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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abchf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2764-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20240039i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240039i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Is Your &quot;Dry&quot; Patient Really Not Congested? Physiological Basis and Clinical Use of Valsalva&apos;s Maneuver in Heart Failure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5560-693X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>Acquisition of data</role>
<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>Statistical analysis</role>
<role>Obtaining financing</role>
<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Iguaçu</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Nova Iguaçu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Ipanema Health Club</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ipanema Health Club, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing AddressCorrespondência: Renata R. T. Castro</label> • Universidade Iguaçu – Rua Abilio Augusto Tavora, 2134. Postal Code <postal-code>26260-045</postal-code>, Nova Iguaçu, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>castrorrt@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potential conflict of interest</label><p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20240039</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Valsalva Maneuver</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Physical Examination</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>In 2003, Nohria et al. published a manuscript considered a game-changer in acute heart failure (HF) treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As by this manuscript, patients admitted with heart failure should be clinically classified into four hemodynamic profiles defined by the presence or absence of congestion and hypoperfusion. Congestion was defined by &quot;recent history of orthopnea and/or physical exam evidence of rales, jugular venous distension, hepatojugular reflux, ascites, peripheral edema, left-ward radiation of the pulmonic heart sound, or a square wave blood pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver.&quot;</p>
<p>More than 20 years after this publication, the Valsalva maneuver continues to be routinely used during clinical evaluation of patients admitted to the advanced heart failure service at the Brigham and Women&apos;s Hospital (personal experience), where profiles were created and validated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, despite the fact that clinical profile determination has become a routine procedure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> few physicians have incorporated the Valsalva maneuver in their practices. To date, no study has compared the accuracy of the different clinical methods available for assessing congestion in patients with HF. Therefore, we should not categorize a patient as &quot;dry&quot; before all possibilities of congestion are excluded. It is possible that patients are being categorized as dry when, in fact, they have congestion that would only be identified by the Valsalva maneuver. Correct determination of hemodynamic profile is pivotal, as the existence of congestion and/or hypoperfusion guides the management of patients admitted with heart failure decompensation. This manuscript aims to review the physiological bases of the Valsalva maneuver, justifying and encouraging its use in clinical practice.</p>
<sec>
<title>Valsalva Maneuver</title>
<p>Antonio Maria de Valsalva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> originally described the Valsalva maneuver in the 18<sup>th</sup> century. The maneuver, characterized by the expiratory effort against fixed resistance of the glottis, with closed nasal cavities and mouth, would allow the expelling of purulent secretion from the middle ear of the nasopharynx through the eustachian tube.</p>
<p>Two studies were published in the 1950s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> describing the hemodynamic consequences of the Valsalva maneuver and its use to detect pulmonary congestion. The Valsalva maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure and the resistance to venous return of blood to the heart. The reduction in venous return leads to a reduction in end-diastolic volume, systolic volume and systolic blood pressure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> during the maneuver (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Blood pressure response to Valsalva maneuver in a patient without lung congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240039-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In patients with congested lungs, the increase in intrathoracic pressure during the Valsalva maneuver forces blood from the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium, leading to higher-end diastolic volume, higher systolic volume and a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure during the maneuver (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Blood pressure response to Valsalva maneuver in a patient with lung congestion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240039-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Bedside sphygmomanometry during the Valsalva maneuver is easily performed, requires little training and elicits evaluation of lung congestion. The first step to assess hemodynamic responses to the Valsalva maneuver is to measure the patient&apos;s blood pressure in the supine position. After that, the cuff should be inflated and maintained at 15 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure. Valsalva maneuver should be performed for 10-15 seconds while the stethoscope is kept over the brachial artery. The pattern of Korotkoff sounds auscultated during the maneuver defines the presence or absence of pulmonary congestion. In patients with no lung congestion, Korotkoff sounds may be heard during the beginning of the maneuver and will disappear throughout the expiratory effort (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In patients with lung congestion, blood pressure remains at supra-systolic levels throughout the maneuver. The auscultation of Korotkoff sounds while the cuff is inflated above systolic levels is called the square wave of the Valsalva maneuver and indicates an abnormal response compatible with lung congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<p>Variations in blood pressure and heart rate induced by the Valsalva maneuver are mediated by the arterial baroreflex and used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular dysautonomia. This analysis requires the use of equipment that allows continuous blood pressure recording. Therefore, its use at the bedside in non-specialized services is not feasible. Thus, the detailed description of the use of the Valsalva maneuver for cardiovascular autonomic evaluation is beyond the scope of this article. However, interested readers can find other articles addressing this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Appropriate characterization of the hemodynamic profiles of patients with heart failure is crucial to guiding their correct management. The Valsalva maneuver is a simple bedside test that physicians can easily perform to address congestion in heart failure patients.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of funding</label><p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study association</label><p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label><p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20240039</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Será que Seu Paciente &quot;Seco&quot; Não está Congesto? Base Fisiológica e Uso Clínico da Manobra de Valsalva na Insuficiência Cardíaca</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5560-693X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>Análise estatística</role>
<role>Obtenção de financiamento</role>
<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Nova Iguaçu</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ipanema Health Club, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência: Renata R. T. Castro •</label> Universidade Iguaçu - Rua Abilio Augusto Tavora, 2134. CEP <postal-code>26260-045</postal-code>, Nova Iguaçu, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>castrorrt@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label><p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Luis Beck-da-Silva </p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Manobra de Valsalva</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Exame Físico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Em 2003, Nohria et al. publicaram um manuscrito considerado um divisor de águas no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Segundo este manuscrito, os pacientes admitidos com IC devem ser categorizados clinicamente em quatro perfis hemodinâmicos, definidos pela presença ou ausência de congestão e hipoperfusão. A congestão é caracterizada por &quot;histórico recente de ortopneia e/ou presença de estertores ao exame físico, distensão venosa jugular, refluxo hepatojugular, ascite, edema periférico, radiação para a esquerda do som cardíaco pulmonar ou uma resposta de pressão arterial de onda quadrada à manobra de Valsalva&quot;.</p>
<p>Mais de duas décadas após essa publicação, a manobra de Valsalva continua sendo utilizada na avaliação clínica de pacientes internados no serviço de tratamento de IC avançada do <italic>Brigham and Women&apos;s Hospital</italic> (experiência pessoal), local em que esses perfis foram desenvolvidos e validados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar da determinação de perfis clínicos ter se tornado um procedimento de rotina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> poucos médicos incorporaram a manobra de Valsalva em suas práticas. Até o momento, nenhum estudo comparou a precisão dos diferentes métodos clínicos disponíveis para avaliar a congestão em pacientes com IC. Sendo assim, não devemos categorizar um paciente como &quot;seco&quot;, antes que todas as possibilidades de congestão tenham sido excluídas. É possível que os pacientes estejam sendo categorizados como secos, quando na verdade apresentam uma congestão que só seria identificada pela manobra de Valsalva. A determinação correta do perfil hemodinâmico é fundamental, uma vez que a congestão e/ou hipoperfusão orientará o manejo de pacientes com descompensação da IC. O objetivo deste manuscrito é revisar as bases fisiológicas da manobra de Valsalva, justificando e incentivando seu uso na prática clínica.</p>
<sec>
<title>Manobra de Valsalva</title>
<p>A manobra de Valsalva foi descrita originalmente no século XVIII, por Antonio Maria de Valsalva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A manobra, que envolve um esforço expiratório contra resistência na glote fechada, com as fossas nasais e boca bloqueadas, visa expelir secreções purulentas do ouvido médio para a nasofaringe através da tuba auditiva.</p>
<p>Na década de 1950, foram publicados dois estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que descrevem as consequências hemodinâmicas da manobra de Valsalva, além de sua aplicação na detecção de congestão pulmonar. Durante a manobra de Valsalva, ocorre um aumento na pressão intratorácica e na resistência ao retorno venoso para o coração. Este aumento na resistência ao retorno venoso resulta na diminuição do volume diastólico final, do volume sistólico e da pressão arterial sistólica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> durante a manobra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Resposta da pressão arterial à manobra de Valsalva em um paciente sem congestão pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240039-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Em pacientes com pulmões congestionados, o aumento da pressão intratorácica durante a manobra de Valsalva força o sangue da circulação pulmonar para o átrio esquerdo, o que resulta em um aumento do volume diastólico final, do volume sistólico e da pressão arterial sistólica sustentada durante a manobra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Resposta da pressão arterial à manobra de Valsalva em um paciente com congestão pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2764-3107-abchf-004-02-e20240039-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A esfigmomanometria à beira do leito durante a manobra de Valsalva é facilmente realizada, requer pouco treinamento e auxilia na avaliação da congestão pulmonar. O primeiro passo para avaliar as respostas hemodinâmicas à manobra de Valsalva é medir a pressão arterial do paciente em decúbito dorsal. Em seguida, o manguito deve ser inflado e mantido a 15 mmHg acima da pressão arterial sistólica. A manobra de Valsalva deve ser realizada por 10-15 segundos enquanto o estetoscópio é mantido sobre a artéria braquial. O padrão dos sons de Korotkoff auscultados durante a manobra define a presença ou ausência de congestão pulmonar. Em pacientes sem congestão pulmonar, os sons de Korotkoff podem ser ouvidos durante o início da manobra e desaparecerão ao longo do esforço expiratório (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Em pacientes com congestão pulmonar, a pressão arterial permanece em níveis suprassistólicos durante toda a manobra. A ausculta de sons de Korotkoff durante o inflar do manguito acima dos níveis sistólicos, conhecido como onda quadrada da manobra de Valsalva, indica uma resposta anormal, compatível com congestão pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
<p>As variações na pressão arterial e na frequência cardíaca induzidas pela manobra de Valsalva são controladas pelo barorreflexo arterial e são usadas para diagnosticar disautonomia cardiovascular. Para esta análise, o uso de equipamentos que permitam o registro contínuo da pressão arterial é necessário, tornando seu uso impraticável em unidades de saúde não especializadas. Portanto, uma descrição detalhada sobre o uso da manobra de Valsalva na avaliação autonômica cardiovascular não está incluída neste artigo. Entretanto, leitores interessados podem encontrar outros artigos que abordam este tópico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
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<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A caracterização precisa dos perfis hemodinâmicos em pacientes com IC é fundamental para guiar o manejo clínico adequado. A manobra de Valsalva é um teste simples de beira de leito, que pode ser facilmente realizado por médicos que abordam a congestão em pacientes com IC</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4"><label>Fontes de financiamento</label><p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5"><label>Vinculação acadêmica</label><p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</label><p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
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