<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="review-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240037i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240037i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Conduction System Pacing: Redefining Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Failure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8389-2574</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ternes</surname><given-names>Caique M. P.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Zimerman</surname><given-names>André</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Academic Research Organization</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Ensaios Clínicos</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Unidade de Ensaios Clínicos – Academic Research Organization – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>André Zimerman</bold> • Hospital Moinhos de Vento – R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910. Postal Code <postal-code>90560-032</postal-code>, Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil Email: <email>andre.zimerman@hmv.org.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>08</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240037</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>06</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>27</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a foundational treatment in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). Although resynchronization has traditionally been performed via biventricular pacing, this approach may be limited by a high rate of non-responders and elevated cost. Conduction system pacing, sometimes referred to as &quot;physiologic&quot; pacing, involves direct stimulation of the heart&apos;s intrinsic conduction pathways and has emerged as a promising alternative. Large intercontinental registries have supported the safety of conduction system pacing in different settings, with high procedural success and low complication rates that are comparable to biventricular pacing. Moreover, in small, randomized trials, conduction system pacing has led to similar or greater improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and QRS duration versus biventricular pacing, potentially at a lower cost. Ongoing cardiovascular outcomes trials are expected to conclusively determine the role of conduction system pacing in the management of patients with HFrEF and LBBB.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
<p><fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240037-gf01.tif"/>
</fig></p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
<kwd>Left Bundle Branch Block</kwd>
<kwd>Bundle of His</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="51"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a cornerstone in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Traditionally, CRT has been achieved through biventricular pacing, which involves a left ventricular lead placed in the coronary sinus in addition to right ventricular and right atrial leads as used in conventional pacemakers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, the use of this technique is limited by elevated rates of non-responder patients, of up to 40%, in addition to its elevated cost, which can be prohibitive in low- or middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>Conduction system pacing, which involves direct stimulation of the heart&apos;s intrinsic conduction system, is a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of biventricular pacing. While this technique had limited applicability in the early 2000s, technological advancements in mapping and pacing leads have allowed conduction system pacing to become globally available as a safe and effective option to achieve cardiac resynchronization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Pivotal studies explored direct His bundle pacing, establishing a foundation for this approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In 2017, the first reported case of left bundle branch area pacing<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> represented the dawn of a new chapter in resynchronization therapy and heart failure management.</p>
<sec>
<title>Physiology of conduction system pacing</title>
<p>LBBB and ventricular dyssynchrony often occur as a consequence of cardiac remodeling in patients with advanced heart failure. Individuals with LBBB, QRS duration &gt; 120-150 ms, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% have a guideline-based indication to undergo CRT with the goal of decreasing disease morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In biventricular pacing, the traditional approach used in CRT, the delayed activation of the posterolateral wall is targeted with early pacing of the left ventricular lead, in addition to pacing of the right ventricular lead. This approach acknowledges the patient&apos;s faulty conduction system and overcomes the intrinsic dyssynchrony by stimulating the cardiac muscle directly in both ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Conduction system pacing, on the other hand, directly targets the His-Purkinje system from the right ventricle to restore the patient&apos;s ventricular activation pathways (Central Illustration).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This approach encompasses a range of techniques designed to engage the His-Purkinje system, including His bundle pacing and left bundle branch area pacing, allowing the operator to select the best approach for each patient. Conduction system pacing is sometimes referred to as &quot;physiological pacing&quot; because it leverages the intrinsic conduction system rather than focusing on direct muscle stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Modalities of conduction system pacing</title>
<sec>
<title>His Bundle Pacing</title>
<p>His bundle pacing was the first modality of conduction system pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Capturing the His bundle became feasible with the development of specialized technology: a specific pacing lead is used to map the His bundle region, and a sheath is positioned at the tricuspid annulus, guiding lead placement in the membranous septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Tests performed during the procedure determine whether the lead captures His bundle tissue alone or in combination with surrounding ventricular tissue, referred to as selective and non-selective pacing, respectively. Direct His bundle pacing aims to restore the patient&apos;s conduction system and activate both ventricles concomitantly to improve dyssynchrony. However, because the His bundle lies proximally in the conduction pathway, this type of pacing is not well suited to overcome peripheral conduction disease and distal blocks in the left bundle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Left bundle branch area pacing</title>
<p>In 2017, after a failed attempt at His bundle pacing, an operator positioned the pacing lead 15 mm deeper into the interventricular septum towards the right ventricle apex and captured the left bundle branch for the first time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Over the last decade, direct left bundle branch area pacing has become a viable alternative for patients with LBBB requiring CRT. In fact, given the high thresholds often required for His bundle pacing, left bundle branch area pacing has become the preferred method of conduction system pacing in many cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Typical LBBB, as defined by ECG features, is thought to indicate a proximal block that can more readily be corrected with left-bundle capture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Consistent with this physiological observation, patients with typical LBBB exhibit better clinical response to conduction system pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Left ventricular septal pacing</title>
<p>Left ventricular septal pacing involves placing a lead deeply into the interventricular septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This approach is typically used when lead placement in the membranous portion of the septum fails and left bundle branch capture criteria are not met, leaving left ventricular septal pacing as a fallback alternative within the conduction system spectrum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Left ventricular septal pacing stimulates both myocardial tissue and the intrinsic conduction system. Combining muscular and non-optimal conduction system pacing could offer more physiological ventricular activation than purely muscular stimulation, potentially reducing dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy</title>
<p>Conduction system pacing may result in suboptimal resynchronization in patients with intraventricular conduction delay, non-LBBB, and atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In these cases, further adding a lead to a distal branch of the coronary sinus, as performed in biventricular pacing, may improve response to CRT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This hybrid approach is termed &quot;optimized&quot; therapy: when conduction system pacing alone fails to correct ventricular dyssynchrony, a left ventricular lead may be added to His-bundle pacing or left bundle pacing (referred to as HOT-CRT and LOT-CRT, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Safety and efficacy</title>
<sec>
<title>Registries</title>
<p>The role of conduction system pacing in heart failure resynchronization has grown rapidly. Initially, the applicability of His bundle pacing was limited due to concerns regarding higher pacing thresholds, which could theoretically lead to long-term consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In contrast, left bundle branch area pacing has shown stable pacing thresholds and shortened QRS duration, which, in addition to robust clinical benefit data, consolidated its position as the preferred first-line conduction system pacing technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> While large randomized trials of conduction system pacing in HFrEF are ongoing, multicenter registries have provided preliminary data on safety and effectiveness. The Multicentre European Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Outcomes Study (MELOS) registry included 696 patients with HFrEF and 1,837 with bradycardia referred for conduction system pacing. Among patients with HFrEF, 82.2% of resynchronization procedures with conduction system pacing were successful. Overall, the complication rate was 11.7%, most commonly left ventricle perforation (3.7%) and septal lead dislodgement (1.5%). There were no periprocedural deaths or thromboembolic events. Independent predictors of septal lead implant failure included a larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (odds ratio [OR] 1.53 for every 10 mm enlargement) and a longer QRS duration (OR 1.08 per 10 ms increase).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>In 2022, Dal Forno et al. reported the first Brazilian case series on left bundle branch area pacing, showing a 96.2% success rate, a periprocedural reduction in QRS duration from a median of 146 ms to 120 ms (p = 0.001), and a 4% complication rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
<p>The International Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Collaborative Study Group (I-CLAS) is an intercontinental registry studying clinical outcomes in patients requiring CRT. Across 325 patients who underwent conduction system pacing in 8 centers, the success rate was 85% overall and reached 92% in patients with typical LBBB criteria. Complications comprised 4.2% of cases, most commonly lead dislodgement (2.5%), none of which were life-threatening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In a subsequent analysis of 1,778 patients who underwent successful CRT, including 797 who received conduction system pacing, procedural complications were significantly lower with conduction system pacing than with biventricular pacing (3.8% vs. 7.5%, p &lt; 0.001). Patients who underwent conduction system pacing, compared with biventricular pacing, had a shorter paced QRS duration (128 ms vs. 144 ms, p &lt; 0.001), greater improvement in LVEF (13% vs. 10%, p &lt; 0.001), and higher rates of hyper-responders (34% vs. 25%, p &lt; 0.001), defined as either an improvement in LVEF of ≥20% or an achieved LVEF ≥50%. Conduction system pacing was also associated with a lower incidence of heart failure hospitalizations (12% vs. 19%, p = 0.002),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> new-onset atrial fibrillation (2.8% vs 6.6%, p = 0.008), and malignant ventricular arrhythmias (4.2% vs. 9.3%, p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
<p>An I-CLAS substudy on sex-specific outcomes found that women had a trend towards greater improvement in LVEF with left-bundle pacing compared with men (17.7% vs 10.3%, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Improvements in LVEF, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume were particularly robust in women with LBBB, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and QRS duration &gt; 150 ms. In this observational study, women who received conduction system pacing had a 60% lower rate of heart failure hospitalizations compared with those receiving biventricular pacing (hazard ratio [HR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.69; p &lt; 0.001); the difference in men was attenuated and not statistically significant (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.10; p = 0.13).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
<p>The I-CLAS registry also assessed conduction system pacing outcomes in patients with failed biventricular pacing due to inability to access the coronary sinus (n = 156) or nonresponse to standard biventricular CRT (n = 44). The success rate of conduction system pacing implants was 94%, with a 5% non-fatal complication rate. LVEF improved from an average of 29% at baseline to 40% at approximately 12 months of follow-up (p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Managing patients who do not respond to biventricular pacing remains a challenge. In this situation, an alternative device upgrade can be achieved by adding a septal lead targeting the intrinsic conduction system.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Randomized controlled trials</title>
<p>Five randomized controlled trials have directly compared conduction system pacing with biventricular pacing in patients with HFrEF and bundle branch block (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Follow-up ranged from 6 to 12.2 months, and the sample size varied from 40 to 100 participants. Initially, the conduction system pacing approach only included His bundle pacing, which led to high crossover rates and elevated pacing thresholds. In the His-SYNC trial, the first pivotal study, there was a 48% crossover rate from His bundle pacing to biventricular pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Similarly, the His-Alternative Trial had a 28% crossover rate, mostly due to the high thresholds used to correct the LBBB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The high number of procedure failures was linked to distal bundle blocks and non-specific intraventricular conduction delays, in which operators were either unable to correct the bundle branch block or required elevated thresholds. As techniques advanced to incorporate distal and deeper lead placement with left bundle branch area pacing, procedure success increased. In the two most recent clinical trials, crossover rates were numerically lower in patients randomized to conduction system pacing than in those randomized to biventricular pacing. Additionally, across each of the five clinical trials, patients randomized to conduction system pacing had a numerically lower rate of procedural complications. These results from randomized trials validate initial findings from observational studies and further demonstrate the safety and feasibility of conduction system pacing in the management of HFrEF.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Clinical trials comparing conduction system pacing versus biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="7%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Randomized trial</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Key inclusion criteria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Sample size</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Female, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Ischemic, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Complete LBBB, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Crossover, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Periprocedural complications, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Change in QRS duration (ms)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">†</xref></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Change in LVEF (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">†</xref></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle">CSP to BVP</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">BVP to CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">His-SYNC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I–IV, LVEF ≤ 35%, LBBB and non-LBBB, QRS &gt; 120 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (38)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26 (65)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25 (62)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (48)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (26)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (7,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+5,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+3,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">His-Alternative<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV, LVEF ≤ 35%, LBBB, QRS &gt; 130 ms for women or &gt; 140 ms for men</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (36)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (22)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (28)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LBBP-RESYNC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV, LVEF ≤ 40%, LBBB, QRS &gt; 130 ms for women or &gt; 140 ms for men</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (10)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (20)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LEVEL-AT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I–IV, LVEF ≤ 35%, LBBB and QRS ≥ 130 ms or non-LBBB and QRS ≥ 150 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43 (61)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (23)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HOT-CRT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV and either (i) LVEF ≤ 35%, LBBB, and QRS &gt; 120 ms, or (ii) LVEF ≤ 50%, non-LBBB, and QRS &gt; 150 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">39 (39)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">62 (62)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (20)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2a">¶</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>Complete left bundle branch block using criteria determined by Strauss et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2a"><label>¶</label><p>p &lt; 0.05 between conduction system pacing and biventricular pacing.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>Patients with coronary artery disease at baseline.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN3"><label>†</label><p>Results were reported using the intention-to-treat analysis with six months of follow-up. Differences were extracted directly or derived from mean or median values, as reported in each trial.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>‡</label><p>Due to high crossover rates, a secondary analysis reported six-month follow-up results by treatment received. Change in QRS duration was −49 ms (p &lt; 0.001) with conduction system pacing (n = 16) and −1 ms (p = 0.82) with biventricular pacing (n = 24). Median changes in LVEF were +7.2% and +5.9%, respectively (p = 0.17). BVP: biventricular pacing; CSP: conduction system pacing; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>All five studies were primarily designed to assess surrogate endpoints, including rates of successful lead implantation, change in QRS duration, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction, and change in left ventricular activation time. Meta-analyses including the five trials reported greater improvement in LVEF (mean difference [MD], 3.6%; 95% CI, 1.53 to 5.74; p &lt; 0.01) and reduction in QRS duration (MD, −4.03 ms; 95% CI, −7.95 to −0.11; p = 0.04) in the conduction system pacing group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> These trials were underpowered to assess the efficacy of conduction system pacing on cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Guidelines</title>
<p>The 2023 HRS/APHRS/LAHRS guideline on cardiac physiologic pacing lists conduction system pacing as a class IIa recommendation for CRT when biventricular pacing fails and as a class IIb recommendation as an alternative first-line treatment in patients with heart failure with LVEF ≤ 35%, QRS duration ≥150 ms, LBBB, sinus rhythm, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV, and on optimized medical therapy. Additionally, His or left bundle pacing are recommended as class IIb for heart failure patients with mildly reduced ejection fraction (36-50%), LBBB, and QRS ≥150 ms to maintain LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> The 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and CRT updated His bundle pacing to a class IIa recommendation for patients undergoing CRT who are unable to have a coronary sinus lead implanted. These guidelines refer to conduction system pacing as a &quot;promising novel technique for delivering CRT&quot; and indicate that recommendations will likely be updated once data from future randomized studies become available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The 2023 Brazilian Guidelines for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices recommend conduction system pacing as class IIa for CRT in patients with symptomatic heart failure, LVEF ≤35%, and QRS ≥130 ms, and as class IIb for biventricular pacing nonresponders.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Perspectives</title>
<p>Randomized trials are expected to provide the definitive answer as to whether conduction system pacing will become the standard CRT procedure in patients with HFrEF and LBBB. To address the current gap, the authors are conducting the PhysioSync-HF Trial (NCT05572736), a multicenter, randomized, patient-blinded trial designed to assess non-inferiority in a hierarchical endpoint of all-cause mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, urgent visits for heart failure, and change in LVEF from baseline to 12 months. The study has enrolled 179 participants across 14 sites in Brazil and is expected to complete follow-up by the end of 2024. The Left vs. Left Trial (NCT05650658) is the first randomized trial of conduction system pacing in HFrEF patients that is well-powered to investigate effects on all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalizations. The trial is anticipated to enroll 2136 participants and be finalized in 2029.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Conduction system pacing has rapidly emerged as a feasible alternative for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with HFrEF and LBBB. Observational studies and small randomized trials have reported improvements in surrogate outcomes, such as left ventricular ejection fraction and QRS duration, in patients receiving conduction system pacing compared with standard biventricular pacing. Ongoing randomized studies designed to assess cardiovascular outcomes are expected to determine whether conduction system pacing will become the standard of care in heart failure management.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label><p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bristow</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Saxon</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Boehmer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Krueger</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kass</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Marco</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac-resynchronization Therapy with or Without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>350</volume>
<issue>21</issue>
<fpage>2140</fpage>
<lpage>2150</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa032423</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, Marco T, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization Therapy with or Without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Cleland</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Daubert</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Erdmann</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Freemantle</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gras</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kappenberger</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>The Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization on Morbidity and Mortality in Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>352</volume>
<issue>15</issue>
<fpage>1539</fpage>
<lpage>1549</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa050496</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al. The Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization on Morbidity and Mortality in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-49. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Moss</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cannom</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Daubert</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac-resynchronization Therapy for the Prevention of Heart-failure Events</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>361</volume>
<issue>14</issue>
<fpage>1329</fpage>
<lpage>1338</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa0906431</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization Therapy for the Prevention of Heart-failure Events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1329-38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Daubert</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ritter</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Le Breton</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gras</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Leclercq</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lazarus</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Permanent Left Ventricular Pacing with Transvenous Leads Inserted Into the Coronary Veins</article-title>
<source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>1 Pt 2</issue>
<fpage>239</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01096.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daubert JC, Ritter P, Le Breton H, Gras D, Leclercq C, Lazarus A, et al. Permanent Left Ventricular Pacing with Transvenous Leads Inserted Into the Coronary Veins. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(1 Pt 2):239-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01096.x.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Delurgio</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Leon</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Loh</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Resynchronization in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>346</volume>
<issue>24</issue>
<fpage>1845</fpage>
<lpage>1853</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa013168</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization in Chronic Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(24):1845-53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa013168.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Rohde</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bertoldi</surname><given-names>EG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Goldraich</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Polanczyk</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cost-effectiveness of Heart Failure Therapies</article-title>
<source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>338</fpage>
<lpage>354</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2013.60</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rohde LE, Bertoldi EG, Goldraich L, Polanczyk CA. Cost-effectiveness of Heart Failure Therapies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(6):338-54. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.60.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bertoldi</surname><given-names>EG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rohde</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zimerman</surname><given-names>LI</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pimentel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Polanczyk</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cost-effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure: The Perspective of a Middle-income Country&apos;s Public Health System</article-title>
<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>163</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>309</fpage>
<lpage>315</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.046</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Bertoldi EG, Rohde LE, Zimerman LI, Pimentel M, Polanczyk CA. Cost-effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure: The Perspective of a Middle-income Country&apos;s Public Health System. Int J Cardiol. 2013;163(3):309-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.046.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Gazzoni</surname><given-names>GF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fraga</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ferrari</surname><given-names>ADL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Soliz</surname><given-names>PDC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Borges</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bartholomay</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Predictors of Total Mortality and Echocardiographic Response for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Cohort Study</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>569</fpage>
<lpage>578</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170171</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gazzoni GF, Fraga MB, Ferrari ADL, Soliz PDC, Borges AP, Bartholomay E, et al. Predictors of Total Mortality and Echocardiographic Response for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Cohort Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(6):569-78. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170171.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Daubert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Behar</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mabo</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Leclercq</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Avoiding Non-responders to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Practical Guide</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>19</issue>
<fpage>1463</fpage>
<lpage>1472</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw270</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Daubert C, Behar N, Martins RP, Mabo P, Leclercq C. Avoiding Non-responders to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Practical Guide. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(19):1463-72. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw270.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Deshmukh</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Casavant</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Romanyshyn</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Permanent, Direct His-bundle Pacing: A Novel Approach to Cardiac Pacing in Patients with Normal His-Purkinje Activation</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>869</fpage>
<lpage>877</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.101.8.869</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, Anderson K. Permanent, Direct His-bundle Pacing: A Novel Approach to Cardiac Pacing in Patients with Normal His-Purkinje Activation. Circulation. 2000;101(8):869-77. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.8.869.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Barba-Pichardo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moriña-Vázquez</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Venegas-Gamero</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Maroto-Monserrat</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cid-Cumplido</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herrera-Carranza</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Permanent His-bundle Pacing in Patients with Infra-Hisian Atrioventricular Block</article-title>
<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>553</fpage>
<lpage>558</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1157/13089742</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Barba-Pichardo R, Moriña-Vázquez P, Venegas-Gamero J, Maroto-Monserrat F, Cid-Cumplido M, Herrera-Carranza M. Permanent His-bundle Pacing in Patients with Infra-Hisian Atrioventricular Block. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59(6):553-8. doi: 10.1157/13089742.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>His Bundle Pacing or Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Failure: Discovering New Methods for an Old Problem</article-title>
<source>J Atr Fibrillation</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1501</fpage>
<lpage>1501</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4022/jafib.1501</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sharma PS, Vijayaraman P. His Bundle Pacing or Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Failure: Discovering New Methods for an Old Problem. J Atr Fibrillation. 2016;9(4):1501. doi: 10.4022/jafib.1501.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Barba-Pichardo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Manovel Sánchez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fernández-Gómez</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moriña-Vázquez</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Venegas-Gamero</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herrera-Carranza</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ventricular Resynchronization Therapy by Direct His-bundle Pacing Using an Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator</article-title>
<source>Europace</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>88</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eus228</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Barba-Pichardo R, Manovel Sánchez A, Fernández-Gómez JM, Moriña-Vázquez P, Venegas-Gamero J, Herrera-Carranza M. Ventricular Resynchronization Therapy by Direct His-bundle Pacing Using an Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator. Europace. 2013;15(1):83-8. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus228.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Ajijola</surname><given-names>OA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Upadhyay</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Macias</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Shivkumar</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tung</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Permanent His-bundle Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Initial Feasibility Study in Lieu of Left Ventricular Lead</article-title>
<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>1353</fpage>
<lpage>1361</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ajijola OA, Upadhyay GA, Macias C, Shivkumar K, Tung R. Permanent His-bundle Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Initial Feasibility Study in Lieu of Left Ventricular Lead. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(9):1353-61. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Novel Pacing Strategy with Low and Stable Output: Pacing the Left Bundle Branch Immediately Beyond the Conduction Block</article-title>
<source>Can J Cardiol</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1736.e1</fpage>
<lpage>1736.e3</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2017.09.013</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Huang W, Su L, Wu S, Xu L, Xiao F, Zhou X, et al. A Novel Pacing Strategy with Low and Stable Output: Pacing the Left Bundle Branch Immediately Beyond the Conduction Block. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(12):1736.e1-1736.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.09.013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Glikson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nielsen</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kronborg</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Michowitz</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Auricchio</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Barbash</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Developed by the Task Force on Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the Special Contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>35</issue>
<fpage>3427</fpage>
<lpage>3520</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Developed by the Task Force on Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the Special Contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(35):3427-520. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Teixeira</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fagundes</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Baggio</surname><given-names>JM</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>PTJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Valdigem</surname><given-names>BP</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Brazilian Guidelines for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices - 2023</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20220892</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220892</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Teixeira RA, Fagundes AA, Baggio JM Jr, Oliveira JC, Medeiros PTJ, Valdigem BP, et al. Brazilian Guidelines for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices - 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(1):e20220892. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220892.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Heidenreich</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bozkurt</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Aguilar</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Byun</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Colvin</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<issue>18</issue>
<fpage>e895</fpage>
<lpage>e1032</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Owen</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Khatib</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Morin</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
<source>Ochsner J</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>248</fpage>
<lpage>256</lpage>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Owen JS, Khatib S, Morin DP. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Ochsner J. 2009;9(4):248-56.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Welter-Frost</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Conduction System Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
<source>Card Electrophysiol Clin</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>297</fpage>
<lpage>310</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.005</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Herweg B, Welter-Frost A, Wilson DR, Vijayaraman P. Conduction System Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2022;14(2):297-310. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Sussenbek</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rademakers</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Waldauf</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jurak</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Smisek</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Stros</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Results in More Physiological Ventricular Activation than Biventricular Pacing in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J Suppl</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<supplement>Suppl E</supplement>
<fpage>E17</fpage>
<lpage>E24</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad109</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Sussenbek O, Rademakers L, Waldauf P, Jurak P, Smisek R, Stros P, et al. Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Results in More Physiological Ventricular Activation than Biventricular Pacing in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block Heart Failure. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2023;25(Suppl E):E17-E24. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad109.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Moriña-Vázquez</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Barba-Pichardo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Venegas-Gamero</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herrera-Carranza</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cardiac Resynchronization Through Selective His Bundle Pacing in a Patient with the So-called InfraHis Atrioventricular Block</article-title>
<source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>726</fpage>
<lpage>729</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00150.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Moriña-Vázquez P, Barba-Pichardo R, Venegas-Gamero J, Herrera-Carranza M. Cardiac Resynchronization Through Selective His Bundle Pacing in a Patient with the So-called InfraHis Atrioventricular Block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(7):726-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00150.x.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Gammage</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lieberman</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Yee</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Manolis</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Compton</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Khazen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Multi-center Clinical Experience with a Lumenless, Catheter-delivered, Bipolar, Permanent Pacemaker Lead: Implant Safety and Electrical Performance</article-title>
<source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>858</fpage>
<lpage>865</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00452.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Gammage MD, Lieberman RA, Yee R, Manolis AS, Compton SJ, Khazen C, et al. Multi-center Clinical Experience with a Lumenless, Catheter-delivered, Bipolar, Permanent Pacemaker Lead: Implant Safety and Electrical Performance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29(8):858-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00452.x.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dandamudi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Upadhyay</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Krishnan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Crossley</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>His Bundle Pacing</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>927</fpage>
<lpage>947</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.017</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Chung MK, Dandamudi G, Upadhyay GA, Krishnan K, Crossley G, et al. His Bundle Pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(8):927-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.017.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Xia</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Beginner‘s Guide to Permanent Left Bundle Branch Pacing</article-title>
<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1791</fpage>
<lpage>1796</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.06.016</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Huang W, Chen X, Su L, Wu S, Xia X, Vijayaraman P. A Beginner‘s Guide to Permanent Left Bundle Branch Pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(12):1791-6. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.06.016.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>His-bundle Pacing to Left Bundle Branch Pacing: Evolution of His-Purkinje Conduction System Pacing</article-title>
<source>J Innov Card Rhythm Manag</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>3668</fpage>
<lpage>3673</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19102/icrm.2019.100504</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P. His-bundle Pacing to Left Bundle Branch Pacing: Evolution of His-Purkinje Conduction System Pacing. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag. 2019;10(5):3668-73. doi: 10.19102/icrm.2019.100504.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Strauss</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Selvester</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Defining Left Bundle Branch Block in the Era of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>927</fpage>
<lpage>934</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.11.010</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Strauss DG, Selvester RH, Wagner GS. Defining Left Bundle Branch Block in the Era of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(6):927-34. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.11.010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Rijks</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Luermans</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Heckman</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>van Stipdonk</surname><given-names>AMW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Prinzen</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lumens</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Physiology of Left Ventricular Septal Pacing and Left Bundle Branch Pacing</article-title>
<source>Card Electrophysiol Clin</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.010</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Rijks J, Luermans J, Heckman L, van Stipdonk AMW, Prinzen F, Lumens J, et al. Physiology of Left Ventricular Septal Pacing and Left Bundle Branch Pacing. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2022;14(2):181-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Mafi-Rad</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Luermans</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Blaauw</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Janssen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Crijns</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Prinzen</surname><given-names>FW</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Feasibility and Acute Hemodynamic Effect of Left Ventricular Septal Pacing by Transvenous Approach Through the Interventricular Septum</article-title>
<source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e003344</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003344</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Mafi-Rad M, Luermans JG, Blaauw Y, Janssen M, Crijns HJ, Prinzen FW, et al. Feasibility and Acute Hemodynamic Effect of Left Ventricular Septal Pacing by Transvenous Approach Through the Interventricular Septum. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(3):e003344. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003344.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Novel Left Ventricular Cardiac Synchronization: Left Ventricular Septal Pacing or Left Bundle Branch Pacing?</article-title>
<source>Europace</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euaa297</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Wu S, Sharma PS, Huang W. Novel Left Ventricular Cardiac Synchronization: Left Ventricular Septal Pacing or Left Bundle Branch Pacing? Europace. 2020;22(Suppl 2):10-8. doi: 10.1093/europace/euaa297.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Salden</surname><given-names>FCWM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Luermans</surname><given-names>JGLM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Westra</surname><given-names>SW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Weijs</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Engels</surname><given-names>EB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Heckman</surname><given-names>LIB</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Short-term Hemodynamic and Electrophysiological Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization by Left Ventricular Septal Pacing</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>347</fpage>
<lpage>359</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.040</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Salden FCWM, Luermans JGLM, Westra SW, Weijs B, Engels EB, Heckman LIB, et al. Short-term Hemodynamic and Electrophysiological Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization by Left Ventricular Septal Pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(4):347-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.040.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Zweerink</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burri</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>His-optimized and Left Bundle Branch-optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: In Control of Fusion Pacing</article-title>
<source>Card Electrophysiol Clin</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>311</fpage>
<lpage>321</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Zweerink A, Burri H. His-optimized and Left Bundle Branch-optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: In Control of Fusion Pacing. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2022;14(2):311-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ellenbogen</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Gajek</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>His-optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy to Maximize Electrical Resynchronization: A Feasibility Study</article-title>
<source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e006934</elocation-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006934</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Herweg B, Ellenbogen KA, Gajek J. His-optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy to Maximize Electrical Resynchronization: A Feasibility Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12(2):e006934. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006934.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Bundle Branch Pacing Optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Novel Approach</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1076</fpage>
<lpage>1078</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.005</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P. Left Bundle Branch Pacing Optimized Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Novel Approach. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(8):1076-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Arnold</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Whinnett</surname><given-names>ZI</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>His-purkinje Conduction System Pacing: State of the Art in 2020</article-title>
<source>Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>136</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15420/aer.2020.14</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Arnold AD, Whinnett ZI, Vijayaraman P. His-purkinje Conduction System Pacing: State of the Art in 2020. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2020;9(3):136-45. doi: 10.15420/aer.2020.14.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ellenbogen</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chelu</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical Outcomes of Conduction System Pacing versus Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
<source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1718</fpage>
<lpage>1729</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jce.15976</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Kim JA, Kim SE, Ellenbogen KA, Vijayaraman P, Chelu MG. Clinical Outcomes of Conduction System Pacing versus Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2023;34(8):1718-29. doi: 10.1111/jce.15976.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Jastrzębski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kiełbasa</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Curila</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Heckman</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pooter</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Outcomes: The Multicentre European MELOS Study</article-title>
<source>Eur Heart J</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<issue>40</issue>
<fpage>4161</fpage>
<lpage>4173</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac445</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Cano O, Curila K, Heckman L, Pooter J, et al. Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Outcomes: The Multicentre European MELOS Study. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):4161-73. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac445.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Dal Forno</surname><given-names>ARJD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ternes</surname><given-names>CMP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rech</surname><given-names>JVT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lewandowski</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Damasceno</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Bundle Branch Pacing of His-purkinje Conduction System: Initial Experience</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>505</fpage>
<lpage>516</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201085</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Dal Forno ARJD, Ternes CMP, Rech JVT, Nascimento HG, Lewandowski A, Damasceno G, et al. Left Bundle Branch Pacing of His-purkinje Conduction System: Initial Experience. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(2):505-16. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201085.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ponnusamy</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Ó</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Naperkowski</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Subsposh</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Results from the International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>135</fpage>
<lpage>147</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.015</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Ponnusamy S, Cano Ó, Sharma PS, Naperkowski A, Subsposh FA, et al. Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Results from the International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(2):135-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.015.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Ó</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ponnusamy</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zanon</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Comparison of Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing and Biventricular Pacing in Candidates for Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>228</fpage>
<lpage>241</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Sharma PS, Cano Ó, Ponnusamy SS, Herweg B, Zanon F, et al. Comparison of Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing and Biventricular Pacing in Candidates for Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(3):228-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Ó</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ponnusamy</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zanon</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jastrzebski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Arrhythmic Risk in Biventricular Pacing Compared with Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing: Results from the I-CLAS Study</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>379</fpage>
<lpage>390</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067465</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Herweg B, Sharma PS, Cano Ó, Ponnusamy SS, Zanon F, Jastrzebski M, et al. Arrhythmic Risk in Biventricular Pacing Compared with Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing: Results from the I-CLAS Study. Circulation. 2024;149(5):379-90. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067465.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Subzposh</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Ó</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ponnusamy</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zanon</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Sex-specific Outcomes of LBBAP versus Biventricular Pacing: Results from I-CLAS</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>96</fpage>
<lpage>105</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2023.08.026</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Subzposh FA, Sharma PS, Cano Ó, Ponnusamy SS, Herweg B, Zanon F, et al. Sex-specific Outcomes of LBBAP versus Biventricular Pacing: Results from I-CLAS. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2024;10(1):96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.08.026.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Herweg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Batul</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ponnusamy</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Rescue Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing in Coronary Venous Lead Failure or Nonresponse to Biventricular Pacing: Results from International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group</article-title>
<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>1272</fpage>
<lpage>1280</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.04.024</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Herweg B, Verma A, Sharma PS, Batul SA, Ponnusamy SS, et al. Rescue Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing in Coronary Venous Lead Failure or Nonresponse to Biventricular Pacing: Results from International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group. Heart Rhythm. 2022;19(8):1272-80. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.04.024.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Upadhyay</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nayak</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dandamudi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>His Corrective Pacing or Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>157</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.026</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, Verma N, Dandamudi G, Sharma PS, et al. His Corrective Pacing or Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(1):157-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.026.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Upadhyay</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nayak</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dandamudi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>On-treatment Comparison between Corrective His Bundle Pacing and Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization: A Secondary Analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial</article-title>
<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1797</fpage>
<lpage>1807</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.009</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, Verma N, Dandamudi G, Sharma PS, et al. On-treatment Comparison between Corrective His Bundle Pacing and Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization: A Secondary Analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(12):1797-807. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vinther</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Risum</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Svendsen</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Møgelvang</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Philbert</surname><given-names>BT</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A Randomized Trial of His Pacing versus Biventricular Pacing in Symptomatic HF Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block (His-Alternative)</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>1422</fpage>
<lpage>1432</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vinther M, Risum N, Svendsen JH, Møgelvang R, Philbert BT. A Randomized Trial of His Pacing versus Biventricular Pacing in Symptomatic HF Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block (His-Alternative). JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(11):1422-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hou</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Qian</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Randomized Trial of Left Bundle Branch vs Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<issue>13</issue>
<fpage>1205</fpage>
<lpage>1216</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.019</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Wang Y, Zhu H, Hou X, Wang Z, Zou F, Qian Z, et al. Randomized Trial of Left Bundle Branch vs Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(13):1205-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.019.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Pujol-Lopez</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jiménez-Arjona</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Garre</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Guasch</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Borràs</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Doltra</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Conduction System Pacing vs Biventricular Pacing in Heart Failure and Wide QRS Patients: LEVEL-AT Trial</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>1431</fpage>
<lpage>1445</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2022.08.001</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Pujol-Lopez M, Jiménez-Arjona R, Garre P, Guasch E, Borràs R, Doltra A, et al. Conduction System Pacing vs Biventricular Pacing in Heart Failure and Wide QRS Patients: LEVEL-AT Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(11):1431-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.08.001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Vijayaraman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pokharel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Subzposh</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Oren</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Storm</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Batul</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>His-purkinje Conduction System Pacing Optimized Trial of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy vs Biventricular Pacing: HOT-CRT Clinical Trial</article-title>
<source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>2628</fpage>
<lpage>2638</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2023.08.003</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Vijayaraman P, Pokharel P, Subzposh FA, Oren JW, Storm RH, Batul SA, et al. His-purkinje Conduction System Pacing Optimized Trial of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy vs Biventricular Pacing: HOT-CRT Clinical Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(12):2628-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.08.003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Ternes</surname><given-names>CMP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Polanczyk</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zimerman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dal Forno</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zimerman</surname><given-names>LI</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Conduction System Pacing vs. Biventricular Pacing in Patients with HFrEF and LBBB: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials</article-title>
<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<supplement>12Supl.1</supplement>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Ternes CMP, Polanczyk CA, Zimerman A, Dal Forno AL, Zimerman LI, Alves FD, et al. Conduction System Pacing vs. Biventricular Pacing in Patients with HFrEF and LBBB: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(12Supl.1):1-24.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Patton</surname><given-names>KK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dal Forno</surname><given-names>ARJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Al-Khatib</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Arora</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>2023 HRS/APHRS/LAHRS Guideline on Cardiac Physiologic Pacing for the Avoidance and Mitigation of Heart Failure</article-title>
<source>Heart Rhythm</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>e17</fpage>
<lpage>e91</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.1538</pub-id>
</element-citation>
<mixed-citation>Chung MK, Patton KK, Lau CP, Dal Forno ARJ, Al-Khatib SM, Arora V, et al. 2023 HRS/APHRS/LAHRS Guideline on Cardiac Physiologic Pacing for the Avoidance and Mitigation of Heart Failure. Heart Rhythm. 2023;20(9):e17-e91. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.1538.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240037</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Estimulação do Sistema de Condução: Redefinindo a Terapia de Ressincronização na Insuficiência Cardíaca</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8389-2574</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ternes</surname><given-names>Caique M. P.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Zimerman</surname><given-names>André</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Unidade de Ensaios Clínicos – Academic Research Organization – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia – Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>André Zimerman</bold> • Hospital Moinhos de Vento – R. Ramiro Barcelos, 910. CEP <postal-code>90560-032</postal-code>, Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil Email: <email>andre.zimerman@hmv.org.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label><p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca é um tratamento fundamental para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE). Embora a ressincronização tenha sido tradicionalmente realizada por meio da estimulação biventricular, essa abordagem pode ser limitada por uma alta taxa de pacientes não respondedores e por seu custo elevado. A estimulação do sistema de condução, por vezes chamada de &quot;fisiológica&quot;, envolve a estimulação direta das vias de condução intrínsecas do coração, surgindo como uma alternativa promissora. Registros intercontinentais têm corroborado a segurança da estimulação do sistema de condução em diferentes cenários, com alta taxa de sucesso do procedimento e baixas taxas de complicações, comparáveis à estimulação biventricular. Além disso, em estudos randomizados iniciais, a estimulação do sistema de condução demonstrou resultados semelhantes ou superiores na alteração da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e redução da duração do complexo QRS em comparação à estimulação biventricular, potencialmente a um custo menor. Espera-se que estudos em andamento determinem de forma conclusiva o papel da estimulação do sistema de condução no tratamento de pacientes com ICFEr e BRE.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
<p><fig id="f2">
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-03-e20240037-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig></p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo</kwd>
<kwd>Feixe de His</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) é um pilar fundamental no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente, a TRC é realizada por meio da estimulação biventricular, que envolve um eletrodo ventricular esquerdo colocado no seio coronário, além dos eletrodos no ventrículo direito e no átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, o uso dessa técnica é limitado por taxas elevadas de pacientes não respondedores, de até 40%, além de seu custo elevado, que pode ser proibitivo em países de baixa ou média renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
<p>A estimulação do sistema de condução, que envolve a estimulação direta do sistema de condução intrínseco do coração, é uma alternativa promissora para superar as limitações da estimulação biventricular. Apesar de aplicabilidade limitada no início dos anos 2000, os avanços tecnológicos no mapeamento e nos eletrodos de estimulação permitiram que a estimulação do sistema de condução se tornasse globalmente disponível, como uma opção segura e eficaz para atingir a ressincronização cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos pivotais testaram a estimulação direta do feixe de His, estabelecendo uma base para essa abordagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em 2017, o primeiro caso relatado de estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> representou o início de um novo capítulo na terapia de ressincronização e no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
<sec>
<title>Fisiologia da estimulação do sistema de condução</title>
<p>O BRE e a dissincronia ventricular geralmente ocorrem como consequência do remodelamento cardíaco em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada. Indivíduos com BRE, duração do QRS &gt; 120-150 ms e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤ 35% têm indicação para TRC com o objetivo de melhorar a morbidade e mortalidade da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Na estimulação biventricular, a abordagem tradicional usada na TRC, a ativação tardia da parede posterolateral é abordada com estimulação precoce do eletrodo ventricular esquerdo, concomitante com a estimulação do eletrodo ventricular direito. Esta técnica reconhece o sistema de condução comprometido do paciente e sobrepõe a dissincronia através da estimulação direta do músculo cardíaco nos dois ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A estimulação do sistema de condução, por outro lado, aborda diretamente o sistema His-Purkinje via ventrículo direito, com o objetivo de restaurar as vias de ativação ventricular do paciente (Figura Central).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esta abordagem abrange uma gama de técnicas desenvolvidas para recrutar o sistema His-Purkinje, incluindo a estimulação do feixe de His e estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo, permitindo que o operador selecione a melhor abordagem para cada paciente. A estimulação do sistema de condução é frequentemente chamada de &quot;estimulação fisiológica&quot;, uma vez que se possui enfoque no sistema de condução intrínseco do paciente, em vez de focar na estimulação muscular direta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Modalidades de estimulação do sistema de condução</title>
<sec>
<title>Estimulação do Feixe de His</title>
<p>A estimulação do feixe de His foi a primeira modalidade de estimulação do sistema de condução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A captura do feixe de His tornou-se viável com o desenvolvimento de tecnologia especializada: um eletrodo de estimulação específico é usado para mapear a região do feixe de His e uma bainha é posicionada no anel tricúspide, guiando a colocação do eletrodo no septo membranoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os testes realizados durante o procedimento determinam se o eletrodo capturará o tecido do feixe de His isolado ou em combinação com o tecido ventricular circundante, técnicas denominadas estimulação seletiva e não seletiva, respectivamente. A estimulação direta do feixe de His visa a restaurar o sistema de condução do paciente e ativar ambos os ventrículos concomitantemente para corrigir a dissincronia. No entanto, como o feixe de His se encontra em localização na via de condução, esse tipo de estimulação não é adequado para o tratamento da doença de condução periférica e bloqueios distais no ramo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo</title>
<p>Em 2017, após uma tentativa frustrada de estimular o feixe de His, o operador aprofundou o eletrodo de estimulação 15 mm no septo interventricular em direção ao ápice do ventrículo direito e capturou o ramo esquerdo pela primeira vez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Na última década, a estimulação direta da área do ramo esquerdo se tornou uma alternativa viável para pacientes com BRE que necessitam de TRC. Além disso, devido aos altos limiares frequentemente exigidos para estimulação do feixe de His, a estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo se tornou o método preferencial de estimulação do sistema de condução em muitos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Acredita-se que o BRE típico, definido pelas características do ECG, indique um bloqueio proximal que pode ser corrigido mais facilmente com a captura do feixe esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> De forma consistente com essa observação da fisiologia, pacientes com BRE típico apresentam melhor resposta clínica à estimulação do sistema de condução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estimulação do septo ventricular esquerdo</title>
<p>A estimulação do septo ventricular esquerdo envolve a colocação de um eletrodo profundamente no septo interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Essa abordagem é normalmente usada quando a colocação do eletrodo na porção membranosa do septo falha e os critérios de captura do ramo esquerdo não são atendidos, deixando a estimulação do septo ventricular esquerdo como uma alternativa de reserva dentro do espectro do sistema de condução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A estimulação do septo ventricular esquerdo estimula tanto o tecido miocárdico quanto o sistema de condução intrínseco. A combinação de estimulação muscular e do sistema de condução, ainda que incompleta, pode proporcionar uma ativação ventricular mais fisiológica em comparação com a estimulação puramente muscular, potencialmente reduzindo a dissincronia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Terapia de ressincronização cardíaca otimizada</title>
<p>A estimulação do sistema de condução pode resultar em ressincronização insatisfatória em pacientes com atraso de condução intraventricular, sem BRE, e com fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nesses casos, adicionar mais um eletrodo a um ramo distal do seio coronário, como na estimulação biventricular, pode melhorar a resposta à TRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Essa abordagem híbrida é denominada terapia &quot;otimizada&quot;: quando a estimulação do sistema de condução isolada falha em corrigir a dissincronia ventricular, um eletrodo ventricular esquerdo pode ser adicionado à estimulação do feixe de His ou à estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo (&quot;HOT-TRC&quot; e &quot;LOT-TRC&quot;, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Segurança e eficácia</title>
<sec>
<title>Registros</title>
<p>O papel da estimulação do sistema de condução na ressincronização da insuficiência cardíaca cresceu rapidamente. Inicialmente, a aplicabilidade da estimulação do feixe de His era limitada devido a preocupações com limiares de estimulação elevados, o que teoricamente poderia levar a consequências de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Em contraste, a estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo mostrou limiares de estimulação estáveis e duração do QRS encurtada que, em conjunto com dados substanciais que demonstraram benefício clínico, consolidou essa técnica como abordagem preferencial dentre as opções de estimulação do sistema de condução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Enquanto grandes estudos randomizados de estimulação do sistema de condução em ICFEr estão em andamento, registros multicêntricos fornecem dados preliminares sobre segurança e eficácia. O registro MELOS (<italic>Multicentre European Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Outcomes Study</italic>) incluiu 696 pacientes com ICFEr e 1.837 com bradicardia, encaminhados para estimulação do sistema de condução. Entre os pacientes com ICFEr, 82,2% dos procedimentos de ressincronização com estimulação do sistema de condução foram bem-sucedidos. A taxa de complicações foi de 11,7%, sendo as ocorrências mais comuns perfuração do ventrículo esquerdo (3,7%) e deslocamento do eletrodo septal (1,5%). Não houve mortes relacionadas ao procedimento nem eventos tromboembólicos. Os preditores independentes de falha do implante do eletrodo septal incluíram um diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo maior (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] de 1,53 para cada aumento de 10 mm) e uma duração mais longa do QRS (OR de 1,08 por aumento de 10 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em 2022, Dal Forno et al. relataram a primeira série brasileira de casos sobre estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo, com uma taxa de sucesso de 96,2%, redução perioperatória do complexo QRS de uma mediana de 146 ms para 120 ms (p = 0,001) e taxa de complicações de 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
<p>O I-CLAS (<italic>International Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Collaborative Study Group</italic>) é um registro intercontinental dedicado a avaliar os resultados clínicos em pacientes que requerem TRC. Em 325 pacientes submetidos à estimulação do sistema de condução em 8 centros, a taxa de sucesso foi de 85% no geral e chegou a 92% em pacientes com critérios típicos de BRE. As complicações compreenderam 4,2% do casos apresentaram complicações, sendo mais comum o deslocamento do eletrodo (2,5%), e nenhum óbito relacionado ao procedimento foi registrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em uma análise subsequente de 1.778 pacientes submetidos à TRC, incluindo 797 que receberam estimulação do sistema de condução, as complicações do procedimento foram significativamente menores com estimulação do sistema de condução em comparação com a estimulação biventricular (3,8% vs. 7,5%, p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes submetidos à estimulação do sistema de condução, em comparação com a estimulação biventricular, apresentaram melhores resultados em relação a encurtamento da duração do QRS estimulado (128 ms vs. 144 ms, p &lt; 0,001),mudança de FEVE (13% vs. 10%, p &lt; 0,001), e taxa de super-respondedores (34% vs. 25%, p &lt; 0,001),definidos como aqueles com melhora na FEVE de ≥ 20% ou FEVE alcançada ≥ 50%. A estimulação do sistema de condução também foi associada a uma menor incidência de internações por insuficiência cardíaca (12% vs. 19%, p = 0,002),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> fibrilação atrial de início recente (2,8% vs. 6,6%, p = 0,008) e arritmias ventriculares malignas (4,2% vs. 9,3%, p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
<p>Uma subanálise do I-CLAS demonstrou que pacientes do sexo feminino tendem a apresentar uma melhora mais acentuada na FEVE com a estimulação do ramo esquerdo em comparação aos do sexo masculino (17,7% vs. 10,3%, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> As melhoras na FEVE, volume diastólico final e volume sistólico final foram particularmente robustas em mulheres com BRE, cardiomiopatia não isquêmica e duração do QRS &gt; 150 ms. Neste estudo observacional, mulheres que receberam estimulação do sistema de condução apresentaram uma taxa 60% menor de internações por insuficiência cardíaca em comparação com aquelas que receberam estimulação biventricular (razão de risco [HR], 0,40; IC de 95%, 0,24 a 0,69; p &lt; 0,001); a diferença em homens foi atenuada e não estatisticamente significativa (HR, 0,80; IC de 95%, 0,60 a 1,10; p = 0,13).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
<p>O registro I-CLAS também avaliou os resultados da estimulação do sistema de condução em pacientes com falha na estimulação biventricular por insucesso na canulação do seio coronário (n = 156) ou não-respondedores à TRC biventricular padrão (n = 44). A taxa de sucesso dos implantes de estimulação do sistema de condução foi de 94%, com uma taxa de complicação não fatal de 5%. A FEVE melhorou de uma média de 29% na linha de base para 40% em aproximadamente 12 meses de acompanhamento (p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> O manejo dos pacientes não respondedores à estimulação biventricular continua sendo um desafio na prática clínica. Nesses casos, pode-se realizar um upgrade do dispositivo adicionando um eletrodo septal com o objetivo de estimular o sistema de condução intrínseco.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Estudos clínicos randomizados</title>
<p>Cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados compararam diretamente a estimulação do sistema de condução com a estimulação biventricular em pacientes com ICFEr e bloqueio de ramo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> O seguimento clínico variou entre 6 e 12,2 meses, e o tamanho da amostra entre 40 e 100 participantes. Inicialmente, a abordagem de estimulação do sistema de condução incluiu apenas a estimulação do feixe de His, o que resultou em altas taxas de cruzamento e limiares de estimulação elevados. No estudo His-SYNC, o primeiro estudo pivotal, houve uma taxa de cruzamento de 48% da estimulação do feixe de His para a estimulação biventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o estudo His-Alternative mostrou uma taxa de cruzamento de 28%, principalmente devido aos limiares elevados para corrigir o BRE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> O alto número de falhas no procedimento foi associado a bloqueios distais e atrasos de condução intraventricular não específicos, nos quais os operadores não conseguiram corrigir o bloqueio do ramo ou requereram limiares elevados. À medida que as técnicas avançaram para incorporar a colocação de eletrodos distais e mais profundos com estimulação da área do ramo esquerdo, o sucesso do procedimento aumentou. Nos dois estudos clínicos mais recentes, as taxas de cruzamento foram numericamente menores em pacientes randomizados para estimulação do sistema de condução do que naqueles randomizados para estimulação biventricular. Além disso, em cada um dos cinco estudos clínicos, os pacientes randomizados para estimulação do sistema de condução apresentaram uma taxa numericamente menor de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. Esses resultados de estudos randomizados validam as descobertas iniciais de estudos observacionais e evidenciam a segurança e a viabilidade da estimulação do sistema de condução no tratamento da ICFEr.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Estudos clínicos comparando a estimulação do sistema de condução com a estimulação biventricular em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção reduzida</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="7%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Estudo randomizado</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Principais critérios de inclusão</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Tamanho da amostra</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Sexo Feminino, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Isquêmico, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">BRE completo, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Cruzados, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Complicações perioperatórias, n (%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Alteração na duração do QRS (ms)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">†</xref></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Alteração da FEVE (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">†</xref></th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#98ADCA">
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP para BVP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP para CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">CSP</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">BVP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">His-SYNC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I–IV, FEVE ≤ 35%, BRE e QRS ≥ 120 ms ou não-BRE e QRS ≥ 150 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (38)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">26 (65)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">25 (62)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (48)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (26)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (7,5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+5,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">‡</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+3,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">‡</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">His-Alternative<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV, FEVE ≤ 35%, BRE, QRS &gt; 130 ms para mulheres ou &gt; 140 ms para homens</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (36)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11 (22)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">50 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7 (28)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LBBP-RESYNC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV, FEVE ≤ 40%, BRE, QRS &gt; 130 ms para mulheres ou &gt; 140 ms para homens</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (50)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40 (100)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (10)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (20)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LEVEL-AT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA I–IV, FEVE ≤ 40%, BRE e QRS ≥ 130 ms ou não-BRE e QRS ≥ 150 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43 (61)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (23)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (11)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HOT-CRT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA II–IV e (i) FEVE ≤ 35%, BRE e QRS &gt; 120 ms, ou (ii) FEVE ≤ 50%, não BRE e QRS &gt; 150 ms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (31)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">39 (39)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">62 (62)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (18)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (20)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6a">¶</xref></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN5"><p>Bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo usando os critérios determinados por Strauss et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6a"><label>¶</label>
<p>p &lt; 0,05 entre estimulação do sistema de condução e estimulação biventricular.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>*</label><p>Pacientes com doença arterial coronária no início do estudo.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>†</label><p>Os resultados foram relatados por meio da análise da população com intenção de tratar com seis meses de acompanhamento. As diferenças foram extraídas diretamente ou derivadas de valores médios ou medianos, conforme relatados em cada estudo.</p></fn>
<fn id="TFN8"><label>‡</label><p>Devido às altas taxas de cruzamento, uma análise secundária relatou resultados de acompanhamento de seis meses por tratamento recebido. A alteração na duração do QRS foi de −49 ms (p &lt; 0,001) com estimulação do sistema de condução (n = 16) e −1 ms (p = 0,82) com estimulação biventricular (n = 24). As alterações medianas na FEVE foram de +7,2% e +5,9%, respectivamente (p = 0,17). CSP: conduction system pacing (estimulação do sistema de condução); BVP: biventricular pacing (estimulação biventricular); BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; FEVE = fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Todos os cinco estudos foram desenhados com o objetivo de avaliar desfechos substitutos, incluindo taxa de sucesso do implante, alteração na duração do QRS, melhora na FEVE e alteração no tempo de ativação do ventrículo esquerdo. Metanálises que incluíram esses cinco estudos relataram uma melhora mais acentuada na FEVE (diferença média [MD] de 3,6%; IC de 95%, 1,53 a 5,74; p &lt; 0,01) e redução na duração do QRS (MD de −4,03 ms; IC de 95%, −7,95 a −0,11; p = 0,04) no grupo de estimulação do sistema de condução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Esses estudos não tinham poder suficiente para avaliar a eficácia da estimulação do sistema de condução em desfechos clínicos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diretrizes</title>
<p>As Diretrizes HRS/APHRS/LAHRS de 2023 sobre estimulação fisiológica cardíaca lista a estimulação do sistema de condução como uma recomendação de classe IIa para TRC em caso de falha da estimulação biventricular, e como uma recomendação de classe IIb como tratamento alternativo de primeira linha para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e FEVE ≤ 35%, duração do QRS ≥ 150 ms, BRE, ritmo sinusal, classe II–IV da NYHA (New York Heart Association) e em terapia farmacológica otimizada. Além disso, a estimulação do feixe de His ou do ramo esquerdo são recomendadas como classe IIb para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção levemente reduzida (36-50%), BRE e QRS ≥ 150 mspara preservar a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> As Diretrizes da ESC de 2021 sobre estimulação cardíaca e TRC atualizaram a estimulação do feixe His para uma recomendação de classe IIa em pacientes submetidos à TRC que apresentam falha no implante do eletrodo no seio coronário. Estas diretrizes referem-se à estimulação do sistema de condução como uma &quot;nova técnica promissora para o manejo da TRC&quot; e sugerem que as recomendações serão revisadas à medida que novos dados de estudos randomizados se tornem disponíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As Diretrizes Brasileiras para Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis de 2023 recomendam a estimulação do sistema de condução como classe IIa para TRC em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sintomática, FEVE ≤ 35% e complexo QRS ≥ 130 ms,e como classe IIb para pacientes não respondedores à estimulação biventricular.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Perspectivas</title>
<p>Espera-se que estudos randomizados forneçam uma resposta conclusiva sobre a possibilidade de a estimulação do sistema de condução se tornar o procedimento padrão na TRC em pacientes com ICFEr e BRE. Para abordar essa questão, os autores estão conduzindo o PhysioSync-HF (NCT05572736), um estudo multicêntrico, randomizado e cegado para os participantes, que irá avaliar a não inferioridade em um desfecho primário hierárquico composto por mortalidade por todas as causas, internações por insuficiência cardíaca, visitas urgentes por insuficiência cardíaca e alteração na FEVE em 12 meses. O estudo randomizou 179 participantes em 14 centros no Brasil e estima-se que o acompanhamento seja concluído até o final de 2024. O Left vs Left (NCT05650658) é o primeiro estudo randomizado de estimulação do sistema de condução em pacientes com ICFEr que possui poder adequado para avaliar os desfechos clínicos de mortalidade por todas as causas e internações por insuficiência cardíaca. O estudo deve incluir 2.136 participantes e completar o seguimento clínico em 2029.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A estimulação do sistema de condução emergiu como uma alternativa viável para terapia de ressincronização cardíaca em pacientes com ICFEr e BRE. Estudos observacionais e estudos randomizados pequenos relataram melhores resultados em desfechos intermediários – como fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e duração do QRS – nos pacientes que receberam estimulação do sistema de condução em comparação com a estimulação biventricular. Estudos randomizados em andamento, desenvolvidos com o objetivo de avaliar desfechos cardiovasculares, devem determinar se a estimulação do sistema de condução se tornará o padrão de tratamento no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label><p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
