnostic criterion of DSP LDAC, especially to consider genetic workup when a patient presents with acute myocarditis or recurrent myocarditis and a positive family history of SCD or cardiomyopathy.</p>
<p>The risk stratification for ventricular arrhythmias and SCD was a major difficulty for DSP variants. Regarding the indication for ICD implantation, Carrick et al. have proposed a current tool. According to the authors, the main independent predictors of arrhythmic risk in DSP gene variant carrier patients were female sex, history of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, EF below 50%, moderate to severe right ventricular systolic dysfunction and 24h- premature ventricular contraction burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> At the time of patient evaluation, the independent factors associated with arrhythmic risk were unknown. Indeed, the implantation of the devices was based on the primary prophylaxis of young and active patients and on the fact that SCD may be the first manifestation of the disease, especially amongst truncating mutation holders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>DSP cardiomyopathy is a rare arrhythmogenic disorder with notable heterogeneity and is probably underdiagnosed. Acute myocarditis, particularly if recurrent, in patients with significant family history and epicardial LGE on CMR should raise the concern for genetic assessment, a relevant tool for straight diagnosis, prognosis, and counseling. Larger multicenter cohorts are urgently needed to delineate better clinical features, risk stratification, and prognosis, as well as interventional and translational studies to evaluate possible therapies.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label> <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label> <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label> <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Mais um Tijolo na Parede do Conhecimento da Cardiomiopatia Desmoplaquina: Relatos de Casos de Três Irmãos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gâmbaro</surname> <given-names>Gustavo Aliano</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Felicio</surname> <given-names>Marcello Laneza</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Andrade</surname> <given-names>Luís Gustavo Modelli de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Garcia</surname> <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Brito</surname> <given-names>Flavio de Souza</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Londrina, PR – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia, Botucatu, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Clínica Médica, Botucatu, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Clínica - INDACOR, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Leonardo Rufino Garcia</bold> • Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Av. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Rubião Junior. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>lrufinogarcia@gmail.com</email>, <email>rufino.garcia@unesp.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O Desmoplaquina (DSP) é um componente essencial do desmossomo, um complexo de junção celular que ancora filamentos intermediários. Na arquitetura molecular do coração, os desmossomos desempenham um papel relevante na adesão celular e na transdução de força através do miocárdio. Mutações no gene DSP causam cardiomiopatia arritmogênica distinta com lesão miocárdica, fibrose ventricular esquerda, disfunção sistólica adicional e alta incidência de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
<p>Descrevemos os casos clínicos de três irmãos com cardiomiopatias DSP diagnosticadas após o paciente índice ter sido encaminhado para uma investigação de doença cardíaca hereditária devido a miocardite recorrente. Uma nova mutação nonsense no gene DSP foi diagnosticada e os pacientes foram tratados para evitar morte súbita cardíaca.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Desmoplaquina</kwd>
<kwd>Predisposição Genética para Doença</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>O gene Desmoplaquina (DSP) codifica uma proteína que ancora os desmossomos cardíacos aos filamentos intermediários, o que é crucial para transmissão de força através do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Suas mutações foram originalmente associadas à Síndrome de Carvajal (mutação recessiva no gene da DSP com interrupção nas interações do filamento intermediário da DSP, levando à cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD), cabelos lanosos e ceratodermia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (CAVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a cardiomiopatia arritmogênica dominante esquerda (CADE) foi caracterizada como um fenótipo distinto da variante DSP, com disfunção ventricular esquerda e maior propensão à arritmias ventriculares e morte súbita cardíaca (MSC), que é frequentemente diagnosticada erroneamente como CMD ou miocardite viral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O envolvimento biventricular também foi descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A fisiopatologia da cardiomiopatia arritmogênica ainda não foi completamente elucidada. No entanto, as anormalidades da adesão célula-célula possivelmente causam a morte do cardiomiócito por necrose ou apoptose e, consequentemente, substituição fibrogordurosa. As proteínas desmossômicas também podem estar relacionadas à sinalização celular, que pode modular a expressão gênica patológica. Há evidências de sinalização intracelular desregulada, provavelmente associada ao deslocamento da placoglobina juncional para locais intracelulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As interações dos desmossomos com o núcleo, junções comunicantes e canais iônicos possivelmente são responsáveis pela fibroadipogênese, condução lenta e heterogeneidade elétrica, respectivamente, e, portanto, podem desempenhar um papel nas arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Neste artigo, relatamos uma série de casos de uma nova variante patogênica de DSP em três irmãos com um histórico intrafamiliar notável de cardiomiopatia.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relatos de Caso</title>
<p>No caso índice, um homem branco de 19 anos apresentou-se ao pronto-socorro com dor torácica e vômitos. O exame físico não apresentou alterações. Seu eletrocardiograma na entrada mostrou repolarização ventricular precoce leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>), proteína C-reativa de 0,1 mg/ml (normal &lt; 6 mg/ml) e elevação de troponina. A hipótese diagnóstica inicial foi miopericardite e, portanto, tratada empiricamente com ibuprofeno e colchicina. O paciente foi encaminhado para avaliação de etiologia cardiológica e reumatológica. Nem disfunção sistólica (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo - FEVE 63%) tampouco derrame pericárdico estavam presentes em seu ecocardiograma transtorácico. As sorologias reumáticas e infecciosas foram negativas. Seis e nove meses após a manifestação clínica primária o paciente apresentou novos episódios de dor torácica, ambos tratados com ibuprofeno e colchicina, desta vez prescritos por seis meses. A hipótese inicial de miopericardite também foi inicialmente levantada devido à recorrência dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Eletrocardiograma do paciente índice.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>O paciente foi submetido a uma ressonância magnética cardíaca que evidenciou função biventricular preservada, apesar de realce tardio epicárdico com gadolínio (RTG) nas porções basal e medial da parede inferior, na porção basal da parede inferosseptal, nas porções média e basal da parede anterior e na porção média da parede anterolateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). Neste ponto, betabloqueador e inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina foram prescritos.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca do paciente índice.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>No entanto, três meses depois, outro episódio de dor torácica leve levou o paciente ao hospital, desta vez com elevação significativa do nível de troponina (13 µg/L). Uma nova investigação reumatológica foi realizada, mas persistiu negativa para doenças autoimunes. A RMC foi repetida, e o diâmetro diastólico final foi de 5,7 cm (anteriormente era de 5,6 cm) e um volume diastólico final de 88 ml/m² de superfície corporal excedendo 5% do esperado para sua superfície corporal, mas com funções sistólica (FEVE 55%) e diastólica preservadas. A função do ventrículo direito era normal.</p>
<p>O paciente foi encaminhado para investigação de doença cardíaca hereditária. O painel avaliou 49 genes por análise molecular por nova geração de sequenciamento (Illumina HiSeq<sup>®</sup>). O estudo revelou a mutação nonsense Chr6:7.580.313 A&gt;AGGTC do gene DSP em heterozigose, que promove a substituição do aminoácido metionina na posição 1299 por glicina e, a partir deste ponto, alteração da matriz de leitura, levando à interrupção prematura da tradução da proteína (p.Met1299Gly fs * 7). Esta variante foi classificada como definitivamente patogênica de acordo com a análise laboratorial.</p>
<p>Esta variante específica já foi descrita na literatura médica anteriormente, e as variantes DSP estão fortemente associadas à MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, o Holter foi indicado como triagem para arritmias. No exame, foram registrados 995 episódios de contrações ventriculares prematuras (CVPs), sendo 991 isoladas e 2 pareadas. Considerando esses resultados, foi implantado um cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) subcutâneo como profilaxia primária da MSC. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas e genéticas de seus dois irmãos; o mais novo tinha 17 anos e o mais velho 24 anos. Ambos os irmãos apresentavam a variante patogênica do gene DSP.</p>
<sec>
<title>Irmão mais novo</title>
<p>O paciente era assintomático e não apresentava comorbidades. Seu exame físico era normal. Havia anormalidades inespecíficas de repolarização ventricular na parede anterior em seu eletrocardiograma. O ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou hipocinesia difusa leve no VE, com fração de ejeção de 44%, juntamente com regurgitação mitral e tricúspide sem repercussões hemodinâmicas. O Holter exibiu 1418 CVPs, dos quais 1372 eram isolados e 22 pareados. Finalmente, a RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>) revelou áreas laminares de RTG afetando predominantemente o epicárdio das paredes anteriores, segmentos ântero-septais, laterais e anterolaterais nos segmentos leves e basais do VE e uma redução discreta na função sistólica, com uma FEVE de 46,6%. Após o exame, o tratamento com ramipril e bisoprolol foi iniciado e posteriormente titulado para doses ótimas. Considerando o risco potencial de MSC, foi implantado um CDI subcutâneo.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca do irmão mais novo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Irmão mais velho</title>
<p>O paciente mais velho também era assintomático, embora obesidade e hipertrigliceridemia estivessem presentes. O exame físico era normal, exceto pelo índice de massa corporal de 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O eletrocardiograma revelou um bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau. Seu Holter mostrou duas CVPs ventriculares isoladas. No ecocardiograma hipocinesia difusa leve no VE estava presente, com FEVE de 50% juntamente com prolapso da valva mitral.</p>
<p>Da mesma forma que o paciente índice, RTG epicárdico foi observado em sua RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>) nos segmentos médio e apical das paredes inferosseptal e inferior do VE com FEVE preservada e disfunção leve do ventrículo direito (FEVD 35,5%). Assim, bisoprolol e ramipril foram iniciados e um CDI subcutâneo foi implantado. Durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento, nenhum dos pacientes apresentou arritmias ventriculares, choque do CDI, dor torácica ou dispneia. Após otimização da terapia médica, o ecocardiograma transtorácico do irmão mais novo revelou aumento da FEVE para 51%.</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption><title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca do irmão mais velho.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Apesar do histórico familiar de cardiomiopatia, tanto o pai quanto o avô paterno do paciente faleceram devido a outras causas. O pai morreu de complicações de linfoma não-Hodgkin cinco anos antes do primeiro episódio de dor torácica do caso índice. Portanto, os dados sobre variantes do gene DSP não puderam ser totalmente recuperados em seus ascendentes. A tia paterna testou negativo para essa variante do gene DSP. O pedigree é mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption><title>Linhagem familiar ilustrando os casos.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240038-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>Embora as mutações do gene DSP tenham sido historicamente consideradas parte do espectro da CAVD, Smith et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> levantaram a hipótese de que representa um conjunto distinto de cardiomiopatia arritmogênica, que é marcadamente caracterizada por fibrose e inflamação miocárdica, e os autores encontraram envolvimento do VE em 79% dos pacientes (disfunção sistólica e RTG na RMC) e uma importante suscetibilidade a arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas características clínicas são consistentes com a doença do irmão, conforme resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Resumo dos casos</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCB;">
<th align="left" valign="top"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Caso Índice</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Irmão mais novo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Irmão mais velho</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dor no peito</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ECG</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Repolarização ventricular precoce</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Anormalidades da repolarização ventricular</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">BAV de primeiro grau</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Primeiro ecocardiograma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE 63%, prolapso da valva mitral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE 44%, hipocinesia difusa do VE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">FEVE 50%, hipocinesia difusa do VE</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Holter</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">992 CVPs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1418 CVPs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 CVPs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">RMC</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">RTG epicárdica difusa do VE. Sem disfunção sistólica e diastólica</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">RTG epicárdica difusa do VE. Disfunção sistólica leve</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">RTG epicárdica difusa do VE. Disfunção sistólica leve</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCB;">
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4"><bold>Seguir</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Terapia Médica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 10mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 10mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Bisoprolol 5mg Ramipril 10 mg</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E7CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Terapia CDI</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Não</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,51</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; RTG: realce tardio com gadolínio; CVP: contração ventricular prematura; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>A variante do gene DSP Met1299Gly A&gt;AGGTC desta série de casos já foi descrita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O fenótipo clínico da doença em questão é amplo. Nossa amostra de três casos da mesma família segue uma coorte previamente descrita com predomínio de envolvimento ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade da expressividade e da penetrância clínica entre as variantes do gene DSP é outra característica fundamental da cardiomiopatia DSP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Smith et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> compararam os probandos de cardiomiopatia DSP com membros da família com genótipo positivo e encontrou uma penetrância de 57% no grupo não probando. Nosso relatório, similarmente a outros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrou a variabilidade da expressão clínica e a extensão da doença intravariante, uma vez que os aspectos patológicos como apresentação clínica, extensão do RTG e FEVE diferem entre os irmãos.</p>
<p>A arquitetura genética das cardiomiopatias é marcada por heterogeneidade notável, na qual muitas variantes em muitos outros genes podem causar o mesmo fenótipo. Nem todos os indivíduos portadores de uma variante causadora manifestam a doença e, entre aqueles que o fazem, há grande variabilidade na idade de início e na gravidade da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o teste genético realizado nos irmãos auxiliou no diagnóstico preciso, uma vez que classificou a variante como definitivamente patogênica. De fato, alguns objetivos foram alcançados, como confirmação do diagnóstico, prognóstico informado, seleção do tratamento e até mesmo manejo reprodutivo, já que os pacientes eram jovens.</p>
<p>O caso índice apresentou episódios de miocardite, o que foi relatado anteriormente na mutação do gene DSP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e postulado como uma &quot;fase quente&quot; da doença. Lesão miocárdica aguda foi encontrada em 15% dos pacientes com DSP em geral na coorte Smith et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> embora os autores reconheçam que os critérios rigorosos (elevação da troponina com angiografia coronária normal em pacientes com dor torácica) podem ter subestimado a prevalência real. Além disso, 40% dos pacientes com DSP tinham RTG do VE, o que pode indicar episódios clinicamente silenciosos de lesão miocárdica. Episódios de miocardite clinicamente suspeita são outro ponto que merece atenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Também foi descrito em 15% de uma coorte de 73 pacientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e foi o sintoma inicial do paciente índice, com dois episódios de recorrência.</p>
<p>Nenhum dos irmãos atendeu aos critérios da Força-Tarefa ARVC de 2010,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> o que reafirma a dificuldade de diagnosticar cardiomiopatias raras como CADE DSP. Esses critérios tiveram desempenho ruim em pacientes com mutações DSP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> devido à falta de critérios de marcadores de envolvimento do VE. Piriou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> propõem miocardite aguda como critério diagnóstico de CADE DSP, especialmente para considerar investigação genética quando um paciente apresenta miocardite aguda ou miocardite recorrente e histórico familiar positivo de MSC ou cardiomiopatia.</p>
<p>A estratificação de risco para arritmias ventriculares e MSC foi uma grande dificuldade para variantes DSP. Em relação à indicação para implante de CDI, Carrick et al. propuseram uma ferramenta atual. Segundo os autores, os principais preditores independentes de risco arrítmico em pacientes portadores da variante do gene DSP foram sexo feminino, história de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada, FE abaixo de 50%, disfunção sistólica ventricular direita moderada a grave e carga de contração ventricular prematura de 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No momento da avaliação do paciente, os fatores independentes associados ao risco arrítmico eram desconhecidos. De fato, a implantação dos dispositivos foi baseada na profilaxia primária de pacientes jovens e ativos e no fato de que a MSC pode ser a primeira manifestação da doença, especialmente entre portadores de mutação truncada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
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<p>A cardiomiopatia DSP é um distúrbio arritmogênico raro com heterogeneidade notável e provavelmente subdiagnosticada. A miocardite aguda, particularmente se recorrente, em pacientes com histórico familiar significativo e RTG epicárdico na RMC, deve levantar a preocupação com a avaliação genética, uma ferramenta relevante para diagnóstico direto, prognóstico e aconselhamento. Coortes multicêntricas maiores são urgentemente necessárias para delinear melhores características clínicas, estratificação de risco e prognóstico, bem como estudos intervencionais e translacionais para avaliar possíveis terapias.</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label> <p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label> <p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label> <p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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